FACES OF LENR

Part 5A: Design and Operation Principles of LENR Reactors

George Egely

Introduction to Part 5A
Parts 5A (herein) and 5B (forthcoming) discuss the dominant less superfluid at macroscopic distances. At subatomic dis-
types (faces) of LENR reactors: tances, ether is a randomly oscillating high-density medium,
made of electromagnetic oscillations. No isolated system can
1. Heat generating reactors, triggered mainly by fission, exist due to its high penetration capability. Therefore the
induced by cracking (hydrogen corrosion) of the lattice. The rules of thermodynamics are just approximations, not laws.
Pons-Fleischmann cell belongs to this group. (Part 5A) It was shown that weak interactions, the cause of radioac-
2. The second reactor group is dominated by transmutations tive decay, were due to the change of vacuum fluctuation
of even heavy elements; it is marked by rotating charged intensity. Further, the Cook-Dallacasa model shows the
dust particles. (Part 5A) binding forces of nucleons are due to magnetic forces just as
3. The third face of LENR is dominated by electric energy magnetic dipoles attract each other. Consequently, there is
generation by surface plasmon and condensed plasmoid- no need for separate weak and strong interactions.
based reactors. Their technical layout and energy extraction
methods are also discussed. This is applied physics and engi-
neering. (Part 5B) Myths of LENR
The field of LENR research today is based on four tacit
All this will hopefully give readers a firm grip on the meth- assumptions:
ods of catalytic fusion. The final aim is to provide skill for
readers to design and operate their own reactors. (Part 5B) 1) LENR is restricted to bulk condensed crystalline matter,
By then, the diligent reader will grasp the fundamental and is a lattice enabled phenomenon. Semiconductors,
physics of catalytic transmutation machines and processes. amorphous matter and high mass elements like tungsten,
It will enable readers to design and operate cold fusion reac- bismuth and their alloys are ignored in these considerations.
tors, though the rotating ATP-ase enzyme and proton pump This notion is restrictive and counterproductive.
complexes can’t be surpassed—ever. (It is self-reproducing as 2) The faces and aspects of LENR processes can be addressed
well.) Heat generating and transmutation reactors will be within (advanced) textbook physics. The first four parts
discussed in Part 5A, because the list of LENR reactor types is hopefully discredited this hideous idea.
long. Type 3, electric energy generation reactors, will be dis- 3) Transmutation in biology does not need to be researched
cussed in Part 5B, due to the length of this subject. as earnestly as in inanimate nature (physics). In my opinion,
Part 5A and 5B are the culmination of this series of papers. the boundary between physics and biology is artificial due
Four major unexplored/unknown auxiliary effects of LENR only to our ignorance. The study of biological transmutation
have already been discussed in the previous parts. adds to our understanding of nature.
In Part 1, the extension of electrodynamics was accom- 4) LENR generates excess heat only, mainly by fusing deu-
plished by including rotation. Thus the formation mecha- terium into helium. Part 5A and Part 5B will show that LENR
nism of condensed plasmoids as torus-like heavy quasi-par- appears on a much wider area having important practical
ticles was described. (The engineering aspects will be dis- applications.
cussed in Part 5B.) 5. The other, broader and most dangerous tacit social
In Part 2, rotating charged dust particles were described as assumption is that “market capitalism” in R&D will always
a means of the most simple LENR processes in nature; it is bring forward the most economical technical solutions and
the means of energy production in the solar corona, and the the best ideas due to fierce competition in industry and sci-
ATP synthase, to turn deuterium and carbon into nitrogen. ence. This has never been true. The financial and political
In Part 3, electrodynamics was extended to include a gen- might of the incumbent technology usually killed or made
eralized Lorentz force, capable of teleportation. This may nearly impossible the replacement of the old solutions.
explain transmutation/fusion of heavy nuclei, and the
Hutchison effect. James Watt, who invented the rotary steam engine in
In Part 4, the rich features of ether were described. It was 1782, was unable to draw any investment to develop a prop-
claimed that ether consists partly of neutrinos as a friction- er seal to make this product ready for mass production. The

8 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

small company LiquidPiston solved the sealing problems of question ourselves, without external help.
rotary Wankel motors, but struggled for R&D funds for the This is apparent for us, but unknown to the taxpayer. The
internal combustion engine (ICE). (See Figure 1.) There are ban of publications and patenting is well organized; only
several similar inventions, like opposed piston engines. Italy managed to avoid it—partially. Likewise, electric vehi-
Tens of thousands of research and design engineers have cles have successfully been crushed by piston ICE engines for
mass produced piston-based ICEs a century, just by sheer muscle.
based on steam engines. Hundreds of So the remark, “If LENR were so
millions were manufactured. The good, we would have already seen it as
rotary ICE offers five to ten times more a product” is just plain wrong!
power density, with less production Capitalism is optimized for generating
cost, and less gas consumption. It maximum profit, not for efficiency.
demands much less oil, thus makes less (The same is true for any industry.)
pollution. This is very dangerous for the environ-
This is the problem: any threat to ment.
high oil consumption is met with an In contrast to this, there is a real
immediate, stiff reaction. competition for new solutions in life to
Hot fusion in any form is not a carve out an edge, a method for sur-
threat, because it will never work for vival in biology. This is the seldom told
fundamental reasons, so will never background of LENR research.
compete with oil. LENR is the only real Researchers frequently err by falsely
threat due to its economic potential. mixing the discovery of a new effect
The physics in all previous four with an invention. A newly discovered
parts will be used because LENR reac- Figure 1. Comparing a rotary internal combus- effect always lacks the perfection or
tion engine to the usual piston and crankshaft
tors cannot be understood, designed sophistication of an invention, which
type 4 stroke engine of the same power. The
and operated without them. power density is 1:10! is required in industry.
The erratic, unpredictable behavior Pons-Fleischmann, Correa and
of most LENR reactions definitely demands an insight into Shoulders rushed for the patent office. The effects were not
the details of their operation. yet reliable and/or competitive in the market. The high effi-
Good questions are the first step on the path of enlight- ciency, reliability and know-how was simply not yet there.
enment. We have a list of the most relevant ones. They were Yes, this is a “catch-22” situation: there is less chance for
collected by David Nagel, the living conscience of the field, R&D investment without a secure patent.
in IE 118.1 Nagel listed twelve important questions which Tesla, Moray, Papp, Jekkel and Gray passed this first trap
will be among the guiding lines through Part 5A and Part 5B. but other further traps prevented their progress. The careful
The first major question: Is there only one or more than design and operation of LENR reactors opens vast new
one physical mechanism active in LENR experiments? opportunities to improve upon the catalytic fusion effects to
In the first four parts of this paper we explored the neces- make marketable products.
sary auxiliary effects needed to comprehend LENR. There
might be more of them, but we attempted to explain LENR
within this extended framework. Edmund Storms has criti- LENR Reactors Based on Light or Heavy Water
cized the existing numerous theoretical models (all within There are many electrolysis-based LENR reactors (cells), but
the limits of textbook physics) as being inadequate. only the most interesting ones will be discussed. Most exper-
The rest of the questions will be discussed later, when iments and patent applications are based on this method.
detailing specific LENR reactor designs and operations. Liquid water-based LENR methods are summarized and
The parochial narrow-mindedness and hostility of the hot compared in Table 1. Note that the bulk of transmutation
fusion community, and the stiff censorship of LENR publi- methods/efforts has been devoted to this area. Not all exper-
cations/patenting backed by the interests of the oil industry, imenters and results are mentioned, because there were
is a problem too. Therefore we must find answers for Nagel’s more than a hundred high quality tests to replicate the heat

Table 1. LENR methods based on water.

Inventor Electric Voltage Isotope of Hydrogen Cathode Yield Parkhomov’s Limit?
Pons-Fleischmann DC < 10V D2O heat Pd COP<50% no
Patterson DC H2O heat Pd COP>50% no
Meyer AC pulses H2O oxygas Fe COP>50% no
Horvath AC pulses H2 oxygas Fe COP>>50% no
Graneau AC pulses H2O + D2O mixture C COP>50% yes
Ohmasa/Brown AC pulses H2O + D2O Cu COP? yes
Biological transmutation AC pulses H2O not applicable ? no

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generation/transmutation results. them that they never even considered catalysis as a matter
It is apparent that there are a wide variety of physical worthy of consideration. They couldn’t be persuaded other-
processes and engineering designs in LENR reactors, and it is wise. Consequently, they were already doomed at the very
difficult to make order in this chaos. One must make order first step of their designs without catalysis, and the rest is
along the reactor design purposes and physical processes as eternal agony.
well; all of them are different faces of LENR. (Part 5B will All LENR reactors have one common feature: they are
compare plasma-based technical solutions known by the based on catalytic effects. That is, an LENR reactor is more
author.) similar to fermentation reactors, for example to a beer brew-
There are two major hidden parameters in Table 1, as ery, than to a furnace fired by oil or gas. The principles of
noted before. When overpotential is used in electrolysis, microbiology (enzymes) are more relevant for us than those
there is a possibility of tiny local spark formation as well, of the standard power engineering based on a chain reac-
around local tips on the surface. This is a trap, because this tion. These design views are worlds apart, inmiscible. This is
hidden parameter may explain the success or failure for why all hot fusion reactors will always fail, no matter how
Patterson, Meyer, Horvath, etc. one increases the confining magnetic field, or the symmetry
None of the above inventors thought that small protru- of pellet compression. A fundamentally flawed design con-
sions of the cathode, due to the preparation/manufacturing, cept cannot be corrected with proper engineering or better
is a decisive factor. Small sparks around peaks inside H2O parameters. Nature has a storehouse full of plasma instabili-
bubbles may form condensed plasmoids, and thus catalyze ties. There will always be a new, unexpected one.
transmutations, but this is not visible during operation. The fact that the H-bomb works has nothing to do with
John Bockris warned that overpotential was necessary for the controlled fusion, as the H-bomb is not a controlled
transmutation and excess energy. Giuliano Preparata also process. There is no controlled hot fusion in nature at all, as
warned the LENR community to use pulsed current at shown in Part 2 regarding the mechanisms of stars.
ICCF6. It is possible to produce alcohol from scratch, in principle,
However, no one considered surface quality or tensile from hydrogen and carbon, though it would be very difficult
strength, ductility or brittleness as an influencing factor. and expensive. Inorganic alcohol can be produced with dis-
This “engineering data” approach is unknown to the most charge plasma, but at a staggering cost. All kinds of alcohol
influential researchers in the field. For example, Peter are produced organically in practice, with yeast as catalyst.
Hagelstein et al. approached LENR as a bulk cathode phe- The art of LENR reactor design starts with selecting and
nomenon based on phonon modes (WO/2006/055294). I refining catalytic phenomena. There are a handful of them
wonder if they ever built the reactor described in the patent fortunately, shown in Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 (the neutrino flux).
application. R.E. Godes has a more practical approach along
the above lines as well (U.S. Patent 2011/0122984). It seems Three Different Faces of LENR Catalysis
he did build this sound driven reactor, but he made sure that Three major groups of catalytic processes will be described:
no useful data would appear in the patent description.
The handful of people in the nuclear research area who 1. Neutron-catalyzed fusion in a lattice: Metal lattice vibra-
learned anything about LENR are familiar only with the tions caused by cracking due to hydrogen diffusion, or
Pons-Fleischmann process. In the past 30 years it has hydrogen corrosion, led to fission. Fission yields neutrons
remained only a research area, not a dream machine of green participating in fusion.
energy. This has a fundamental reason. The process, which is 2. Rotating charged dust as a catalyst: Dust fusion, when
electrochemistry below the boiling temperature, is not fit for rotating, charged particles generate electric, magnetic and
economic application, just like hot fusion, though the for- spin fields as a catalyst. (See Part 2.)
mer is a much better stepping stone. In general, the issue of 3. Condensed plasmoids and plasmons as a catalyst: Quasi-
spin-based selection of hydrogen diffusion into the lattice is particle catalyzed fusion characterized by the combination
absent. The influence of ortho and parahydrogen (spin of surface plasmon waves and condensed plasmoids. (The
alignment) never appears in LENR related papers. (See Part 1 latter is not known in textbook physics.) They are formed
for details.) These spin-based features were forgotten both in only in transient plasma microdischarges, a barely
physics and in biology, although their strikingly different researched area of plasma physics. (See Parts 1, 2 and 3.)
physical properties were discovered in the 1930s. S.B.
Chambers invented a method to make them separately (U.S. What are our tacit assumptions from now on? Some of
Patent 2000/6,126,794). This method is based on pulsed them are: energy and electric charge are conserved, though
electrolysis, similar to some LENR reactors of Stephen linear and angular momentum may change slightly due to
Horvath or Stanley Meyer. meddling with ether.
There is a striking difference between LENR reactors and There is a dire warning to the readers though: the above
fossil fuel, nuclear fission or hot fusion reactors. The latter are three catalytic fusion processes require more sophistication
all controlled chain reactions (boilers, furnaces, ICEs, etc.) and more know-how than hot fusion reactor design (based
on textbook physics). This area is the home of multilevel,
nonlinear phenomena, making mathematical simulations
The Fundamental Difference Between impractical.
Hot and Cold Fusion: Catalysis Ignition, and self-sustained energy production, has
Physicists, the designers of hot fusion reactors (both inertial already been achieved by several LENR reactors, but never by
and magnetic confinement), took it for granted that a chain hot fusion ones. All the nitty-gritty know-how was lost for
reaction would work for fusion. This was so obvious for the best catalytic LENR reactors during the last century. This

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makes it so hard to re-create these lost reactors. The transmutation products clearly show that there is a
A personal note before we start in earnest. This author had fusion process at least by fusing a proton. This process was
the motivation to write this paper because of his 30 year aided by the “Parkhomov bottleneck,” the enhanced ther-
experimental background with all major LENR reactor types: mal neutrino flux. (See Part 4.)
What makes protons and electrons fuse in the presence of
— Lattice fusion by the Patterson-type floated bed electro- thermal neutrinos? Because their presence alone is necessary,
chemical reactor and underwater sparking-arc reactors. but not enough. Otherwise all tungsten lighting bulbs would
— Dust fusion reactors, published in several IE papers. act as fusion reactors, as there are always some protons there
— Quasi-particle driven LENR reactors, like Correa, due to the diffusion of water through the glass of the bulbs!
Chernetzky and early (too early) attempts of the Moray-Tesla It is likely that lattice oscillations aid, and catalyze, this
experiments. process in the form of charge waves, or surface polaritons.
The lattice oscillations were suspected behind LENR by Peter
I spent 20 years in pressurized water reactor (PWR) Hagelstein and Mitchell Swartz, beside others, but it was left
nuclear research. The judgment summarized in this paper is to nature to do it.
based on my own experience. Other researchers may come
to different conclusions. At the beginning I spent about 20 Pons-Fleischmann Type Electrochemical Cells
years reading and selecting forgotten patents and tracking The Pons-Fleischmann process has both faces of LENR: fis-
down strange inventions. This work has been published in sion and fusion.
three volumes, in Hungarian. Fission is due to the fission of palladium, as a consequence
of the diffusion of hydrogen into the lattice. Carpinteri et
Practical Applications al.2 proved that the cracking of any solids, amorphous and
There are three major areas of technical applications for crystalline, yielded very high frequency, mechanical lattice
LENR reactors: vibration, which in turn resulted in nuclear fission. This is
surprising, counterintiutive and not widely accepted, but is
1) Heat production by hydrogen and heavy hydrogen based on solid experimental evidence. However, there are no
fusion. mighty hydraulic presses anywhere in LENR. Further, why
2) Transmutation of lighter elements into heavy ones (dust do lattice vibrations cause fission of a stable nuclei well
fusion, alchemy, biological transmutation). under the mass number of uranium?
3) Electric/chemical/mechanic energy production by hydro- One may speculate that this is due to the excitation of the
gen fusion. vacuum spectrum, from extremely high accelerations
induced by cracking. Pons and Fleischmann, and nearly all
There are no sharp boundaries between the applications. researchers, assumed that deuterium nuclei got so close to
Namely, electricity generation devices, or transmutation each other in the palladium lattice that they were ready to
reactors, may produce some heat as a side effect. Further, the fuse. That means the lattice acted as a shielding for the
three different physical LENR mechanisms discussed previ- Coulomb charge. It was assumed that the deuterium loading
ously may appear together. ratio must reach a high threshold value of 0.9, accompanied
by a phase change in the lattice, then fusion would start.
Heat Production Therefore steady electrochemical loading was preferred to gas
The Pons-Fleischmann (P-F) electrochemical reactor, along (plasma) loading. This textbook physics, single step process
with others, shows that several processes contribute to heat has turned out to be wrong, and too simple. Experiments
production. So it is a series of effects, not a single step event. based on this simple model failed. Skeptics denied the very
The Patterson cell beads were analyzed by George Miley, existence of LENR due to this failure. However, most experi-
who found a host of transmutations. As stated before, this mental know-how originated from this electrochemical
method lacks the necessary neutrino flux due to the low process. Transient plasma and hot fuel processes are late-
temperature (restricted by boiling of the electrolyte), and comers. The fission releases neutrons, and they are the cat-
therefore its thermal output (thus its commercial capability) alyzers. This model has other consequences, too.
is negligible. The original bulk-cathode Pons-Fleischmann experiment
It is the firm, personal opinion of this author that the offered too little surface volume for this mechanism, where
electrolysis-based development path is a “dead-end street.” vibration amplitude can be high. The bulk metal, the mate-
In some instances when the electrolyte evaporated, and elec- rial inside of the massive Pd cathode, dampens the ampli-
tric current was stopped, there was a runaway, self-sustaining tude of the oscillation.
effect termed “heat after death.” Certainly, as heat inside the There are good design solutions for this problem: It needs
core increased, neutrino flux increased, too. This could lead a large surface, and a thin layer cathode, for example, as a
to a positive feedback loop, leading to the melting of the pebble bed cathode, with loosely coupled little balls. The
core. This could have been a warning about the importance pebbles and the plastic balls are covered with a micron thick
of the temperature, but it fell on deaf ears. palladium layer protected by a more flexible nickel coating.
Another thing that is much harder to recognize is the Pulsed, high voltage power is provided to the cathode. Figure
physical and mechanical state of the core. 2a-c shows a comparison of cell designs. The foil cathode is
Edmund Storms correctly felt that cracks somehow took the best for research purposes (Figure 2a), compared to the
place, and had an essential and maybe a catalytic role in the bulk cathode (Figure 2b). For practical applications
fusion part of the process. Nevertheless, he missed the Patterson’s “pebble bed” type reactor (Figure 2c) is the most
importance of lattice acceleration. suitable.

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Figure 2a. Matsumoto’s thin foil cathode design. Figure 2b. The usual Pons-Fleischmann Figure 2c. The Patterson bead cathode reac-
There is hydrogen flux through the foil. Excellent layout with the bulk palladium cathode in tor. It has a very large cathode surface, and it
for research purposes. the middle. The hydrogen/proton flux is is easy to saturate the palladium layer under
initially high. High loading ratio is difficult the external nickel layer. Deuterium or hydro-
to attain. gen diffusion flux is regulated by the changing
current for Figure 2a.

The Thin Layer Patterson Cell LENR community. Until then the necessity of deuterium
An outstanding feature of the Patterson cell (Figure 2c) is (heavy water) had not been questioned, nor that a bulk pal-
that distilled water and a salt solution of LiCO3 is suggested ladium cathode is necessary—based on the Pons-
as electrolyte instead of heavy water. This author has hands- Fleischmann cell. This is the answer to Nagel’s third ques-
on experience with this device. It was easy to load the tion (are protons and deuterons interchangeable in some
micron thick cathode layer (vapor deposition or electroplat- heat producing experiments). Indeed, it is possible to have
ing is suggested). Our pellets were 5 mm diameter plastic cold fusion with light water, because the diffusion of hydro-
foam spheres. They were covered with graphite, then copper. gen, and thus the cracking of the lattice can be efficient for
The palladium layers were all very thin, about 1 μm. They thin layers. In this case, the bulk of the heat production is
were covered finally with an equally thin nickel layer, where due to fission, and neutrons reacting with the palladium and
hydrogen can diffuse through, yet it is a continuous layer. the nickel lattice. There was a steady hydrogen diffusion
This cell had many problems. Any pollution of the elec- through the thin metal cathode layers into the plastic
trolyte covers the cathode surface with an insulating layer, spheres in the Patterson cathode. Thus the metal volume
stopping electrolysis/hydrogen deposition into the lattice. was thoroughly utilized.
The coating is sensitive to the physical stiffness of the palla-
dium layer. The stiffer the layer is, the more it is prone to Arata-Zhang Microcrystal Cell
cracking, thus vibration, and therefore fission occurs. It is At ICCF6 (Lake Toya, Japan), Patterson presented his results
difficult to reproduce the same quality Pd deposition under based on a light water electrolyte, and a thin layer cathode.
the Ni coating. Our three different batches diverged widely At the same meeting, Arata and Zhang presented another
in quality for no obvious reason. The thin layer technology R&D path: to use high pressure deuterium (200 bar) and Pd
apparently requires extreme measures in quality control. nanoparticles, another form of packed bed reactors. They
Patterson himself fell into this trap. The first, decades old discovered this remarkable effect before the Pons-
batch of his catalytic palladium balls was quite reliable and Fleischmann effect was published, as noted in 1999.3 They
successful. When he ran out of them, he was unable to used deuterium and electrolysis, but the cathode was made
repeat it despite his best efforts. by composite microparticles—DS cathode. They measured
The preparation of the balls proved to be a tough chal- continuous heat without the need of input energy, a sort of
lenge. Therefore we abandoned this line of research quite “heat after death” effect. This was rarely observed, but was
early. About 50 - 80% excess heat was measured only for by Tadahiko Mizuno and Kitamura et al.
some hours. Then the excess diminished due to surface con- It is clear by now that reactors based on electrolysis will
tamination. We blamed the impurities of the anode deposit- not reach economic viability due to their erratic behavior
ed on the pebbles and the LiCO3. and low power efficiency. It was not known, and is not gen-
The existence of a high surface area packed bed Patterson erally accepted even today, that the main initial effect is the
cell (U.S. Patent 1994/5,372,688) came as a surprise to the diffusion of hydrogen into the lattice, and the consequent

12 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

embrittlement, and vibration of the lattice. Fission as an ating systems. Note, this is a departure from the “usual”
LENR process was not considered, only fusion. Therefore cubic; invisible vacuum fluctuation spectrum appears only
hydrogen, or protium, as a fusion reagent was rejected at the at extreme accelerations, which happens only during the
beginning. cracking due to the loading of the lattice. (Timothy Boyer
Light water was used only in control tests, and also noted the vacuum oscillation spectrum changing effect
fusion/fission trace elements were not sought or tested. This of acceleration.)
mistake was admitted by Storms only decades later.
I strongly recommend reading J.P. Biberian’s 2009 review.4 5. Previously stable nuclei become unstable at more intense
(In the same book, the chapter by Mahadeva Srinivasan is vacuum fluctuations, disintegrating into fragments. This is a
also important.5) Biberian clearly expressed: “The use of gas mechanical stress-induced nuclear instability. This is called a
phase instead of the original electrochemical system is cer- piezonuclear effect by the Italians, and mechanofusion by
tainly the future of the field…This method has many advan- the Russians. Biberian listed many independent, but forgot-
tages…There is no longer the low temperature operational ten observations. Nuclei fall apart amidst releasing low ener-
limitation as exists with electrolysis in water…Gas phase is a gy neutrons due to the cracking of a lattice. Mechanical
much cleaner environment that permits better control of the stress on the lattice is usually induced by mechanical ham-
materials…” mering, temperature transient stress and deloading. Thus the
The expensive palladium-deuterium system is an interest- energy release is a function of the brittleness of the lattice. A
ing choice from the research point of view, but not very soft lattice—like copper, lead or aluminum—is useless, even
applicable to practical devices. Biberian also noted, “I believe if hydrogen diffuses into them. Their brittle alloys, however,
the most interesting system is the nickel hydrogen pair.” are likely candidates. (Note: pig iron is very brittle. Stainless
In fact, the LENR mechanism is described in the reviews steel is annoyingly ductile.) Thus LENR controlled by diffu-
by Biberian and Srinivasan, but it was not written down in a sion and cracks has a limited duration: neutrons are pro-
definite way. These steps are the followings: duced as long as there is enough material to crack. This is a
non-uniform time scale, and unpredictable. Lattice swelling
1. Metal lattice (Pd at low temperature, Ti or Ni at higher is generated after saturation. Nevertheless, continuous crack-
temperature) is loaded with hydrogen or deuterium, and it ing cannot be maintained for years. This is the ultimate bot-
diffuses into the lattice. This is a slow process; therefore the tleneck of diffusion controlled LENR reactors.
large surface area of Patterson or micro-nanodust of Arata
and Zhang are superior to the P-F cell. Ni or Ti (maybe Fe) 6. Neutrons released in the above LENR fission process take
can’t be loaded at room temperature, because diffusion into part in fusion as well—like forming deuterium and tritium
the lattice is negligible. when the absorbed gas is hydrogen or deuterium. This is an
unusual process. Most of the released neutrons are captured
2. Due to the phase transition by hydrogen diffusion into in the neighboring nuclei and only a few escape the lattice.
the metal lattice, swelling (thus strain) appears in the lattice, The neutron/tritium ratio is about 10-7 in Srinivasan’s esti-
and microcracks are formed. Previous cold work, with a mations. They are definitely released in uneven bursts in
buildup of internal mechanical stress, is important as a “hid- time and space as well. However, LENR activity stops after a
den” parameter, but it is unmeasurable. This factor in itself short period, termed “poisoning.” In fact, this further indi-
may be responsible for the notorious unrepeatability prob- cates the importance of annealing the lattice. LENR ceases
lem. The lattice cracking is the same for hydrogen and deu- when all available cracking volumes are consumed.
terium, so they are interchangeable up to this part (Nagel’s
third question). The neutrons released by the fission are The importance of the existence of ether (as a long range
more likely to interact with deuterium than with hydrogen, effect, by Parkhomov and Schnoll) was noted in Part 4 of
thus deuterium will yield more heat. this paper. Now we just extend it with the practical applica-
tions of the Davies-Unruh effect as well. (Hawking and Boyer
3. When the external pressure drops, the hydrogen or deu- also found it.)
terium suddenly diffuses out of the lattice. This is a faster The most extensive experimental investigations of neu-
process than loading. This causes more mechanical stress, tron emission effects related to mechanical stress were done
and causes local mechanical lattice vibrations as a nonlinear by Carpentieri et al.2 Srinivasan et al. examined nuclear
cracking process. This causes local “hot spots,” which are effects related to quenching stress, when a hot, thin palladi-
nuclear active sites where LENR is intensive. um foil is thrown into cold liquid deuterium. They found tri-
tium in the sample foils. (A similar example is metal glass
4. Lattice vibrations in turn smash the nuclei due to manufacturing.) There was a Russian experiment as well,
extremely high frequencies and acceleration (THz order of indicating the importance of mechanical stress. B.V.
magnitude), which in turn excite the surrounding ether. The Derjaguin and later Andrei Lipson started to shoot a steel
high acceleration, thus much higher vacuum fluctuations, slug into LiD and D2O ice. The steel slug had about 200
tear apart previously stable nuclei. This effect is not within m/sec velocity before impact. There were low efficiency neu-
textbook physics, but ether has this weird property. (See Part tron detectors behind the samples. The test results clearly
4.) How does it take place? What is the tentative physical showed neutrons above the background radiation. They call
mechanism? Acceleration of the lattice shifts the spectrum this effect “nuclear mechanofusion,” while Carpenteri
of vacuum fluctuation as noted before. The effect of the termed it the piezonuclear effect. However, the mechanical
modification of the vacuum spectrum was noted by properties of brittleness have not been investigated, like
Hawking for black holes, and Davies and Unruh for acceler- Vickers hardness, etc. This is possible only for surfaces like

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thin foils. deuterium/hydrogen the dominant effect generating heat?
Takaaki Matsumoto did just that.6 He switched from the What is the dominant energy production effect? Fission or
“classic” bulk rod cathode to a thin foil, shown in Figure 2a. fusion?
No correlation has been searched for mechanical properties There is no clear answer today, as there are no test data on
of the foil, and time variability of the hydrogen/deuterium energy balance, or material degradation/transmutation
flux through the foil. The pressure under the foil was not analysis.
changed, a sadly missed opportunity. He found traces like The continuous cracking of Ni, Pd and Ti (and consequent
circles of condensed plasmoids under the Pd foil! fission as a catalyst) by supplying neutrons probably yields a
To summarize: it is not worth designing LENR cells based lower amount of heat generation than fusion. However, this
solely on liquid electrolysis of bulky cathodes. They are lim- is just a guess.
ited by their low temperature and low surface/volume ratio. Parkhomov assumes the following fusion reaction:
No intensive crack formation or lattice acceleration can be
achieved. Therefore their practical application is useless in p + ν + Ni60 + e- → 4He + 57Fe + 0.57 MeV,
the present form, as daily practice has borne out.
a reaction involving a nucleus of Ni. In fact, a neutron from
the fission of another Ni nucleus is the source of neutrons.
“Hot” Cold Fusion: The Rossi-Parkhomov Line However, the fusion reaction of p + ν + Ni → yields less
One or two million ºC is considered hot on the temperature energy than fusion between light nuclei, like: H21 + H11 → H31
scale of nature. Anything below it is warm at best. Most of or the n01 + H11 → H21 type reactions. Of course thermal neu-
the visible mass of the universe is in a “warm” plasma state. trons must be generated, and this is the bottleneck reaction,
Cold, solid planets and interstellar dust are the exceptions the key to “cold” fusion. Unfortunately the Rossi-
and not the rule. Anything is rightly considered “cold” Parkhomov “hot” cold fusion method is not on this path,
under the melting point of tungsten. All technical devices because their source of neutrons is limited.
are expensive where a plasma is contained above this limit. It is apparent that slow (thermal) neutrons act as catalyz-
They are commercially worthless and any effort to portray ers for LENR reactions. They are able to penetrate any nucle-
them as a breakthrough area is very dangerous propaganda. ons at thermal speed. In fact, ultracold neutrons already
(All branches of hot fusion, including spheromaks, stellators, react at the next atom (Widom-Larsen model). Therefore
inertial confinement, z machines, focus fusion etc. belong to they are impossible to detect. In the heated, atmospheric
this group.) pressure, with hydrogen loaded systems, neutrons leave the
There is another branch of cold fusion devices termed splitting nuclei at higher speeds. The cross section of their
“hot,” as they are still under the cracking, or melting, points reactions is smaller, and less eager to react with hydrogen
of heat resisting ceramic materials, that is, under about isotopes. The sweet spot is that relatively little preparation is
2000ºC. needed to have them, only to crack the metal lattice.
Piantelli, Celani, Rossi, Scaramuzzi and other Italians However, there are no test data on the mechanical properties
started the “hot” nickel-based line of research and were of fissionable Ni alloys at high temperatures, a sorely miss-
joined later by foreign researchers. There are arguments for ing data.
and against this line of research. These devices operate The general design problems on the crack-based piezo-
around or above 1000ºC (the Parkhomov threshold), so an nuclear reactions are twofold:
important bottleneck is overcome. The main design insight
of Parkhomov is that the element producing neutrinos, the a) The neutrons do not always interact with protons or
heating element, can be separated from the fusion core. This deuterons, but mainly with heavier nuclei of the lattice.
is an advantage from the viewpoint of design and operation, These reactions yield less energy than fusion with deuterium.
because different metals are suitable for ohmic resistors and b) Cracking a lattice cannot be a steady-state process, and it
others as crackable fusion alloys. cannot be a homogeneous one, uniform in the whole lattice.
Rossi did not recognize the importance of this separation, Neither the physics, nor the design, of these reactors have
but employed another important step, the catalytic splitting been properly explored.
of the hydrogen molecules to help the diffusion of hydrogen
into a nickel lattice. In the case of a plasma, like glow dis- All in all, the practical potentials of the “hot” version of
charge, protons and ionized hydrogen molecules are readily cold fusion is better than the methods based on electrolysis.
available. Simple heating of hydrogen is less effective, Now we are in the middle of the debate: What sort of cold
because it yields only a very diluted plasma. It is just not fusion reaction paths/engineering methods are the most
enough for lattice loading at normal, atmospheric pressure, lucrative solutions?
or above it. (See U.S. Patent 2011/0005506, Piantelli
WO/2010/058288)
The electrically heated nickel-based core has only a ther- The Paths of Transmutations
mal output. Thus they compete with heat pumps, which All LENR processes are based on transmutation, as fission or
have about 500% efficiency as long as the outside tempera- fusion. Transmutations do happen in fission and in fusion,
ture is above freezing. too. We shall not discuss fission induced by lattice cracking
The cost of electric energy is always more than the cost of and vibration further in any detail. (Unfortunately most
heat energy (for the same kilo Joule). researchers of this area are either ignorant about this form of
How much energy is generated by the fission of Ni, Pd or fission or reject this possibility out of hand.)
Ti? Is it 1% or 99%? Is the fusion by released neutrons and We shall move into an uncharted LENR area from now on,

14 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

where theory, test results and inventions are sporadic. There Ralka). Thus the bubble undergoes a spatial oscillation and a
are some general remarks before we discuss these reactors. radial (volumetric) oscillation as well.
Fusion may take place with the following methods (to the (C) The hydrogen bubble is back to its original volume, but
best knowledge of this author): saturated with water vapor.
(D) The ambient pressure is increased, and the hydro-
— Generation of ultracold, slow neutrons by charge waves gen/vapor bubble is compressed in an adiabatic manner,
(resonant plasmon polariton waves). This process requires then overheated, and plasma appears.
input energy though at later steps it will turn into a net gain, Due to a spatial pressure difference, ions and lighter elec-
yielding deuterium and tritium. These charge waves are con- trons are separated, and an electric gradient appears. As this
sidered quasi-particles, though very short-lived ones. See the is a short transient, spin field is generated, as rot S(t) ≈
three-part paper from this author in Infinite Energy.7 ∂E(t,r)/∂t.
— Generation of long lived, nearly stable quasi-particles The plasma is compressed into a condensed plasmoid of
(under the names of EVO, condensed plasmoids, strange toroidal shape due to the same process as during a sparking,
radiation). (See Part 1. We shall discuss the physics of con- described in Part 1. The preferred frequency of the pressure
densed plasmoids further in Part 5B.) oscillation is in the order of 50-500 kHz.
When a bubble undergoes several pressure cycles, plas-
Condensed plasmoids are not yet accepted into textbooks moids may accumulate in the gas and may diffuse into the
of plasma physics. Only Von Engel8 mentions stable plasma water as well. There they may catalyze transmutation, as
vortexes in a single sentence in his book (page 109, Figure Ohmasa and Brown observed.
6.5 there): “A toroidal plasma (of vortex ring or smoke ring (E) The bubble is back to its original volume. If it is allowed
shape) can be produced by using a tube…a special type of to leave the liquid, the gas is filled with catalytic plasmoids.
spark plug.” It is a coaxial hollow cathode pulse discharge When this oxygas is burned, it has a cool flame, but reacts
device. with metals, and the transmutation is significant.
Note that this vortex is formed from the plasma of the The process may take place even without hydrogen bub-
positive column, and thus is electrically neutral. Further, it bles, just with vapor bubbles, because it also splits to hydro-
quickly vanishes by recombination, not like condensed plas- gen and oxygen. However, it is less economic, since oxygen
moids. Therefore one cannot refer to this on a patent appli- is less useful in condensed plasmoid formation.
cation as a catalyst of LENR.
Today condensed plasmoids do not appear in textbook Spin fields and electric fields must be present simultane-
physics, therefore they are nonexistent from the viewpoint ously to overcome the Coulomb threshold shown in Part 2.
of patent applications. Most probably a patent application Even a magnetic field is required for the transmutation of
will be rejected if condensed plasmoids are explicitly quoted heavy nuclei, also considered a catalyst. Though the “hyper-
as an explanation for the catalytic LENR effect. This
ignorance is killing a whole class of LENR devices!
It is not certain that transient plasma induced by
cavitation, or bubble collapse, will make the same
condensed plasmoids as microdischarges, like a
corona. This area, sonofusion, was initiated by R.P.
Taleyarkhan et al. and Roger Stringham and was
endorsed by Julian Schwinger as well.

Condensed Plasmoid Production by Cavitation

The cavitation method for generating plasmoids is
less efficient then sparking, nevertheless it is worth
mentioning.
The tentative process is shown in Figure 3 (A-E).
The best case is when there are hydrogen (deuterium)
bubbles due to electrolysis in water, with oscillating
pressure. This system is not the Pons-Fleischmann
electrolytic cell because there the pressure is steady.
(However, the two systems can be favorably com-
bined, although nobody has tried it so far.)
The sequence of events during the pressure oscil-
lation is as follows (see figure):

(A) The hydrogen bubble has a definite spherical

volume, just off the cathode.
(B) When the ambient pressure drops in the bubble
it expands, and water vapor diffuses into the bubble.
Note, the bubble is not stable; it oscillates spatially Figure 3. (A-E) Phases of hydrogen bubble swelling and compression. It is a high
as well. The pressure waves are driven by a vibrating frequency transient process. Formation of condensed plasmoids due to cavita-
plate (Ohmasa) or piezoelectric crystal (Suhas tion, and pressure gradient inside a bubble.

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 15

 again by luck and perseverance.
The Martin Fleischmann Memorial Project (MFMP) fund-
ed two visits for independent measurements, but both failed.
(An editorial was devoted to these visits in IE #135.)
The novelty here was the preparation of the “fuel,” which
was high density metal grains, mainly tungsten. They were
treated by a powerful 3-beam ultrasound device for hours in
a watery sludge. The frequency of the ultrasound ceramic
generator was very high, around 1 MHz. (See Figure 4.) The
metal powder mixture was heated due to the dissipation of
the ultrasound, but the temperature was not measured.
Apparently, the fuel grains were filled with condensed plas-
moids, ostensibly due to cavitation.
Suhas Ralka had life-long experience with ultrasound
devices and had off-the-shelf devices of sound conducting
Figure 4. Suhas Ralka’s ultrasound driven fuel preparation device based sonotrodes, ceramic piezoelectric disks and proper power
on watery tungsten sludge. Note the three sonotrodes, the sound con- supplies. It took him years to achieve this impressive tech-
ductors. They conduct the ultrasound waves to the treated sludge. nological background in ultrasound technology.
He applied it to various mixtures and materials, and he
stumbled into transmutation just by accident, as is typical in
space jump” seams to be a far fetched assumption, the this field.
Hutchinson experiments seem to verify that there is a causal The open question is: how did transmutation happen in
relationship between them. Local atomic sized hyperspace the tungsten grains without transient spark discharge? How
jumps seem to be the (unwanted) condition for fusion. does ultrasound treatment of the fuel sludge happen?
(Otherwise the fusion of massive nuclei without significant First of all, even a watery sludge acts like a cavitation site
X-ray radiation is hard to explain.) This double problem was when overheated due to the high amplitude oscillation. This
discussed in Part 3. may lead to the simple version of condensed plasmoids
This is hopefully all the background physics necessary to made by the same process as in the Brown gas and Ohmasa
describe LENR inventions, and the practical applications of gas. These condensed “hydrogen crystals” are also catalytic
the above processes. This background knowledge is much agents, just like the toroidal condensed plasmoids.
more than classical or quantum physics textbooks can offer Moreover, neutron generation due to lattice oscillations may
today. appear as well, creating neutron-rich, unstable isotopes, and
Reviews of LENR reactors and processes take us up to this “polyneutrons,” or other catalytic quasi-particles too. A rich
point. Eugene Mallove (Fire from Ice), Charles Beaudette reward awaits the inquiring mind in this area!
(Excess Heat), J.P. Biberian (Fusion in All Its Forms), Steven Ralka noticed the transmutation that hundreds of other
Krivit (Fusion Fiasco), Edmund Storms (The Explanation of engineers doing ultrasound applications failed to recognize
LENR) and Tadahiko Mizuno (Nuclear Transmutation) do not or just were afraid to report. This is called serendipity, and a
take us beyond this point. From now on, we shall be in no- very important one.
man’s land. Robert Greenyer of MFMP analyzed the “fuel” composi-
Conservation of mass, and energy, is still considered valid, tions before and after the ultrasound treatment and found
as well as angular and linear momentum. Appearance of significant differences in material compositions due to the
magnetic charges as quasi-particles is assumed and magnetic transmutation.
currents as well, discussed in Part 1. Ralka found an unusual side effect as well. When the
“fuel” metal grains were removed after treatment, and put
Suhas Ralka’s Heat Generating LENR Reactor into small plastic bottles, they fell apart after some weeks.
This method of heat generation is a mixture of two mecha- Apparently slow, “creepy” LENR had just changed the com-
nisms: dust mediated and condensed plasmoid driven. This position of the plastic walls.
process has two consecutive steps: The heat production method was simply to place the
“crystal plasmoids” saturated by metal powder into alumina
1. Generate as many condensed plasmoids as possible in tubes and then into a hydrogen atmosphere. The rest is
heavy metal fuel grains. There will be a number of transmu- familiar (dust fusion, discussed in Part 2), except again the
tations in the grains as a side effect. ultrasound driven gas discharge. This latter is useful to move
2. When the fuel grains are placed in a discharge tube, in a the catalyst (condensed crystal) inside the tube. Thus the
hydrogen atmosphere, the periodic discharge pulses are efficiency of catalysis is greatly enhanced. Moreover, the
aided simultaneously with ultra-sound acoustic pulses in the metal powder in the oscillating plasma acts as a dust fusion
order of 1 MHz. That is, fusion of hydrogen into deuterium, process as well.
tritium and helium takes place, as well as fusion of neutrons Ralka’s two-step process is better than the Pons-
into heavy elements, and piezonuclear fission reactions. Fleischmann process by an order of magnitude. In his
method the fusion of hydrogen is likely the dominant
The C.O.P. was measured around 8 by the inventor of this process for producing energy, not LENR fission.
technologically demanding process, which is already com- This method has the highest technical potential in the
mercially viable. All faces of LENR have been found here category of heat producing devices, but hard test results are

16 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

not available, as usual. The piezonuclear fission reactions are excess heat after about half a year despite the available
better in heavy elements (Pb, Ra, W) than in Pd, because hydrogen supply. Apparently the nickel completely cracked,
there are more escaping “surplus” neutrons after fission. One and thus the available supply of neutrons ceased to induce
may think about alloys as well, not only in terms of pure fission.
metals. The carbides and nitrides of heavy elements are A more advanced heat generation reactor may combine
promising, because their mechanical brittleness is essential the following design features: Parkhomov’s heater in a tran-
for fission induced by vibration. It is worth noting that semi- sient mode, Ralka’s heavy metal grains and preferably alloys
conducting alloys of Pb and Si are more prone to hydrogen of heavy elements. The operation is preferably based on
diffusion than pure metals. Further, fine grains with their simultaneous ultrasound and gas discharge pulses in a
better surface/volume are needed for piezonuclear fission. hydrogen/deuterium atmosphere.
The electrolytic Pons-Fleischmann cell, the Patterson cell Unfortunately, Suhas Ralka is no longer active in this
and even the more sophisticated Ni-hydrogen heated cells of field, and most likely he will take this advanced technology
Focardi, Celani, Piantelli, Rossi, Arata-Zhang or Parkhomov to his grave.
have no known published design criteria. They were all
assembled by “gut feeling” or trial and error. The CO2 Smasher of Valentin Cesa
They are not inventions yet as such (despite patents grant- The plasma-based dust fusion device of Valentin Cesa is also
ed), but discoveries with useful applications (Piantelli the result of serendipity. Cesa was a man of brick-and-mor-
WO/2012/147045A1; Celani et al. U.S. Patent tar. He built wood fired open fireplaces at first (U.S. Patent
2012/0134915A1; Rossi U.S. Patent 2011/0005506A1). 1977/4,006,729). Later he covered them with heat resistant
Their operations were also not well established. For exam- glass doors. He noticed that when the inlet air flow mass flux
ple, Bockris always noted that roughness of the electrode was fine tuned, the combustion became oscillatory, even res-
surface was essential for better efficiency, as well as overpo- onant. In this condition the flame became white and the
tential. Both of them make sparking possible under the sur- fireplace radiated an unusual amount of heat. He also
face of the electrolyte. Further, Preparata always emphasized noticed a strange result: in this condition the CO2 output
the importance of transient electric pulses, which in turn was reduced, and sometimes vanished completely. He recog-
caused hydrogen loading/de-loading into the cathode lat- nized the significance of his test results, and started to devel-
tice. This transient de-loading mode enhanced crystal frag- op a resonant combustion device which received a U.S.
mentation, and thus more vigorous lat- Patent (2007/7,201,882). Dust fusion was
tice oscillations, leading to fission. discussed in Part 2. Cesa developed a
This method works only with thin more complicated set of resonant com-
films, as in the pebble bed cathode of bustion systems described in
Patterson. The thin wires of Celani, WO/1992/004973A1.
Swartz or the Arata-Zhang Pd nanodust Several devices were built and tested
serves the same purpose in hot cells. with the help of British angel investor
The importance of a thermal neutrino Geoffrey Galley. The device in Figure 5 is
flux was considered only by Parkhomov, a tunable combustion system.
because he separated the heating ele- Cesa used his experience in fireplace
ment (thermal neutrino production) building to build his resonant furnace
from the fission/fusion nickel reactor (just like Pons and Fleischmann electro-
core. Thus this is the first LENR reactor chemistry). Thus he always thought in
where an engineering design was based terms of cubic meters for the combustion
on a physical insight. chamber.
The Arata-Zhang nanodust reactor His device used either a whistle, or a
was used at a very high steady pressure, tunable vibrating metal tongue, for
at about 200 bars, under D2. acoustic wave generation, as shown in
Again, there were no engineering con- Figure 5. The resonant cylindrical com-
siderations in the design and operations. bustion chamber (1) became tunable by
This type of LENR reactor has not been two means. The air inlet chamber (5)
investigated in detail due to the prohibi- itself was a resonant unit driven by a tun-
tive cost of Pd/ZrO2 grains, and the man- able whistle (7).
ufacturing problems. The fuel (heavy oil) entered at the noz-
The mixture of Parkhomov’s insight zle (19) with a high pressure spray. On
(separate neutrino production heating Figure 5. The tunable resonant combustion the other side of the resonant combus-
element) and Preparata’s insight (tran- system in Cesa’s patent. The tunable length tion chamber, the length of the exhaust
sient loading/de-loading to help lattice of the oven is visible, thus acoustic reso- assembly was also tunable, moving along
oscillations) seem to unite the advan- nance is maintained. a rail (31).
tages. There was a nearly spherical after-
The separate electrical heater allows transients and the burner (8) to burn the leftover dust. The air was sucked in via
creation of de-loading transients. Rossi’s idea to use a chem- the whistle (7) and secondary burner opening (9).
ical catalyzer to split hydrogen atoms to ease lattice loading It was noted by Galley that the combustion was white
is also a bright insight, worthy of considering during design. hot, radiating an extreme amount of heat.
Parkhomov recognized that his reactor stopped yielding The resonance capability of large industrial boil-

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 17

ers/furnaces was known before, and a subject of university rotate randomly. The rotating, charged dust particles create
curriculum. Engineering students, future designers of fur- a spin field. There is an electric and magnetic field around
naces, are warned about its dangers, and to avoid it at all the rotating particles, and the flames of carbohydrates con-
cost. Indeed, there have been a number of severe industrial tain hydrogen atoms in an ionized form: protons. All ingre-
accidents, where huge boilers simply jumped off from their dients are here for LENR fusion, just as in the solar corona
concrete bases despite being screwed down by dozens of 10 discussed in Part 2 of this paper.
cm diameter bolts. Thus heat producing, dusty fusion has always been right
Yet these forces are simply unstoppable. Flames them- in front of our noses, though in an unexpected form. Coal
selves are inherently a turbulent source of oscillatory com- fuelled industrial boilers could have been fusion rectors in
bustion—seen in a candle flame, or a torch. When they are principle, in an acoustically resonant mode. Of course,
properly designed to match the frequency of a resonant existing furnaces are not suitable for this purpose, because
acoustic cavity, loud combustion is achieved. they are designed to avoid acoustic resonances, and oscilla-
Cesa built several huge tunable furnaces. Their size was in tions at all.
the order of 2x5 meters. The fuel was oil, sometimes used
tires. They burned well without a trace of CO2 and CO,
though with some NOx due to the unusually high flame Laminar and Turbulent Flames for LENR Fusion
temperatures. The carbon didn’t disappear; half of it was This author has “hands-on” experience with the design and
turned into fine separable soot, the other half into carbon operation of these resonant dusty plasma systems. I briefly
nanotubes (industrial grade). describe my approach, because the ideas leading to the actu-
In fact, this exhaust led to the demise of the invention; al inventions are also interesting.
authorities were unwilling to give permission due to the After reading Tesla’s carbon button experiments, gas dis-
NOx exhaust content. charge-based, excess energy systems became my keen inter-
Cesa was over-ambitious in the patent application. He est. I was aware of inevitable cathode erosion and generation
assumed the same resonant combustion method is applica- of dust and evaporation, when leading the research program
ble for piston driven internal combustion engines, and gas on the Correa and Chernetzky projects. Further, the study of
turbines as well. He didn’t recognize the essence of the fun- the missing rotation symmetries in electrodynamics led me
damentals in the above cases: resonant combustion of car- to the test results of Felix Ehrenhaft and Mikhailov. It
bon dust plasma. became clear that rotating charged particles have novel,
This can’t be achieved in a moving piston due to its vari- unexpected physical features.
able volume, or within the rotating blades of gas turbines After that, simple resonant dusty plasma experiments in
lacking permanent boundaries. However, it is possible in the microwave ovens showed remarkable transmutation, and
combustion chamber of a rocket or ram-jet, when the fuel possible heat energy generation. I turned my attention to
contains alcohol, which may turn into carbon dust in rich dusty plasma research. However, I found nothing suspicious
(oxygen starved) fuel ratios. in the voluminous published literature of combustion and
This device is a showcase of sloppiness in science and dusty plasma, except: the parameters of fusion regime were
technology. clearly omitted.
Several fellow fireplace builders also noticed the extra There were two separate paths for research: (a) com-
heat of resonant combustion (as many other users of fire- bustible carbon dust, where oscillating plasma was generat-
places), but never bothered to check out the CO2 content for ed by chemical process with little external power; (b) non-
resonant operation. combustible dust, where oscillating plasma was generated by
Industrial designers, and a host of university departments variable amplitude and frequency microwaves.
in the combustion research and development area always I followed both paths. The first inexpensive combustion
avoid this operation mode, because it is mechanically detri- tube oven was built based on the principles of a turbulent
mental. (The Russian Moon rocket also failed due to unusu- Ranque-Hilsch tube. This tube is fed tangentially with com-
al, unexpected oscillations in the Laval nozzle, and conse- pressed air in the middle, and the fuel was a propane-butane
quent mechanical resonance at a given low pressure in the gas mixture from a cylinder. The exhaust was analyzed in a
upper atmosphere.) commercial gas analyzer, used for measuring car exhaust.
Had oscillatory dusty combustion been investigated thor- Later we switched to a furnace exhaust gas analyzer.
oughly, LENR reactors could have been built earlier, but at The Ranque-Hilsch tube was chosen because it is a tun-
far away places, as thermal power plants, where noise is not able, rotating gas tube even without combustion.9 (It yields
a problem. cold air on one end, and warm air on the other end.) Usually
Dusty plasma researchers also avoid this parameter range: it is not used for combustion experiments, only as a light,
the atmospheric, high temperature, chemically reacting res- and inefficient, heat engine in trucks, where heating or cool-
onant plasma. Their range of interest is restricted to the ing are necessary. (See Figure 6.) Note that this tube is not a
parameters of interstellar plasma: very low pressure, with no Maxwell’s demon, the simultaneous heating and cooling is
combustion, and no resonance. Combustion is not touched at the expense of inlet pressure. This is a very counterintu-
in the papers on dusty plasmas. Soot is mentioned in com- itive device. It was chosen because it has a self generating
bustion research papers and textbooks, but resonant sooty pressure oscillation. It has never been used for combustion,
plasma has never been studied. let alone for burning dusty plasma. We omitted the cold
Where is LENR here? Simple. In this type of three-phase exhaust, used only the hot exhaust, regulated by a rotating
medium (solid dust particles in the micrometer range, dilute cone. (See Figures 6a, 6b.)
plasma and non-ionised gas) dust particles are charged and The first “furnace” was a 20 mm diameter, 50 cm long

18 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

quartz tube, with a 1 m long steel exhaust pipe.
The inlet air and exit outlets were spiral channels, (a)
the usual feature of Ranque-Hilsch tubes. It took hot air
some time to learn how to tune it to resonance.
Even the first experiments were encouraging.
The CO2 content was reduced to half of the usual
value when tuned into a howling-resonant cold air
mode. The fuel/air ratio was carefully adjusted
and measured, and the input air was dried to a inlet nozzle
hot air
degree. Due to this success we got shoe string
funding from the management of the Bakony
Thermal Power Plant for two years. Thus a better
device was built with a 40 mm diameter quartz (b)
tube, with even better results. It was quite appar-
ent that the surface/volume ratio was important;
the excess heat appeared only above 1200ºC.
The quartz tube withstood both the thermal
and mechanical stresses. (Funding was soon cut
due to the government restriction on innova-
tions. Then we were awarded a 2 million Euro
research grant, but the host company, Aqua,
immediately stole all the money. Later Swiss pri-
vate investors funded the project also in a shoe-
string manner. After a steady progress, they were
(c)
unable to get private investors for CO2 reduction
and excess energy. Therefore they stole all the
equipment and closed the lab.)
Nevertheless, to cut a very long technical
description short, it has been experimentally
shown that transient resonant dusty plasma can
produce excess energy due to transmutation, and
it appears first in the form of reduced CO2 emis-
sions, along with increased NOx emissions.
This setup is not viable for household furnaces,
because compressed air is necessary. Besides,
methane is not a good fuel, as it does not readily Figure 6a-c. Ranque-Hilsch tube for temperature separation; their flow pattern. In 6a
form soot. Results were better when we used fine and 6b, the cross sections are shown; in 6b and 6c the flow pattern is shown. The
carbon dust as fuel. (See Figures 7a, 7b, 7c.) This dusty plasma rotates and oscillates in the whole volume.
approach was technically viable even 150 years
ago to save coal, but it was unknown. always tangential with variable angles, because it turned out
Another drawback of this technology is the acoustic noise to be important. An axial whistle of the siren type with rotat-
of oscillations, but no efforts were made to insulate it due to ing blades was also developed to yield input air with pulsed
the low budget. pressure. (See Figure 7d.) Preheating of the inlet air and fuel
Calorimetric tests for a 60 mm diameter quartz tube have was important. The real improvement came when the inlet
also shown excess heat in the order of 20-25%. The efficiency fuel gas was injected periodically to enhance resonant, high
clearly improves with better surface/volume ratios. It is quite pressure combustion.
feasible that the excess heat can be significant, and commer- The method was developed both for turbulent, high
cially viable above 30-50 cm diameter acoustic resonators. power density, and nearly laminar combustion. The efficien-
This resonant carbon dust fusion based on combustion is cy of the latter is higher, because it is more suitable for high
an unknown face of LENR, very far from the electrochemical amplitude oscillations during laminar combustion. This
Pons-Fleischmann cells. It uses the available hydrogen in method may produce so much excess heat that CO2 and CO
carbohydrates since all of them are combustible. molecular bonds are broken. A careful upper temperature
limit may reduce NOx emissions as well.
The resonant combustion, LENR based boilers are the
Design and Operational Considerations most suitable for the elimination of CO2 emissions from
for Coal Dust LENR Reactors thermal plants fueled with coal or heavy oil. However, by the
We used propane, butane, acetylene (C2H2) and carbon dust time dust fusion is acceptable to the mainstream, hopefully
as fuel in our resonant combustor devices. An extensive other, simpler energy production means will be available.
know-how was developed over the years about different Several coal fired power plant owners were approached in
whistle designs. Apart from the Ranque-Hilsch tubes, the the U.K., Germany and Hungary to help with R&D, but they
design of musical instruments (such as organs, trumpets, were not interested in CO2 reduction, because it required
etc.) has been carefully studied for years. The inlet air was investment.

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 19

 (a)

(c)

(b)

Figure 7a-e. Different experimental resonant combustion devices.

The axial high pressure siren oscillator is in Figure 7e. It made possi- (d)
ble the turning to resonant acoustic condition for each pressure and
temperature. Figures 7a-d are based on the Ranque-Hilsch resonant,
oscillating tubes.

Resonant Plasmon Polariton Based Heat Production

Yet another face of LENR is when neutrons are manufac-
tured by resonant plasmon polariton waves.
The plasmon-polariton wave model requires some expla-
nation. There are coupled charge wave propagations above a
metal surface in a plasma. Hence the name is plasmon
polariton. When a polarization wave moves in a metal, a
quasi-particle is generated, just like a surface wave in a pond.
Plasmon polariton waves are known in the plasma above
conducting metal and semiconducting surfaces in plasma. (e)
Their electric field amplitudes are small when studied above
a conductive plane, because they spread, and therefore soon
fade. The situation is better along a one-dimensional wire. electric contact with each other. In principle, a floating bed
This method is championed by Celani in Constantan (Ni fits this condition, when about 60% of the bed consists of
based alloy). Here the voltage amplitude is constant, but will inert, insulating fine grains (or a floating insulating surface).
decrease due to dissipation. Swartz also made a very success- See Figure 8b, where a mixture of metal covered and insulat-
ful demonstration experiment on thin wires at MIT. The ing spheres are shown. When immersed in a transient plas-
electric field, and accumulated wave energy, can be very ma, resonant plasmon polaritons may form. It requires tun-
high in a coupled plasmon polariton wave when the spread- ing-matching the parameters of grain size, pressure and exci-
ing of the wave is precluded, e.g. by spreading the wave only tation frequency.
on a thin wire. This plasmon wave has inertia due to the mass of the ions
The electron wave amplitude can be increased if metal of the plasma, hence a high virtual mass, like a liquid wave.
covered fine dust particles are mixed with a number of insu- This is indeed a quasi-particle, acquiring electric charge and
lating particles. Thus the metal covered particles are not in a high virtual mass. Most probably this is the notion of the

20 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

“heavy electron” in the long descriptions of the Widom- the same technical condition, and amplify each other—a
Larsen patent applications (U.S. 2008/0296519; 0232532). lucky coincidence. The design criteria are clear by now. Use
(There is no experimental evidence that their proposed tech- thin wires (mesh) or a dust bed for LENR reactor design, and
nical apparatus works.) Evidently, they were not aware of the operate it with transients of heat or electric sparks. Sparks are
self-generation of these waves by thermal transients, nor the especially well suited to generate plasmon polaritons and
uselessness of flat plane metals. A similar application was condensed plasmoids at the same time.
filed by Zawodny (U.S. 2011/0255645). Their theoretical These fusion reactors work more favorably with deuteri-
concept seems valid, and worthy of realizing in practice, for um, but not exclusively. Moreover, the deuterium + neutron
example in floating bed reactors. In fact, the Arata-Zhang reaction yields more energy (about 4.9 MeV) than the pro-
nanodust bed Pd/Zr reactor is a practical application of this ton + neutron fusion (about 1.9 MeV).
concept. (However, diffusion based piezonuclear fission is The real engineering advantage of plasmon based wave
also present!) generation appears only for zero dimensional, isolated, small
There is simply no diagnostic tool to measure these waves objects, where the energy of the waves persist in resonance.
by probes, or optical methods. They don’t even leave traces With plane waves, the invested energy quickly dissipates
on surfaces, like condensed plasmoids. This is a fundamen- into wasted heat. Apparently these engineering considera-
tal difficulty when these catalytic properties are to be judged. tions escaped the attention of the handful of people making
It is highly probable that these waves behave as muons (or LENR reactors.
pions) and thus are able to catalyze LENR reactions. This is Then the system is flooded with hydrogen isotopes. It is
achieved by their high intensity electric fields, and high vir- “ignited” by two methods:
tual mass, comprising millions of protons. Further, there is
spin field generation due to the relation of rot S(t) ~ ∂E(t)/∂t. 1) Transient plasma: then it can’t be a closely packed bed,
Thus, very sharp electric field transients generate such because transient plasma must appear above the metal sur-
“heavy electron” quasi-particles, where even a proton + face.
heavy electron wave + neutrino yields neutrons, provided 2) Heat up the system just above the Parkhomov limit of
the collective wave energy (0.78 MeV) is enough to squeeze about 1200ºC and let plasmon waves appear. They can be
one or more electrons from the plasmon wave into a proton. enhanced acoustically, just like with the solution of Suhas
The thermal neutrons, even if several of them are slow, have Ralka using an acoustically excited dust bed reactor.
a high effective nuclear reaction cross section. They readily
react with any nuclei in their vicinity. The electric field waves are restricted to the thin metal sur-
It is the task of the reactor designer to generate these face. Their current density electric field amplitude is higher
waves efficiently, and at the highest intensity. than when a full metal dust particle is used. (See Figure 8b.)
Tiny sparks or ultrasound acoustic waves may do this job A practical realization is shown in Figures 9a and 9b, in a
on a conductor/plasma interface, as lucky/brave inventors spark discharge between metal electrodes,
have recognized. We had some limited, first-hand experience with this sys-
Even thermal or loading/deloading transients will do this tem. We made a vacuum metal evaporation/condensation
job in a plasma. Neutron formation is the bottleneck of most system with our small team, where falling micron-size parti-
LENR reactions. Their usual absence outside of the LENR reac- cles became covered with a submicron nickel layer.
tors is due to their slow speed, and high fusion capability. Unfortunately, the research fund was embezzled by a con-
This model gives hints to the design and operation of sulting firm, so we were unable to test the thin metal cov-
some LENR reactors. This principle can be combined with ered beds. However, there was a semi-successful test series
condensed plasmoids, because both of them appear under when industrial grade (double and triple layer) carbon nano

(a) (b)

Figure 8. (a) Drawing of a coupled polariton wave (polarization wave) along a wire, and a coupled plasma wave around it. There is no standing
wave for a wire, only for a “dot,” shown in b. (b) Small beads in a plasma bath. Only some of the grains are covered with metal.

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 21

 tubes were smeared on a ceramic textile in a hydrogen
(a) atmosphere, in a pulsed electric field. The calorimetry yield-
ed about 20% excess heat. Then the remaining R&D funds
were stolen again and the project closed.
This is too thin experimental evidence to draw any con-
clusions. The only conclusion is that charge wave based
(heavy electrons in the terminology of Widom and Larsen)
fusion works. But considerable R&D efforts are required to
assess its merits. (See the author’s patent application:
WO/2012/164323, U.S. Application 14/118,458. See Figures
10a-d as a practical realization. The plasmon-based reactor
was built by the author’s team.)
Based on the above brief outline, Suhas Ralka’s two step
technology seems technically the most promising, and the
electrolysis based Pons-Fleischmann cell seem the weakest. It
is in fact a discovery, but not a full-fledged invention. Due to
its low temperature, there is no room for further substantial
technical development.
We shall continue the discussion with “classical” trans-
mutation, or alchemy, though the separation of the two phe-
nomena is somewhat arbitrary, because transmutation is the
fundamental process in both of them.

Transmutation — Alchemy
The oldest forbidden area of science is alchemy. Now it is
synonymous with “hoax.” The fundamental statement of
chemistry is: there is no transmutation of elements. It is
indeed impossible within the energy range of chemistry of
some electron volts, and with the usual test tube methods.
Transmutation is a routine process in nuclear physics though
at a much higher energy range, and with expensive experi-
mental devices with ion accelerators and nuclear reactors.
Is it possible that transmutation was achieved as a techni-
cal process in Roman-Egyptian times?
Sir Isaac Newton devoted most of his writings, experiments
and speculations to transmutation. His contemporaries noted
(b) that the alchemist’s oven near his room was always hot. Was
he a part time fool, or a full time genius? It is forbidden to
talk about his activity as an alchemist, just as Leibniz wit-
(c) nessing a mechanical perpetual motion machine. Leibniz wit-
nessed it and was convinced about the reality of the perpetu-
al motion machine made by Orffyreus (Johann Bessler). In
the early 1700s both alchemy and perpetual motion
machines existed but both are vehemently denied now.
This author has some limited experimental experience
with “classical” transmutation, guided by Peter Grandics.10
What is the process behind transmutation? Part 2 and Part
3 of this paper described biological transmutation and the
necessary conditions to produce heavy elements, like Ca, or
even iron. However, the technical setup is quite different, as
well as the aim of the experiment.
The aim of transmutation was to make gold, and other
noble metals, so the discussion will be focused on these
super-heavy elements.
Transmutation is always a two step process:

Figure 9. (a) Photograph of a plasmon-polariton wave along a wire. (b) 1) Prepare a fine grain substrate. The size distribution must
Current and voltage along the wire on the oscilloscope screen. The be uniform, and the grain size is around 1 μm.
oscillation has an increasing amplitude only in hydrogen. It has a 2) Heat it to a high temperature, preferably above 1000˚C.
steady amplitude in air. The spark gap is driven by relaxation oscilla-
The rest is shrouded in mystery, because this type of work
tor, that is, discharging a capacitor. (c) Note gradual increment of the
voltage oscillations (above) and current oscillations (below). has always been a secret. It was quite a usual practice that

22 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

 (b)
successful and unsuccessful
(a)
experimenters were beheaded.

Therefore there are a number of

open questions in this area. No
wonder most researchers in LENR
consider this traditional method
as a fantasy at best, or a hoax at
worst. The most likely missing
element in the technology might
be acoustic oscillations. It has
potentially two sources:

1) Thermoacoustic oscillations
due to thermal gradients. (This
effect is behind the Rijke tubes.)
This is a low intensity source due to the damping of the
grain bed.
2) The sound of flames (oven system; audible sound). The
shape of the oven, its temperature and wood/air inlet ratio
were also important. This is a more intensive acoustic effect.

Is the intensity of thermoacoustic oscillations plus oscil-

lating flame intensity enough to create high amplitude oscil-
lations of the plasma in the intergrain cavities?
Can local resonances enhance this amplitude? If so, we
are back to the usual situation: an acoustic pressure differ-
(c) ence will induce an electric gradient within the cavities of
the grains. Thus an electric potential difference is generated
because electrons and ions diffuse at markedly different
speeds. This is the mechanism of sonofusion, which is LENR
based on cavitation, discussed previously.
This is an interesting, exotic research area, because plasma
acoustic pressure/electric fields were explored only for shock
waves (explosions), where this effect is weaponized. (The
purpose is to damage electric and electronic circuits.)
Suhas Ralka’s research results took this area to the
extremes, where success was obvious. Can the same effect
happen at a much less extreme parameter range? This is a
risky but exciting area of research. Interested readers are
encouraged to enter this field, and to experiment in packed
(d) bed plasma.

(e)
Dust Fusion
Dust catalyzed fusion is the most ubiquitous in nature,
because all the stars, and presumably quasars, function by
this method. The dust/plasma volumetric ratio is high in
alchemy. It is the reverse in dust fusion: most of the reactor
volume is filled with plasma, and a small fraction is filled
with solid or liquid droplets.
Dust particles are charged electrically even in a steady
state plasma, as discussed in Part 2, because the mobility of
electrons is far higher than that of ions. This is known in
plasma physics. When dust particles are present in a plasma,
they may form a regular hexagonal lattice structure due to
Figure 10. (a) The internal part of the plasmon resonance reactor. The their mutual repulsion, termed “crystal plasma.” This charg-
blackish color on the white ceramic are the semiconducting carbon
ing effect is further enhanced by acoustic waves, due to the
nanotubes. (b) The experimental test stand, heat exchangers
removed, with pulsed excitation hydrogen plasma. (c) The reactor with pressure gradient, as mentioned above in connection with
low amplitude oscillation, no excess heat. (d) The reactor with high alchemy.
amplitude sharp voltage pulsed oscillations, in hydrogen plasma. The ultimate dust surface charge density is reached when
About 20-30% excess heat appears. (e) Closeup of 10d. the acoustic oscillations are in a resonant mode, in an

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 23

acoustic resonant cavity.
The plasma is always diluted (weakly ionized)
at low to high (above atmospheric) pressure
under 5000ºC. At atmospheric pressures, the ion
and electron temperatures are already equal, and
thus the charge of a dust particle can be positive
or negative depending on several factors, like
the photoelectric effect, the temperature of the
dust surface and quality of the material.
Dust mediated fusion takes place on the sur-
face of a rotating, charged dust particle. Note
that the dust can even be a liquid droplet, or
molten metal because solid state dust is not an
exclusive demand!
Though there is a growing list of textbooks Figure 11. Klimov’s rotating dust fusion reactor. The dust particles rotate around their
and research papers on dusty plasma, own axis and around the axis of the reactor as well. It is driven by pulsed Tesla coils.
researchers never consider the rotation of these
particles as important. They do not know the work of that is, the gap between the graphite electrodes and the sur-
Ehrenhaft and Mikhailov. Consequently spin field, general face of the molten mixture of Si and Fe. Further, the shape of
Lorentz forces and thus teleportation are also unknown. (It the kiln is also important due to acoustic resonance.
is also generally not known that stars are liquid, and their Transmutation is apparent when the arc is in the focus of an
hottest, energy producing parts are outside their body, in the acoustic resonance, otherwise it may not appear.
corona region, where interstellar dust particles are not yet e) Another serendipitous discovery was made by a Russian
evaporated—as found by the Parker space probe). See Part 2. researcher, M.I. Solin, in a high vacuum smelter, heated by a
No wonder most transmutation effects, and devices with powerful electron beam. His patent (RU 1977/2,087,951) is
transmutation, have been found in connection with tran- not an improvement on dust fusion, just an observation of
sient dusty plasma. transmutation as a fact. (Again, a slight overheating, froth-
Nikola Tesla clearly noted transmutation in one of his ing, boiling metal is required. Electrons are supplied by the
high voltage tubes, in an interview in the 1930s. powerful electron beam of this smelter, not by a plasma.)
However, the first peer reviewed paper on transmutation This vacuum chamber is not even optimized for transmuta-
was published by the Transactions of the Royal Society11 by tion, because big chunks of solid metal to be melted are not
the team of Norman Collie et al. (London College, 1910- needed for the process. The evaporating fine metal droplets
1914). I have referred to this work as the most tragic missed are important. They fly off due to the intense electron beam.
opportunity in theoretical and experimental physics. This is not an ideal method to produce a massive economic
Helium and neon were formed by fusion from hydrogen and amount of transmutation. The best method would be a
ostensibly oxygen, diffusing through the glass walls of the molten metal spray at atmospheric pressure, and acoustic
discharge tubes! resonance driven by ultrasound source.
The next independent serendipity observations were
those of the Japanese George Oshawa during underwater arc-
welding. (He was living in France at that time.) The Russian Lessons to be Learned
Mitkevich also observed an anomaly during transient arcing Hands-on, personal experience is most important. Dust cat-
in 1905, when carbon electrodes were involved. Many sub- alyzed fusion is the most reliable, least expensive experiment
sequent observations noted it, but were duly cen- to achieve massive transmutation results. The simplest setup
sured/forgotten. is described below. Only two new parts are required aside
Recently dust catalyzed fusion tests were renewed from from a household microwave oven:
scratch again by:
1. A quartz tube, about 15-20 cm long, 20-25 mm internal
a) The Quantum Rabbit team. diameter. If possible, make a trumpet-like conical end (to
b) The Russian team of Anatoly Klimov,12 where the revolv- improve acoustic efficiency) and a slightly larger diameter
ing dust particles are also rotated. See Figure 11. “belly.”
c) This author has built several resonant, acoustic, dust 2. An insulating stand to hold the above tube roughly in the
fusion reactors as well, published in IE.13 middle of a kitchen microwave oven. See Figure 12a.
d) There were accidental observations of massive amounts of
transmutations in India, in an arc smelter/kiln. In the hot, Preferably use a 1 kW microwave oven with variable
frothing pool of molten iron/silica liquid, graphite elec- power. It would be even better if the microwave oven was
trodes heated the scrap steel/silica and mixture for silica steel driven by a toroidal transformer, for better power regulation.
production, needed for transformers. The dust was produced A long incandescent tungsten wire lamp with two antennas
here partly by the erosion of graphite electrodes and molten at the end 3-4 cm long may help to locate the place of max-
steel mist. imum power, and direction of the maximum electric stand-
The daily amount of excess Si and Fe was 4.27 tons, com- ing wave. (See Figure 12b.) This is a helpful device. The
ing from the transmutation of carbon electrodes. The yield toroidal transformer must be set at its minimum power
of this method depends on the amount of molten droplets, when using this probe. Also, wet fax paper is suitable to

24 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021

locate the power maximum. Its color will turn dark where the
microwave power is at maximum.
The following steps must be taken to prepare the dust fusion
reactor:

1) Find the maximum electric field place in the microwave

oven.
2) Place the quartz tube there and fill it with a quarter teaspoon
of fine charcoal dust in the belly of the tube.
3) Put one end of a soft, thin graphite rod into this dust heap.
(Pencil lead of maximum 0.5 mm will do, or even a thin cop-
per wire.) This is for ignition only.
4) Turn on the power gradually until maximum power is
reached. It will spark and a quite noisy plasma will fill the tube. (a)
5) Leave the system humming for 3-4 minutes, until the tube
becomes red or white hot.
6) Analyze the charcoal dust before and after.

This is the simplest construction for the “bare foot” fusion

researcher, the first generation of a dust fusion device. (See
Figure 12a.)
The author developed a fifth generation, variable power,
variable frequency device with a spherical electromagnetic and
acoustic resonator. The advantage of the spherical device is the
minimum loss of heat and acoustic energy. (See Figure 13 for a
spherical cavity electromagnetic resonator driven by
microwaves.) The quartz acoustic resonators are shown in
Figure 14. The “pot belly” trumpet-like resonator belongs to
Figure 12, the spherical ones to Figure 13.
There is no textbook help for the design of the spherical cou-
pled TE, TEM type microwave cavity resonator. It took three
years of continuous R&D to optimize at first TE and TM cylin-
drical EM resonators, and then to develop the microwave
power supply with tunable frequency for 1.5 kW magnetrons.
The most demanding task is to design the iris separating the
spherical EM cavity resonator from the waveguide. The location
(b)
of the antenna of the magnetron is also an important design
problem. (See Figure 13.) (All of these reactors were taken away
from me by the “investors.”) Figure 12. (a) Microwave oven as dust fusion reactor run with
Apart from the electronics, the most difficult part is to cou- charcoal dust. The belly-horn structure keeps the oscillating plas-
ple the magnetron to the spherical electromagnetic cavity, and ma inside the quartz tube, and locks the acoustic energy in the
to match the acoustic impedance of the oscillating plasma. The tube up to 600Hz. (b) Tungsten filament lamp to detect λ/4
advantage of spherical EM cavity resonator (a spherical coupled microwave standing wave. The best place for the quartz tube belly
is where the light intensity is at maximum.
acoustic resonator) is that it reflects heat. A small amount of
input energy is enough to maintain the resonant condition,
and thus continuous transmutation.
It is very hard to ignite dusty plasma in hydrogen, because it
is a very good conductor. Therefore a slightly “polluted” gas
must be initially ignited. Then let the system warm up, and
pump the initial gas out of the resonators.
The acoustic resonator offers a number of possibilities for fre-
quency tuning. Long tubes attached to a spherical acoustic res-
onator lower the frequency significantly. Simple holes on
spherical acoustic resonators tend to increase the acoustic fre-
quency because they act as Helmholtz resonators. Two holes of
different diameters cause two different acoustic frequencies
simultaneously.
However, plasma being nonlinear, the difference and the
sum of these frequencies appear in harmonics, so a regular Figure 13. Spherical EM cavity resonator with attached dust dis-
series of resonant frequencies appears. penser for continuous operation. Note the wave guide between
A good ultrasound microphone (up to 100 KHz) and spec- the magnetron and the spherical EM cavity resonator. The iris is
trum analyzer help find correlations between transmutation between the sphere and the wave guide.

MARCH - JUNE 2021 • ISSUE 156 • INFINITE ENERGY 25

paths and yields as a function of acoustic frequencies and Energy, 24, 118, 15-28.
amplitudes. 2. Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G. and Manuello, A. 2015.
Apart from the composition of initial Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Neutron Emissions
powder, the most important parameters from Fracture and Earthquakes, Springer.
are the input power, the temperature of the 3. Arata, Y. and Zhang, Y-C. 1999.
quartz wall and the acoustic frequency “Anomalous Production of Gaseous 4He at
spectrum induced by the variation of the the Inside of ‘DS-cathode’ during D2O-elec-
microwave power. External acoustic excita- trolysis,” Proc. of the Japan Academy, Series
tion also enhances the output. B, 75, 4, 71-80.
An important note: don’t expect much 4. Biberian, J.P. 2009. “Low Energy Nuclear
excess heat from transmutation of heavy Reactions in Gas Phase: A Comprehensive
elements. Szumski’s rule restricts the net Review,” Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and
excess heat, because the energy released in New Energy Technologies Sourcebook, Volume
a process is absorbed locally by an unfa- 2, Eds. J. Marwan and S. Krivit, 9-34.
vorable endotherm process. Thus a new 5. Srinivasan, M. 2009. “Wide-Ranging
nucleus will be synthesized, requiring Studies on the Emission of Neutrons and
input energy. This is the “least action” Tritium by LENR Configurations: An
principle, minimizing excess heat produc- Historical Review of the Early BARC
tion, and helping isotope shifts and trans- Results,” Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and
mutations. Isotope shifts (neutron number New Energy Technologies Sourcebook, Volume
enrichment) make this process difficult to 2, Eds. J. Marwan and S. Krivit, 35-61.
understand, because only high resolution 6. Matsumoto, T. 1993. “Observations of
ICPMS machines can detect it. Simple Meshlike Traces on Nuclear Emulsions
chemical analysis cannot. There are only a During Cold Fusion,” Fusion Technology, 23
few data available because these high reso- 1, 103-113.
lution mass spectrometers are expensive. 7. Egely, G. 2012. “Fusion by Pseudo-
Even a small amount of water vapor is Particles,” Infinite Energy, 107, 108, 109.
able to cool the plasma, and then transmu- Figure 14. A simple spherical quartz 8. Von Engel, A. 1983. Electric Plasmas:
acoustic resonators for the former
tation stops. Their Nature and Uses, Taylor & Francis.
microwave driven dust fusion reactor.
No harmful radiation was observed, Many other designs have been tested 9. There are dozens of papers on single
only some soft X-ray when the magnetrons for cylindrical devices. A belly horn phase Ranque-Hilsch tubes. See for exam-
were above 1.5 kW power. type of quartz acoustic resonator is ple: Stephan, K. et al. 1983. “An
There is no emission of strange radiation shown, too. Investigation of Energy Separation in a
in this process. We noted unusual, six- Vortex Tube,” Int. J. of Heat and Mass
sided unexplained traces on the inner metal walls of electro- Transfer, 26, 3, 341-348.
magnetic cavity resonators. It is enigmatic, because we used 10. Grandics, P., Egely, G. and Balint, M. 2018. “A Method of
closed quartz tubes during the tests. (This was noted by Atomic Transformation, III: Synthesis of Gold from Silicon,”
Robert Greenyer of MFMP.) It was strictly forbidden for us to Infinite Energy, 24, 142, 30-32.
study them by the Swiss “investors.” 11. Collie, N., Patterson, H. and Masson, I. 1914. “The
I won a 2 million Euro research grant to build a hydrogen Production of Neon and Helium by Electrical Discharges,”
powered home heating system. The awarded grant simply Proc. of the Royal Soc. of London, 91-A, 623, 30-45.
disappeared. Maybe the authorities recognized its disruptive 12. Klimov, A. et al. 2013. “Vortex Control by Combined
nature. It disappeared even from the homepage of the state Electric Discharge Plasma,” AIAA Aerospace Sciences
research grant agency, according to Sandor Vajda, who was a Meeting.
lawyer managing the application process. A number of test 13. Egely, G. 2012. “Nano Dust Fusion,” Infinite Energy, 17,
results were published by this author in the IE transmutation 201, 11-23.
issue (#142).
The discussion of LENR reactors producing electricity will
be continued in Parts 5B and 5C, in forthcoming issues of IE. The Philosopher’s Stone:
Michio Kushi’s Guide to Alchemy, Transmutation
& the New Science

Acknowledgement by Michio Kushi & Edward Esko

The author is grateful to Mr. Jozsef Bacsoka for supporting
the cost of graphics and typing. Graphics assistance and
$25.00 U.S. $38.00 Canada
drawings provided by Zsofia Morvay. The author is indebted
to Gregorian Bivolaru and Mahadeva Srinivasan for valuable $40.00 Mexico $45.00 Other
discussions on transmutations and resonances. (Prices including shipping.)

New Energy Foundation

References P.O. Box 2816 — Concord, NH 03302-2816
1. Nagel, D.A. 2014. “Questions About Lattice Enabled Phone: 603-485-4700 — www.infinite-energy.com
Nuclear Reactions: Mechanisms and Materials,” Infinite

26 INFINITE ENERGY • ISSUE 156 • MARCH - JUNE 2021