STADIUM

AN INTODUCTION
A stadium is a place or venue for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists 776 BCE
Stadion First athletic games in honour of Zeus are
of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed
Or known as stade was an ancient running held at Olympia with the stadion foot race.
to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
event, part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The
Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association
first Greek stadiums were long and narrow 700 BCE
football. Other popular stadium sports include gridiron football, baseball, cricket,
Ancient Olympia, Greece Greeks built broad hippodrome stadiums to
rugby, and bullfighting. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts.
accommodate horse chariot races
Horse-shoe Style Stadium
The construction for Geek stadiums took one 500 CE
of two paths: cut out of a hillside or Stadium at Delphi, Greece with 6500 seating
constructed on flat ground. Building into the capacity. Was originally a temple complex
hillside provided natural seating along the
banks with good sightlines. Ancient Olympia, Greece 600 BCE
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, London Al-Madina Stadium, Baghdad
Circus Maximus, hippodromes. First & largest
ETYMOLOGY stadium in ancient Rome 1,50,000 seating
"Stadium" is from Latin-Greek word "stadion", a measure of length equalling the Hippodrome Stadium
length of 600 human feet. 1 stadion approximately = 600 ft (180 m) The Greeks built hippodrome stadiums similar 330 BCE
The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length – about 185 m (607 ft) in layout but broad enough to accommodate New stadium constructed at Nemea ,Greece
The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman four-horse chariot races, a feature of the which is origianlly a stadion for running
track of such length. Olympic Games as early as the 7th century
Hippodrome of Domitian - Rome BCE. 70 CE
EVOLUTION OF STADIUM - TYPES & Giant amphitheatre - The Colosseum, Rome
SHAPES Amphitheater with 50,000 capacity.
Embracing the horseshoe: A look through centuries of stadium design. The Greeks were Circus
the reason for the horseshoe-styled stadium and the Romans for all those high-rising The construction for Geek stadiums took one 80 CE
seats style of two paths: cut out of a hillside or Stadium of Domitian, Rome, Italy with 20,000
constructed on flat ground. Building into the seating capacity
hillside provided natural seating along the
banks with good sightlines. Circus Maximas, Rome
100 CE
stadiON amphitheatre Aphrodisias stadium with seating has capacity
for 30,000. Considerably larger and
Amphitheatre
structurally more extensive
Oval or round in plan and was completely
horseshoe-styled enclosed on all sides. Intended for gladiatorial
stadium
OLYMPIC stadium
contests, designed to afford maximum seating
118 CE
The Stadium of Philippopolis, Bulgaria.
capacity and optimum visual facility for
largest & preserved buildings from the time of
Colosseum, Rome spectators.
hippodrome the Roman Empire. 30,000 seating capacity
MODERN stadium
stadiums
144 CE
Olympic Stadium The Panathenaic Stadium, Athens, Greece
The Olympics provided a major focal point for built entirely of marble.
CIRCUS DOMED stadium
the development of the modern stadium
concept. In each period since the first modern 1787 CE
Olympiad, the host country has usually erected Lord's Cricket Ground, London. Owned by
a permanent stadium to mark the event. Panathenaic Stadium, Greece
MCC. 31,100 seating capacity
STADIUMS IN THE 5TH - 19TH CENTURY
Modern Stadium
1892 CE
As history runs its course, different activities are emphasized by society. While the Goodison Park, Liverpool, UK. First soccer
The stands were partly roofed, and the
ancient Greeks and Romans put theater, sports, and combat at the center of their specific venue with capacity of 39,572
stadium seated more than 50,000 people.
everyday lives, this slowly faded out. American football inspired a new type of
stadium design.
1895 CE
Centuries of suspension - 5th to the 15th century, religion became the focus of Rose Bowl Stadium, US Franklin Field, Philadelphia, U.S. the oldest
everyone's lives. Christianity swept throughout Europe and all societal emphasis stadium still operating for football games.
turned to the church. Daily life activities were centered on the church and all Domed Stadium
architectural work went towards building new churches. A notable pioneer in trend was triple-tiered 1896 CE
Stadiums. The shapes varied widely according First modern Olympiad, Athens. Since then the
In 394, emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, they were regarded as a to the variety of uses. Material has made host country erected a permanent stadium to
pagan rite. This affected the development of sports facilities, no new stadium or possible the construction of daring new mark the event.
amphitheater would be built for fifteen centuries. designs. Ak Bars Arena, Russia
1908 CE
During the Renaissance, a period spanning the 14th to the 17th century, The IV Olympiad- Shepherd’s Bush, London.
participation in sports was restored. Running and equestrian events were Futuristic Stadium 50,000 seating capacity
reintroduced and held in open fields or town squares. No permanent structures More iconic the designs, bold motifs and the
were constructed. form more subtle and organic. Enclosed 1922 CE
stadium and greater capacities have led Rose Bowl stadium California, U.S. Site of the
Stadium Revival- Sports and the stadium as a building experienced huge growth in toward the search for improved materials and annual college gridiron football game
the 19th century after the industrial revolution. Sport games became properly Lusail Stadium, Qatar construction techniques.
defined and different clubs and federations were developed. 1952 CE
Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Finland - Summer
SINCE 20TH CENTURY THE 21TH CENTURY MARVEL Olympics.

The European and Mediterranean regions, main sport was football (soccer), or The 80,000-seat Lusail Stadium will embody Qatar's ambition and its passion
1992 CE
other organised team sports. These sports increased in popularity, which led to the for sharing Arab culture with the world. It is here that the FIFA World Cup Qatar
The Oriole Park is a baseball stadium in
need for construction of new stadium 2022 final will be staged, with billions around the globe watching on.
Baltimore, Maryland. It is the home field of
Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles
Gen I Stadium - focus on high spectator numbers with little regard for actual The design of this magnificent stadium is inspired by the interplay of light and
comfort and experience of the spectators. Eg. White City Stadium, London shadow that characterises the fanar lantern. Its shape and façade echo the
intricate decorative motifs on bowls, vessels and other art pieces found across
2001 CE
Gen II Stadium - With the invention of television, sporting events telecasted to the Arab and Islamic world during the rise of civilisation in the region. Miller ParkBaseball stadium, Wisconsin, U.S.
millions around the world. This meant that spectators no longer needed to travel to only fan-shaped convertible roof in America.
a stadium to view It led to improvements in facilities such as toilets as well as the Located 15km north of central Doha, Lusail is a pioneer among cities. Every
inclusion of food and beverage facilities. Eg. Stamford Bridge, London aspect of its planning, from its tram system and sustainability-focused 2013 CE
arena, concentrates on human needs and environmental conservation. Ak Bars Arena, Kazan, Russia. has the largest
Gen III Stadium - A series of fires in stadiums utilising wooden stands, sparked outside screen in the world. Its capacity is
calls for increased safety for patrons. Developed with a distinct focus on safety and Once the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 is over, Lusail Stadium will be around 45,379.
family-friendly environments. Eg. Heysel Stadium disaster in Belgium in 1985 transformed into a community space including schools, shops, cafés, sporting
facilities and health clinics. This multi-purpose community hub will allow people 2017 CE
Gen IV Stadium - focused on the multiple uses of stadiums and the flexibility to to find everything they need under one roof – the original roof of the football Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad, India.
host a variety of events year round to increase revenue. Features a retractable roof, stadium. The largest stadium in the world, with a
a wide array of amenities. Eg. Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.

Gen V Stadium - focus on unique ideas and designs for stadium of the city to aid 2022 CE
in urban renewal of the area. Some of the world’s newest stadium are entire Lusail Stadium, Lusail, Qatar. With capacity
sporting and entertainment precincts. They tend to draw tourism and nightlife. 80,000 seats. The stadium will host the final
Eg. Emirates Stadium in London, England game of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
EVOLUTION OF STADIUM STRUCTURES ELEMENTS OF
STADIUM
Metrodome, built in 1982, Minneapolis–St. Paul,
The first stadiums were cut into the side of a hill, Pitch - Playing Area. Dimensions are defined by
Minnesota. Flexible steel cables for span large roof
Thebes, Epidaurus and at Olympia, the site of the standards of sports organisation. Eg. footbal -
dimensions. Cables contributed to speed of
Olympic Games, which began there in the 8th FIFA
construction, to lightness of roof, and to economy of
century BCE. Spectators area - Grandstands and Seating
I Olympics @Olympia Metrodome construction cost in covered stadiums.
Envelope - Roof, Covering Membrane, Facade
Hippodrome was dug into a hillside and the designed to ensure protection from weather and
excavated material used to construct an Oita Bank Dome indoor stadium, Japan, 2002, the noise
embankment for supporting seats on the opposite retractable roof driven by a wire traction system Access and Parking - below stadium or close to
side. Shape was oblong, with one end semicircular offers year-round usage for sporting events. it
and the other square; it thus resembled a U with a Hospitality - VIP Lounge, Reception, other
Hippodrome
closed top. commercial spaces, press and media
Sustainability - FIFA Green Goal Programme,
Signal Iduna Park, Germany, 2006 composed of four
reduce water consumption, waste generation,
Colosseum is a freestanding structure of stone and roofed grandstands. The yellow pylons that give the
create energy efficient systems, water and waste
concrete, using a complex system of barrel vaults and stadium its characteristic exterior. South terrace
disposal management systems.
groin vaults and measuring 620 by 513 feet overall. which is called “The Yellow Wall” is the biggest
Colosseum Signal Iduna Park standing terrace in Europe. Vertical pilings are drilled into the
ground to support superstructure,
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth, South transferring the building load into
White City Stadium hosted the first modern Africa built in 2010. The primary structure is made of the surface of the earth.
olympics in 1908 built in only 10 months using structure concrete while the roof skeleton is in steel. The
steel. geometry of the roof is shape of leaves unfolding - After the foundations of a stadium
White City Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium space frame tubular truss. are laid, the structural frame of
the stadium must be erected to
A basic difficulty of the roofed stadium was the 49ers Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, United States, support the grandstand terraces.
interference with visibility by the columns supporting 2014. The most innovative and technologically
These are typically arranged using steel products -
the roof. Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles was the advanced stadiums in the NFL today. A hybrid design-
structural beams, columns, and reinforcing mesh.
first tiered stadium to provide column-free views from build model with expandable outdoor entertainment
Dodger Stadium all seats in 1959. 49ers Levi's Stadium venue. Final aspect of a stadium’s design
is roof or canopy. Conventional -
The SoFi Stadium the most advanced, high-tech
Astrodome, built in 1965 in Houston, Texas; this was king truss and cantilevered designs.
stadium and World’s First Indoor-Outdoor Stadium.
the first major fully roofed stadium. Transparent Newly, ETFE Membrane -
stadium’s ETFE roof, a translucent plastic shades the
plastic panels supported by a steel lattice. It featured composite 3D structure.
guests from about half of the sun’s heat. The roof also
the "Astrolite", the first animated scoreboard. features operable panels that can open and close. Trusses beams are widely used due to fabrication
Astrodome Sofi Stadium and assembling methods. Tridimensional Mesh
Has samsung's Infinity display.
Structures are also used.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR STADIUM ROOFS

A post and beam style roofing

Oita Bank Dome A cantilever style roofing structure Cable supported structure Membrane structures
structure
JAMSIL SPORTS URBAN REGENERATION OF THE JAMSIL SPORTS COMPLEX N ZONING - RELOCATION & CONSTRUCTION

MICE COMPLEX
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

Build large-scale exhibition and convention Establish a plan to utilize the surrounding area
facilities, and expand related infrastructure - and waterside areas (513,447 ㎡ ) by moving
commercial and cultural facilities roads underground.

Main Stadium: Preserve the circular stadium a Baseball Park: Build in a location offering views
symbolism of the 1988 Olympics, and modernize of the Hangang River, design for optimal game-
the stadium for international games. viewing experiences.
Make tourist attractions by building facilities for leisure and
No.25 Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul, rest at the center of the city, including places to walk and
South Korea ecological bases
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex Moving roads underground: Move Olympic-daero,
Designed by global architecture firm Populous, the Tancheondong-ro, and Tancheonseo-ro underground in
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex is set to become a world- order to integrate and use the waterside areas.
leading cultural & sports destination. The new The waterside areas: The waterside areas around the
Complex will cover an area of 334,605sq.m, Build accommodations such as luxury business Sports Complex: Transform into a complex for Hangang River can be used for a multi-purpose location
hotels and youth hostels, and establish for-profit sports and culture, with concert and entertainment featuring performances, picnicking, and camping.
containing exhibition convention facilities, luxury hotels
and sports facilities. facilities (190,000㎡) differentiated from local facilities. featuring an indoor gymnasium, Pedestrian walkways: Build pedestrian walkways
commercial areas. swimming pool, and concert hall
encompassing COEX, Hyundai Motors GBC, Tancheon
Stream, Jamsil Sports Complex, and the Hangang River
Typology - Arenas, Ballparks, Mixed-use Venues, Build a symbolic Tancheon Walkway that integrates
Stadiums buildings into a bridge, and use it as a base for cultural
Sporting Activities - Baseball, Conferences & tourism.
Expos, Esports, Events, Swimming, Football Ecological bases: Preserve and nurture the channel
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics junction of the Hangang River and Tancheon Stream,
site. where various ecosystems exist, as an ecological base.
Initiation - 2023
Architect - Populous was selected by the Seoul
Metropolitan Government
Site Area - 35-hectars
Facilities - Main Stadium, Auxiliary Stadium,
Sports Complex, Baseball Park, Exhibition and
Convention centre, luxury hotel, athletes
accommodation
Sustainable development - LEED-ND
certification: Leadership in Energy and
environmental Design Neighborhood Development
 Undulating Park
SEOUL OLYMPIC STADIUM The main architecural feature of the stadium is the
JAMSIL SPORTS COMPLEX How 1988 Olympics shaped Korea's undulating roof and the curve of the upper course.
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA architecture and design? The entire concourse is a Garden concept.
Olympic Effect: Korean Architecture and Design from
1980s to 1990s. The era of compressed growth, public The extra grandstands re to be removed and
investment was concentrated on new development replaced by Garden vomitories where both
projects, mainly in Jamsil and Gangnam. It was a inside of the stadium and outside Han river can be
catalyst for urban change, gave a development to viewed.
South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet
Union and with China. Massing
The main stadium is an architectural heritage with
morphological simplicity and completeness.
However the form is hidden behind ramps, decks
and trees.
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Is a multi-purpose stadium in Seoul, South Korea. It is The original form of the stadium is to revealed
the main stadium built for the 1988 Summer Olympics through 30m wide nail to strengthen the historical
and the 10th Asian Games in 1986. It is the centrepiece value.
of the Seoul Sports Complex in the Songpa District, in
the southeast of the city south of the Han River SITE PLAN TANCHEON
STREAM N

Location - Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea

OLYM
Typology - Multi purpose Stadium PIC DA
ERO H
IGHWA
Y
Capacity - 69,950
Field size - 110 x 75m
SITE ADJACENCIES
MIXED USE
AREA
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics JAMSIL
BASEBALL
STADIUM
site.
Why is Olympic Stadium redeveloped?
Construction cost - 491 billion won GANGNAM GU
After 2002 FIFA World cup, the stadium lost it's
Architect - Kim Swoo-geun
significance due to visibility being not good. Since the BONGEUN SA RO HIGHWAY
Site Area - 1,44,800 m² / 36 Acres OLYMBIC
Stadium held a long history, it was decided to be STADIUM

Open - September 29, 1984

remodeled than being demolished. Various sculptures
JAMSIL
commemorating the Seoul Olympics have been AUXILLARY
STADIUM
erected around the stadium. RESIDENTIAL
ENTRY TO AREA
SITE
OLYMPIC SPORTS
RO HIGH
WAY COMPLEX -
TO BE
DEVELOPED

1988 Summer Olympics 2002 FIFA World Cup

Olympic Stadium remodeling: ENTRY TO

SITE SONGPA GU
Design competion was won by Now Dongin
Architecture Office. The construction started in 2021 UPCOMING PROJECT VIEWS
CONCEPT after this competition and will be completed in 2024.
The lines of the stadium's profile imitate the elegant The estimated project cost is more than 280 billion
curves of a Korean Joseon Dynasty porcelain vase. won. For this project is a part of the 1.7 trillion won
Spectator seats are distributed on two tiers, totally Urban Revamp. In addition, nearby Jamsil Baseball
covered. Initially built with a capacity of approximately Stadium and Jamsil Student Gymnasium will be
100,000, today it seats 69,950. demolished and newly built.
 PARKING LAYOUT

Translucent polycarbonate roof

Polycarbonate is a high-impact, strong

material, which blocks harmful UV rays.
Its lightweight properties make it easier
to install, aids for transparency while
maintaining durability. Protects Against
Discoloring, Unbreakable.

PLAYERS FACILITIES

EXISTING PLAN REMODELED PLAN

The new stadium bowl design suggest active connection with wide
vomitory garden concourse concept. Provides green connections,
picture framed views, access to sky decks. The upper bowl is common
space for citizens

DISTRICT SECTION

PARKING LAYOUT - DROP OFF

LONGITUDINAL SECTION
BEIJING OLYMPIC
SPORTS VENUES OF THE OLYMPIC GREEN
GREEN
BEIJING, CHINA

The Beijing National Stadium is the centerpiece The Beijing National Aquatics Center will be the
of project. It served as the site of the opening and site of the curling competitions during the 2022
closing ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympics. Winter Olympics.

The National Convention Center, held fencing The Beijing National Indoor Stadium held artistic
and, the shooting and fencing disciplines of the gymnastics and trampolining events. It was the
1 Guojiatiyuchang South Rd, Chaoyang, modern pentathlon. main indoor arena used during the Games.
China, 100101
Beijing Olympic Park
Sasaki provided planning and urban design for the
Olympic Green —the principal venue of the 2008
Beijing Olympics. The proposal is deeply connected to
Urban design plan for the Olympic Green includes streets
an environmental ideal that is rooted in the legends of and pedestrian routes that extend from the adjacent
ancient China and links to the present day through the districts through the site and public transit stations.
contemporary imperative of sustainable development. The Beijing National Speed Skating Oval is an The Olympic Green Tennis Center hosted the The design is comprised of three fundamental elements.
arena that was built for the 2022 Winter tennis and wheelchair tennis events. It has 16 The Forest Park
Olympics. courts. It opened on October 1, 2007. The Cultural Axis
The Olympic Axis
Typology - Arenas, Mixed-use, Sports Venues,
Stadiums The Forest Park is an area of land north of the central
Sporting Activities - Gymnastics, Conferences & Olympic Green conceived of as an ideal paradise from
Expos, Events, Swimming, Football, Tennis which Chinese civilization emerged many millennia ago. The
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics venues, Olympic park is a sculpted landform of hills, forests, and meadows.
Green Existing bodies of water are reformed into Dragon Lake.
Initiation - December, 2003
The Cultural Axis is an extension the axis some 5
Architect - Sasaki was awarded first prize in kilometers through the Olympic Green site. The scale of the
International design competition axis is monumental to emphasize its significance and
Site Area - 2,800 acres concludes with a powerful simplicity in the hills of the Forest
Facilities - Cultural Axis, Olympics venues, Park.
Olympic Green, Olympic Park, Olympic village,
Olypic Tower The Olympic Axis is set against the Cultural Axis at an
acute angle. The Olympic Axis begins at the existing Asian
Sustainable development - Carbon neutrality
Games stadium and extends northwest through the
include minimising construction by reusing five of National Stadium, continuing onward to a Sports Heroes
Beijing 2008 venues, using renewable energy to Garden. The Olympic Axis terminates at the Memorial of
power all Games venues. Olympic Spirit.
BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM Seating
Besides athletics, the stadium also hosts
NATIONAL STADIUM SOUTH ROAD,
other games like football and numerous
BEIJING, CHINA DESIGN ceremonies. The Bird’s Nest stadium covers
The design is revolving on the nests of birds, not solely an area of about 258 thousand square
aesthetically but also at a structural level. The entire structure, meters and accommodates 80,000
visible from the outside, mirrors the branches of the nests that permanent seats and 11,000 short-term
working together with each other achieve unimaginable seats.
resistance to the elements.
Stadium Form
To achieve the optimum design, the team worked out the The stadium has a saddle-shaped roof with
sightlines, the bowl geometry, airflow to keep the grass in good the major axis being 332.3 meters long
condition, seismic studies and the design of the external and the stub axis being 296.4 meterse
envelope. long. The highest point of the stadium is
Beijing National Stadium 68.5 meters above the ground. The roof is
Also known as the Bird's Nest, designed for use covered with a transparent material, which
throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and allows sunshine to penetrate, thus
Paralympics. It was used again in the 2022 Winter facilitating lighting of the stadium.
Olympics and Paralympics. The Bird's Nest sometimes
To ensure a compact and optimum design, Arup’s sports architects established the design for the
has temporary large screens installed at the stands.
seating bowl first, with the outer façade wrapping around it. The design ensures that all spectators

Location - Chaoyang, Beijing, China ROOFING are as close as possible to the action and have clear sight lines. Seemingly random, the pattern
The stadium comprises a seven-storey wall made of concrete. abides by complex rules for which advanced geometry was defined.
Typology - Multi purpose Stadium
Capacity - 80,000 The roof of the stadium and the steel structure are not intact. SITE PLAN
Field size - 110 x 75m Nevertheless, the two share a common foundation. The facade OLYMPIC
FOREST
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics venues follows crucial geometrical rules and comprises 36 kilometers BEIJING PARK N

Construction cost - CN¥2.3 billion of unpacked steel. OLYMPIC

PARK
Architect - Herzog & de Meuron, ArupSport, ENTRY TO

China Architectural Design & Research Group, Two layers of transparent ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) ENTRY TO
STADIUM
STADIUM

Ai Weiwei and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) casing make the stadium’s STATE GRID
CHAOYANG

roof. The ETFE covers the upper part of the roof while the PTFE
OLYMPIC

Site Area - 258,000 m² / 64 Acres VILLAGE

BUSINESS OFFICE

Open - 28 June 2008 covers the lower part. In addition, the inner ring’s sidewalls are
enclosed in a PTFE audio ceiling. PARKING

BEIJING
NATIONAL GRAND
STADIUM SKYLIGHT CATIC
HOTEL

Centreline geometry definition

PARKING
Most the geometry can be assigned to three categories:
Primary: This comprised the space truss lines and the main PARKING

CONCEPT structural system.

ENTRY TO
Designed to incorporate elements of Chinese art and Secondary: This was used to break up the panel size STADIUM

culture. The Stadium is an enormous saddle-shaped created by the main structural system to facilitate the ENTRY TO
STADIUM BEIJING OLYMPIC

elliptic steel structure. The structural form is popularly cladding system panels. YANGSHAN
RIVER
PARK 2
ENTRANCE

Stairs: The access stairs to the top tier of the bowl were
TICKET OFFICE
described as a 'bird’s nest', with its pattern inspired
by Chinese-style 'crazed pottery'. integrated into the walls supporting the roof structure.
 The architects’ ambition was to create symbol of China’s
cultural, sporting, and economic renaissance in Olympic
history. The form of the bowl and the distribution of seating
types largely determine all other aspects of a stadium,
including the shape and structure of the roof, the levels and
locations of the concourses and premium facilities, and the
amount of natural light and ventilation reaching the playing
LIKE MOST MODERN STADIA, THE “BIRD’S NEST” WAS DESIGNED
area
INSIDE OUT, BEGINNING WITH THE BOWL.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving
the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid
for the construction site.

This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the
stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the
interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame that were constructed in Shanghai
and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding. OPTIMUM SEATING BOWL
CONFIGURATION FOR OLYMPIC MODE.
The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary STADIUM - MASTER PLAN
means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon
removal of the supporting columns, the completed nest structure as a whole settled
approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of
the stadium could be installed and completed

The steel structure had to be supported by 176 hydraulic jacks during its construction
while the structure was not capable of self-sustainment. Each crane was capable of
holding 300 tons. Later, the hydraulic jacks were removed at once to check the stability of
the structure of the stadium.

The building was standing on 78 supporting columns, evenly spaced ZONING

below the structure and were subjected to 42000 tons of steel
load, making it the largest steel structure in the world. LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS
Flouro-Carbon polymer transparent sheets were used to fill up the
spaces between the steel structural members.

INFERENCE GREEN FEATURES

Aside from the structural advantages provided by steel, it has As China is surrounded by some of the deadliest fault lines, the
the added benefit of being easily recyclable, and thus ties in stadium had to be earthquake proof. The building structure of
with focus on sustainable design, and the driving principles of Beijing Olympics stadium had to pass vigorous seismic tests
biometric design. SECTION ALONG NORTH - SOUTH
Dividing the concrete building structure of Beijing stadium into
The ETFE panels serve to protect spectators from the elements 6 parts was the key to safety. Being isolated, each part could
and provide acoustic insulation, while allowing sunlight to filter move flexibly and independently in earthquake so that it could
through to feed the natural grass field absorb the energy by its free movement, instead of being
broken into pieces by this energy.
Openings in the façade allow natural ventilation as air filters
through the public concourse, into the stadium, and eventually Every seat was designed to be as close to the action as
vents through the central opening in the roof structure. possible. No seat was more than 142m from the center of the
stadium SECTION ALONG EAST - WEST
 Conectivity
M. A. CHIDAMBARAM Road networks connecting to the stadium Bells Road (West), Victoria
STADIUM Evolution Of Stadium
Hostel Road (East) and Walajah Road (North)
Nearest Railway station - Chepauk Railway Station 0.3 Km away (East)
TAMIL NADU, INDIA. In 1859, Madras Presidency acquired Chepauk palace in an auction for ₹589,000.
Nearest Airport - Chennai International Airport 13.5 Km away (South
In 1865, the government gave permission to build a pavilion at the palace grounds to
West)
Madras Cricket Club.
The Marina Beach is 1.2 Km away from the stadium to the (East)
The pavilion was finished in 1866.
The pavilion was reconstructed in 1892 and was utilized till 1982 when it was
Climatology
demolished as part of the stadium renovation.
Chennai - average daytime max temperature 32°C, The average mini
Chepauk Stadium was established in 1916.
temperature 25°C. Topographically, the project area is a flat terrain

Form and Function

The renovated form is climate responsive with a series of twelve stands.
The sea-breeze is then able to flow through the horizontal gap between
the lower terrace and the upper stands, through the vertical gaps between
the stands and across the playing surface. Stands on the western edge of
CHEPAUK PALACE M. A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM the site allow greater air flow from the east. A green belt development is
proposed for 17,000 Sq.M which is 22% of total site area
Renovation
In June 2009, reconstruction work of the stadium was taken up at the cost of ₹175 M.A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM - ANATOMY
Wallajah Road, Chepauk, Chennai, crore.
Tamil Nadu, India FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
The plan consisted of constructing three new reinforced concrete stands designated I,
of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
J, and K accommodating 12,000 spectators and 24 hospitality boxes.
M.A. Chidambaram Stadium practice and Non-televised Matches 250 to 350 lux
The renovation was completed in 2011 and the old roofing with pillars that often
Also known as the Chepauk Stadium, is a cricket are used, which is sufficient for players to have mild
blocked the view in the old stadium were replaced by light quad conical roofing held
stadium in Chennai. Established in 1916, it is the second competition among the team members. The
together by cables. The stadium can currently accommodate 50,000 spectators.
oldest cricket stadium in the country after Eden professional matches require 500 to 750 lux.
The stands are at a gradient of 36° and lets the sea breeze in to get the ground's
Gardens in Kolkata. Formerly known as Madras
traditional swing back.
Cricket Club Ground, the stadium is named after M.
A. Chidambaram Chettiar, former president of BCCI PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
and Head of TNCA. More than the records, Chepauk
SITE PLAN type of pitches are defined by the standards of
atmosphere and the crowd, reputed to be the most
WA
L LA
Laws of Cricket - rectangular area of the ground 22
HJ

yards. The surface here is completely dry and dusty

AH
R
MIXED USE D

knowledgeable and appreciative in the country.

RD
N
AREA soil.

EL
MAC B

ST
STADIUM

HO
DIRECTORATE
Typology - Cricket Stadiums

RIA
TURTLES OF
SWIM

TO
HORTICULTURE
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
SCHOOL
I

VIC
ALA

GRANDSTAND - the main seating stand,

Project - Chepauk palace pavilion renovation into
MS

commanding the best view for spectators is covered

A
CIAL

ANR

stadium by tensile membrane. Each grandstand is a massive

GJIV
E

CHEPAUK
Initiation - 1916 PALACE
28m span between each supporting column, The
MIXED US

U JA
AREA

Architect - Hopkins Architects, London and

AREA

COMMER

shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each

BAB

Nataraj & Venkat Architects, Chennai were of the different parts stadium.
contracted by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.
AY

Site Area - 752,000 square feet

C

CANOPY - the Stadium has lightweight roof with a

R
MCK

STA RAILW
I
A E

Cost - ₹138 crore

D T

minimalist steel support structure. PTFE

TION
R C
A LU

Seating Capacity - 50,000

S B

polytetrafluoroethylen membrane are used. Optimal

K

TAMIL NADU
Sustainable development - Advanced Solar PUBLIC WORKS
PAU

DEPARTMENT
for the high daily temperatures of Chennai. The
Passive Techniques are employed to achieve TENNIS
Tensile fabrics have optimal tension and strength
CHE

CLUB

energy efficiency within each panel.

STADIUM LAYOUT FABRICATION STAIRCASE
A biaxial stretch test was The various levels of a tower is connected through
N performed on the batch Dog-legged staircase with a wall as partition. These
of fabric used on this staircase has wide span of landing and mid-landing
project. The shape of to give the crowd free access through the
each panel was based connectivity.
on the test made on
fabric's tension along the warp. The shape of each panel was POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
ensured optimal tension and strength within each panel. The TFE was chosen as it has excellent solar reflectance
process of testing tensile strength in fabric is the ISO 14001 (up to 70%) to survive the high daily temperatures of
Quality certification. Chennai. Day-time temperatures can reach 45°C in
Chennai and so extensive translucent fabric roof
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
structures provide shade over the stands.
The structural system
It also is very resistant to UV, perfect for long cricket test matches often
consists of major steel
played at the ground. The result of the project is a long lasting design that
columns from which steel
will continue to be relevant for decades to come.
beams and cables are
supported. Cable tie STEEL SUPPORT
systems suspend critical Local steel was used along with local steel
steel elements and pull up point for the membrane. As the entire fabrication. Cables were sourced from China and
structure is a combination of different time of extensive imported into India in order to minimize delivery time
construction. The entire structure allows for adjustment in the for the tight schedule. Membrane was Sheerfill 2
structural system in order to accommodate construction and was selected for durability and strength under
tolerances in India. high wind loads. canopies that feature cabling or
wiring that helps provide crucial support to a building structure by
tensioning in the membrane system.

INFERENCE
The proposal of Greenbelt Development was aimed to provide open
spaces and to be used for other non-building purposes
THE GRANDSTAND PROJECT Stadium is Elliptical in plan in a rectangular plot leaving behind
The Chepauk Stadium Grandstand project was to provide shade for spectators triangular coners for landscape
of India’s second oldest cricket stadium. The aim was to provide a lightweight To minimize building energy consumption, conventional energy-
roof for the cricket ground with a minimalist steel support structure. This efficient devices, mechanical and electrical pumps, fans, lighting
short time frame also meant prefabricated building components were used and fixtures are used.
COLLABORATION
adjustability to allow for supporting grandstand construction tolerances. The The stadium has efficient envelope, appropriate amounts of
The structure was a collaboration between architects in Great
shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each of the different parts stadium fenestration, increased day lighting design, and thermal mass. The
Britain, engineers in Australia along with the client, installers, and
fabricators in India. The membrane schedule calls for yearly basic idea of passive solar design is to allow daylight, heat, and
inspections by local authorities as well as yearly cleaning of the airflow into a building.
membrane surface. There is a storm water drainage systems are designed for rainfall
intensity of 100 mm/hr. All pipes are made of PVC for vertical drain.
Architect: Nataraj Venkat & Associates LIVE CASE STUDY
Structural Engineer: Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services & The stadium was visited in
Lightweight Structures Association of AustralAsia person and studied on
05.08.2022 by
Sharon Rose J
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium is the home ground of the Tamil Nadu cricket
Sharon Sherani D
team and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings franchise
Yasvant Kumar K
based in Chennai
BHARATHI EVOLUTION OF THE STADIUM
SPORTS VENUES OF BHARATHI SPORTS
SPORTS STADIUM AUTHORITY
TAMIL NADU, INDIA.

Neyveli is a industrial town in the Cuddalore district in the Indian

Football ground Outdoor Basketball Court Indoor Basketball Court state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 62 kilometres (39 mi) inland from
the Bay of Bengal.

NLC India Limited is a government-owned-fossil fuel miner and

thermal power generator under the ownership of Ministry of Coal,
Government of India. It annually produces about 30 million tonnes
Swimming Pool Outdoor Tennis Court Indoor Tennis Court of Lignite from opencast mines at Neyveli in the state of Tamil
Nadu

1935 - black particles was discovered by Jambulinga Mudaliar. The

analysis led to the discovery of lignite reserves beneath Neyveli.

1956 - The Neyveli Lignite Corporation was formed as a corporate

Kamaraj Road, Block-10, Neyveli Town Ship, Cricket ground Indoor Games Room Outdoor Hockey Court
Tamil Nadu , India Body by the Government of India.

Bharathi Sports Stadium Conectivity

1962 - The mining of lignite started. The first thermal power station
Road networks connecting to the stadium Kamaraj Rd (south), High school Rd (north) and
Neyveli Lignite Corporation runs a Sports Club Board in was commissioned with assistance from the U.S.S.R.
Town club Rd (east)
order to uphold sport activities in the township.
Nearest Railway station - Vadalur Railway Station 10.4 Km away (south)
Bharathi Stadium conducts functions like Republic day 1976 - The gallery for public meetings
Nearest Airport - Neyveli Airport is situated 3 km (east)
celebration, Independence Day celebration.
The Stadium is 6.2 Km from Arch gate - Neyveli entrance
1982 - The gallery was developed into Stadium
Typology - Multi purposr Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Track and field, Football,
SITE PLAN
1983 - Construction of swimming pool
Swimming, Baseketball, Tennis, Cricket, Hockey
Project - Sports development for industrial town 1999 - Extention of the stadium into the school behind
NLC India Ltd.,
Initiation - 1982 2012 - New grand stand was built for dignitaries
Site Area - 62 Acres
Stadium Seating Capacity - 20,000 2018 - Construction of new stage and VIP Lounge
Clubs - , Town club & Lignite City Clubs
Climatology
Neyveli - temperature hovers around 33°c , and at night it feels
like 25°c. Neyveli gets 127.99mm of rain. It has a tropical savanna
climate.
STADIUM LAYOUT NATIONAL DAY CELEBRATIONS BHARATHI SPORTS STADIUM - ANATOMY
N Independence Day and Republic Day of the Nation are celebrated at Neyveli
with great fervour and enthusiasm. The CMD, NLCIL hoists the National Flag FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
during Celebrations at Bharathi Stadium, Neyveli. of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
PARKING practice 250 to 350 lux are used, which is sufficient
Other than state level sport competitions, the national holidays are the only for players to have mild competition among the
days the stadium is crowded. School students gather every year on team members.
PARKING

International Yoga day and perform yoga.

TOWN CLUB ROAD

OLD MAIN
ENTRY PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
type of pitches are defined by the standards of
each sport. Field of play - Grass Pitch

ENTRY
SPORTS ACTIVITIES - WAKABILITY RADIUS GRANDSTAND - the grandstand, a roofed seating
The following are the sport facilities within 2km of walking radius with stand, commanding the best view for spectators.
Township Admin office as centre. this was specially built for the dignitaries to hold
MAIN ENTRY
National day celebrations.

CANOPY - the Stadium is partially roofed and

KAMARAJ ROAD
partially open. the grandstand, stage, the old entry
are concrete roofed. During events or mass
gatherings, the open spaces are temproarily
STADIUM SEATING
covered with palm thatch.

PARKING - the Stadium has 1,250 m² open parking

space and 980 m² covered parking space. During
event days, nearby Township Administration parking
The Stadium has precast concrete terrace units - seating decks space is used which is around 3,250 m² open area
spaning the entire stadium yeilding with 20,000 and more seating
capacity.

ADMINISTRATION - the Office of Education Sports

and Culture is incharge for all the events ands sports
INFERENCE conducted in Neyveli. The office holds records on
Players, Championships, Schools and competitions,
The planning of all the sports facilities within 2 km of radius turns the enitre
all cultural activities.
site into a sports hub.
Inclution of indoor games into sports activity and provition of separate
LIVE CASE STUDY
block for that is notable
The stadium was visited in person and
There are 10 rows of seating with 45cm riser height and 60cm The hostel facility for sports students in a winged block is situated within
studied on 09.08.2022 by Sharon
tread depth. There is proposal to provide individual plastic seats the sports hub perimetre. Separate hall for dining is provided.
Sherani D under the guidence of
over the concrete terraces. This seating is used by students to Imparting 3 swimming pools one for beginers, one with varied depths and
Mr.Murugan, ADGM, Sports & Mr.Daniel,
display Bharathium during National days. other of national level practice and competitions.
HR, Education Dept
INDERJIT SINGH STADIUM LAYOUT Conectivity
Road networks connecting to the stadium Mohali Stadium Rd (West),
BINDRA STADIUM Sukhna Path (south). Attawa choa a seasonal stream (North)
Nearest Railway station - Sahibzada Ajeet Singh Nagar 4 Km away
N
CHANDIGARH, INDIA.
(south)
Nearest Airport - Chandigarh International Airport 11.5 Km away
(South West)
The Stadium is 156 Km away from Punjab

Climatology
Chandigarh - Summer max temperature 103°F , Winter mini
temperature 49°F. Topographically, the project area is a flat terrain

MOHALI STADIUM - ANATOMY

FLOODLIGHT - Here floodlights are
unconventional compared to other stadiums, the
light pillars are very low in height. This is to avoid
aircraft from the nearby Chandigarh airport
colliding with light pillars. That is the reason
behind the stadium having 16 floodlights.

Sukhna Path, Sector 63, Sahibzada Ajit

Singh Nagar, Chandigarh, India PITCH - The playing area, been known by its lush
green and reputed for its support to fast bowlers.
Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium It is the liveliest pitch in India. The pitch is covered
Popularly referred to as the Mohali Stadium, The by grass too. The distance between the wicket
cricketing activities of Punjab Cricket Association and boundary is 75 yards.
are well spread in the total area of Punjab and Union
Territory of Chandigarh. The stadium is home of
Punjab cricket team and Punjab Kings (IPL franchise).
GRANDSTAND - the main seating stand,
The stadium is named after former BCCI president & SITE PLAN commanding the best view for spectators is
former PCA president Inderjit Singh Bindra.
concrete roofed. Known as Northern Pavillion is a
four floor sloped roofed grandstand connected
N through straight run staircase.
Typology - Cricket Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
Project - The Punjab Cricket Association for the
VIP LOUNGE - With reception, conference rooms,
development of the game of cricket in Punjab
the VIP Lounge of the Stadium known as the
Initiation - 1993
terrace pavillion is a three floor AC lounge with
Architect - Ar. Khizir and Associates.
two corporate boxes and one pavillion terrace in
Constrction - R.S. Construction Company based
the south stand.
in Chandigarh
Site Area - 3.85 acres
Cost - ₹ 25 crore
VOMITORY - a passage that allows people to
Seating Capacity - 27,000
enter or leave stadium. This an entrance ways in
Pitch Curator - Daljit Singh
piercing the banks of seats. There are 7
Inauguration - One Day International match
Vomitories in here. The stadium is built in
between India and South Africa during the Hero
Traditional Indian Architecture Style.
Cup on 22 November 1993.