SMR/1847-22
Summer School on Particle Physics
11 - 22 June 2007
SPECIAL LECTURE:
Physics at the Weak Scale, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
C.E.M. Wagner
EFI, Univ. of Chicago
HEP Division, Argonne National Lab.
Physics at the Weak Scale, Dark Matter
and the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
C.E.M.Wagner
EFI, Univ. of Chicago
HEP Division,Argonne National Lab.
ICTP Lecture, ICTP, Trieste, Wednesday, June 20, 2007
The new High Energy Physics Framework
High Energy Physics has provided an understanding of all data collected
in low and high energy collider experiments
Contrary to expectations, no signature of physics beyond the SM was
observed at the LEP electron-positron collider and no large deviation is
being observed at the Tevatron.
However, there are two main reasons to believe that there is new
physics around the corner. One is related to particle physics, and the
other to cosmology:
Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
Origin of Dark Matter
The aim of high energy physics experiments is, in great part, to
contribute to the understanding of these two questions.
Open questions in the Standard Model
Source of Mass of fundamental particles.
Nature of the Dark Matter, contributing to most of the
matter energy density of the Universe.
Origin of the observed asymmetry between particles and
antiparticles (Baryon Asymmetry).
Dark Energy, Quantum Gravity and Unified Interactions.
The Higgs Mechanism and the Origin of Mass
A scalar (Higgs) field is introduced. The Higgs field acquires a
nonzero value to minimize its energy
Spontaneous Breakdown of
the symmetry :
Vacuum becomes a source of
energy = a source of mass
0
H>>== v
<<
v
A physical state (Higgs boson) appear associated to fluctuations in the
radial direction . Goldstone modes: Longitudinal component of massive
Gauge fields.
Masses of fermions and gauge bosons proportional to their
couplings to the Higgs field:
M 2W = gg 2 2
vZ v
top ==hh
mtop v m22H = v 2 2
M =
W
W , , m top v
top mH = 2λv
2
What is Dark Matter ?
Non-luminous matter that manifest itself via
What is the
gravitational Dark Matter
interactions ?
Luminous Matter
Luminous Matter
Luminous Matter Dark Matter
Why do we think that Dark Matter may be
accessible at collider experiments ?
Dark Matter is most likely associated with new particles
Many dark matter candidates have been proposed.They differ in
mass and in the range of interaction with SM particles.
However, if the relic density proceeds from the primordial
thermal bath, there are reasons to believe that it must be part of
the dynamics leading to an explanation of electroweak
symmetry breaking.
It should certainly interact with (annihilate into) ordinary matter
at an observable rate !
Evolution of Dark Matter Density
dn
= 3 H n < eff v > (n 2 n eq
2
), n eq exp(m/T)
dt
< eff v > Thermal average of (co-)annihilation cross section
n
Y=
s
s g* T 3
Weak-scale size cross sections and masses give the right dark-matter density
Dark Matter Annihilation Rate
The main reason why we think there is a chance of observing dark
matter at colliders is that, when we compute the annihilation rate
necessary to obtain the observed relic density, we get a cross section
σann. (DM DM → SM SM) 1 pb
This is precisely
2
αW
σann. 2
MW
This suggests that it is probably
mediated by weakly interacting
particles
(A.B., K. Matchev and M. Perelstein, PRD 70:077701, 2004)
Connection of Thermal Dark Matter to the weak scale and to the
mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking
Weak Scale Models and Dark Matter
Many different models of particle physics at the weak scale have been
proposed
Most of them lead to problems of flavor changing transitions or rapid
proton decay, unless extra symmetries are invoked
These extra symmetries lead to the stability of the lightest new
particle, which tend to be neutral and weakly interacting and therefore
a good candidate for dark matter
I’ll concentrate in the supersymmetric case as a well motivated
example of this kind of models.
Results from WMAP
Universe density 0 = 1.02 ± 0.02
Dark energy density = 0.73 ± 0.04
Total matter density M = 0.27 ± 0.05 Dark matter is non-baryonic
Baryon matter density b = 0.044 ± 0.004
Our Universe:
us
Baryon Abundance in the Universe
Information on the baryon abundance comes from two
main sources:
Abundance of primordial elements. When combined
with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis tell us
nB 421
= , n =
n cm 3
CMBR, tell us ratio
B GeV
B , c 10 5 h 2
c cm 3
There is a simple relation between these two quantities
= 2.68 10 8 B h 2
Element Abundance and Big-Bang
Nucleosynthesis predictions
1 GeV 1.6 10 24 g
Baryon-Antibaryon asymmetry
Baryon Number abundance is only a tiny fraction of other relativistic
species
But in early universe baryons, antibaryons and photons were
equally abundant. What explains the above ratio ?
No net baryon number if B would be conserved at all times.
What generated the small observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry ?
Baryon Number Generation at the
Weak Scale
(Electroweak Baryogenesis)
Baryogenesis at the weak scale
Under natural assumptions, there are three conditions,
enunciated by Sakharov, that need to be fulfilled for
baryogenesis. The SM fulfills them :
Baryon number violation: Anomalous Processes
C and CP violation: Quark CKM mixing
Non-equilibrium: Possible at the electroweak phase
transition.
Baryogenesis at the Weak Scale
Weak scale spectrum and processes to be tested in the near future.
Baryogenesis from out of eq. weak scale mass particle decay: Difficult, since
non-equilibrium condition is satisfied for small couplings, for which CP-
violating effects become small (example: resonant leptogenesis).
Pilaftsis,Underwood,
Pilaftsis,Underwood, hep-ph/0309342
hep-ph/0309342
Baryon number violating processes out of equilibrium in the broken phase if
phase transition is sufficiently strongly first order: Electroweak Baryogenesis.
Cohen, Kaplan and Nelson, hep-ph/9302210; A. Riotto, M. Trodden, hep-ph/9901362
Baryon Number Violation in the Standard Model:
Baryon Number conserved at the classical level but
violated at the quantum level: Anomaly
.
Ng
µ
jµ =
B ,L
Tr ( µ
Fµ F )
32 2
Instanton configurations may be regarded as semiclasical
amplitudes for tunelling effect between vacuum states with
configurations
different baryon number
2
Sinst =
W B 0 exp( Sinst )
Weak interactions: Transition amplitude exponentially small.
No observable baryon number violating effects at T = 0
Non-equivalent Vacua and Static Energy
in Field Configuration Space
The sphaleron is a static configuration with non-vanishing
values of the Higgs and gauge boson fields.
Its energy may be identified with the height of the barrier
separating vacua with different baryon number
The quantity v is the Higgs vacuum expectation
value, < H > = v.
8 v
Esph = This quantity provides an order parameter which
gW distinguishes the electroweak symmetry
preserving and violating phases.
Baryon Number Violation at finite T
Anomalous processes violate both baryon and lepton number, but
preserve B – L. Relevant for the explanation of the Universe
baryon asymmetry.
At zero T baryon number violating processes highly suppressed
At finite T, only Boltzman suppression
Klinkhamer and Manton ’85, Arnold and Mc Lerran ’88
Baryon Asymmetry Preservation
If Baryon number generated at the electroweak phase
transition,
Kuzmin, Rubakov and Shaposhnikov, ’85—’87
Baryon number erased unless the baryon number violating
processes are out of equilibrium in the broken phase.
Therefore, to preserve the baryon asymmetry, a strongly first order
phase transition is necessary:
Electroweak Phase Transition
Higgs Potential Evolution in the case of a first order
Phase Transition
Finite Temperature Higgs Potential
D receives contributions at one-loop proportional to the
sum of the couplings of all bosons and fermions squared, and is
responsible for the phenomenon of symmetry restoration
E receives contributions proportional to the sum of the cube
of all light boson particle couplings
Since in the SM the only bosons are the gauge bosons, and the
quartic coupling is proportional to the square of the Higgs mass,
If the Higgs Boson is created , it will decay rapidly
into other particles
At LEP energies mainly into
pairs of b quarks
One detects the decay products
of the Higgs and the Z bosons
LEP Run is over
• No Higgs seen with a mass below 114 GeV
• But, tantalizing hint of a Higgs
with mass about
115 -- 116 GeV (just at the edge of LEP reach)
Electroweak Baryogenesis in the SM is ruled out
Electroweak Baryogenesis
and
New Physics at the Weak Scale
Supersymmetry
fermions bosons
electron selectron
quark squark
photino photon
gravitino graviton
Photino, Zino and Neutral Higgsino: Neutralinos
Charged Wino, charged Higgsino: Charginos
Particles and Sparticles share the same couplings to the Higgs. Two superpartners
of the two quarks (one for each chirality) couple strongly to the Higgs with a
Yukawa coupling of order one (same as the top-quark Yukawa coupling)
v2
Two Higgs Doublets necessary: tan β =
v1
Why Supersymmetry ?
Helps to stabilize the weak scale—Planck scale hierarchy
Supersymmetry algebra contains the generator of
space-time translations.
Necessary ingredient of theory of quantum gravity.
Minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM :
Leads to Unification of gauge couplings.
Starting from positive masses at high energies, electroweak symmetry breaking
is induced radiatively.
3B+L+2S
If discrete symmetry, P = (-1) is imposed, lightest SUSY
particle neutral and stable: Excellent candidate for cold Dark Matter.
Preservation of the Baryon Asymmetry
EW Baryogenesis requires new boson degrees of freedom with
strong couplings to the Higgs.
Supersymmetry provides a natural framework for
this scenario. Huet, Nelson ’91; Giudice ’91, Espinosa, Quiros,Zwirner ’93.
Relevant SUSY particle: Superpartner of the top
Each stop has six degrees of freedom (3 of color, two of charge)
and coupling of order one to the Higgs
M. Carena, M. Quiros, C.W. ’96, ‘98
Since
Higgs masses up to 120 GeV may be accomodated
MSSM: Limits on the Stop and Higgs Masses
to preserve the baryon asymmetry
Suficciently strong first order phase transition to preserve generated baryon
asymmetry:
• Higgs masses up to 120 GeV
• The lightest stop must have a mass below the top quark mass.
Moderate values
of tan
preferred in order
to raise the Higgs
boson mass.
LEP Excluded
M. Carena, M. Quiros, C.W. ‘98
Experimental Tests of Electroweak Baryogenesis
in the MSSM
Experimental Tests of
Electroweak Baryogenesis and Dark Matter
• Higgs searches beyond LEP:
1. Tevatron collider may test this possibility: 3 sigma evidence with about 4
Discovery quite challenging, detecting a signal will mean that the Higgs has
relevant strong (SM-like) couplings to W and Z
Maximal mixing scenario
2. A definitive test of this scenario will
come at the LHC with the first
30 of data
Tevatron Stop Reach when two body decay
channel is dominant
Main signature:
2 or more jets plus
missing energy
Demina, Lykken, Matchev,Nomerotsky ‘99
Stop-Neutralino Mass Difference:
Information from the Cosmos
M. Carena, C. Balazs, C.W., PRD70:015007, 2004
M. Carena, C. Balazs, A. Menon, D. Morrissey, C.W., Phys. Rev. D71:075002, 2005.
If the neutralino provides the observed dark matter relic
density, then it must be stable and lighter than the light stop.
Relic density is inversely proportional to the neutralino annihilation cross
section.
If only stops, charginos and neutralinos are light, there are three
main annihilation channels:
1. Coannihilation of neutralino with light stop or charginos: Small mass
differences.
2. s-channel annihilation via Z or light CP-even Higgs boson
3. s-channel annihilation via heavy CP-even Higgs boson and
CP-odd Higgs boson
Tevatron stop searches and dark matter
constraints
Carena, Balazs and C.W. ‘04
Green: Relic density consistent
with WMAP measurements.
Searches for light stops
difficult in stop-neutralino
coannihilarion region.
LHC will have equal difficulties.
But, LHC can search for stops from
gluino decays into stops and tops.
Stops may be discovered for gluino
masses lower than 900 GeV, even if
the stop-neutralino mass difference is
as low as 10 GeV !
Kraml, Raklev ‘06
Carena, Finch, Freitas, Milstene, Nowak, Sopzak ‘06
Baryon Number Generation
Baryon number violating processes out of equilibrium in the broken phase if
phase transition is sufficiently strongly first order.
Cohen, Kaplan and Nelson, hep-ph/9302210; A. Riotto, M. Trodden, hep-ph/9901362;
Carena, Quiros, Riotto, Moreno, Vilja, Seco, C.W.’97--’02.
Generation of Baryon
Number
The CP-violating currents are induced by the interaction of
charginos and neutralinos with the bubble wall.
Charginos and neutralinos are admixtures of the superpartners of
the Higgs bosons, Higgsinos, with mass , and superpartners of
the gauge bosons, with masses , where i=1,2 if they are the
gauginos of the hypercharge of weak interactions respectively.
For instance, the charginos are two Dirac states and their mass matrix
Similarly, neutralinos are four Majorana states.
For Baryogenesis to work
Baryon Asymmetry
Here the Wino mass has been fixed to 200 GeV, while
the phase of the parameter mu has been set to its maximal
value. Necessary phase given by the inverse of the displayed
ratio. Baryon asymmetry linearly decreases for large
Carena,Quiros,Seco,C.W.’02
Balazs, Carena, Menon, Morrissey, C.W.’05
Electron electric dipole moment
Asssuming that sfermions are sufficiently heavy, dominant contribution
comes from two-loop effects, which depend on the same phases
necessary to generate the baryon asymmetry. (Low energy spectrum
is like a Stop plus Split Supersymmetry ).
Chargino mass parameters scanned over their allowed values. The
electric dipole moment is constrained to be smaller than
Balazs, Carena, Menon, Morrissey, C.W.’05
Pilaftsis’ 02
Direct Dark Matter Detection
Neutralino DM is searched for in neutralino-nucleon scattering
exp. detecting elastic recoil off nuclei
Hatched region: Excluded by LEP2 chargino searches
Balazs, Carena, Menon, Morrissey, C.W.’05
Electroweak Baryogenesis in
the nMSSM
A. Menon, D. Morrissey and C.W., PRD70:035005, 2004
See also Kang, Langacker, Li and Liu, hep-ph/0402086.
C. Balazs, M. Carena, A. Freitas, C.W., arXiv:0705.0431
Minimal Extension of the MSSM
Dedes et al. , Panagiotakopoulos, Pilaftsis’01
Superpotential restricted by symmetries
No cubic term. Tadpole of order cube of the weak scale, instead
Discrete symmetries broken by tadpole term, induced at the
sixth loop level. Scale stability preserved
Similar superpotential appears in Fat-Higgs models at low energies
Harnik et al. ’03
Electroweak Phase Transition
Defining
Non-renormalizable potential controlled by ms. Strong first
order phase transition induced for small values of ms.
Parameters with strongly first order
transition
All dimensionful parameters Values constrained by perturbativity
varied up to 1 TeV up to the GUT scale.
Maximum value of
Small values of the singlet
singlet mass
mass parameter selected
Menon,Morrissey,C.W.’04
Neutralino Mass Matrix
M1 0 − c sW M Z s sW M Z 0
0 M2 c cW M Z − s cW M Z 0
M ˜0 = − c sW M Z c cW M Z 0 vs v2 ,
s sW M Z − s cW M Z vs 0 v1
0 0 v2 v1
In the nMSSM, κ = 0.
47
Upper bound on Neutralino Masses
Values of neutralino masses below dotted line consistent with
perturbativity constraints.
Maximum value of
Lightest neut. mass
Perturbative limit
Menon,Morrissey,C.W.’04
Relic Density and Electroweak Baryogenesis
Region of neutralino masses selected when perturbativity
constraints are impossed.
Z-boson and Higgs boson contributions shown to guide
the eye.
Z-width
constraint
Menon,Morrissey,C.W.’04
Higgs Spectrum
New CP-odd and CP-even Higgs fields induced by singlet field
(mass controled by )
They mix with standard CP-even and CP-odd states in a way
proportional to
Values of restricted to be lower than 0.8 in order to avoid
Landau-pole at energies below the GUT scale.
As in the MSSM, upper bound on Higgs that couples to weak bosons
Extra tree-level term helps in avoiding LEP bounds.
Espinosa,Quiros ’98; Kane et al. ;98
Light Higgs boson masses
Even in the case in which the model remains perturbative
up to the GUT scale, lightest CP-even Higgs masses up to 130 GeV are
consistent with electroweak Baryogenesis.
Menon,Morrissey,C.W.’04
Higgs Searches
Invisibly decaying Higgs may be searched for at the LHC in the Weak Boson Fusion
production channel.
Defining
The value of varies between 0.5 and 0.9 for the lightest CP-even Higgs boson.
Minimal luminosity required to exclude (discover) such a Higgs boson, with mass
lower than 130 GeV:
Higgs Working Group, Les Houches’01
(see also Davoudiasl,Han,Logan, hep-ph/0412269)
Lightest CP-odd and heavier CP-even has much larger singlet component. More
difficult to detect.
Information from LHC/ILC
Balazs, Carena, Freitas, C.W. ‘07
Assuming the presence of gluinos with masses dictated by gaugino
mass unification, as well as one squark, with mass of the order of
500 GeV:
The LHC may be able to determine the chargino and second
neutralino masses, as well as the lightest neturalino mass with some
precision. The presence of one Higgs decaying invisibly provides
further information.
A 500 GeV ILC will allow to measure four of the five neutralino
masses, as well as the chargino masses. It will also verify the
existence of two light CP-even Higgses, which decay mainly invisibly.
53
Sparticle M ass m [G eV ] W idth [G eV ] D ecay m odes
˜01 33.3 — —
˜02 106.6 0.00004 ˜02 Z ˜01 100%
˜03 181.5 0.09 ˜03 Z ˜01 74%
S1 ˜01 26%
P 1 ˜01 0.4%
˜04 278.0 1.5 ˜04 Z ˜01 11%
Z ˜02 22%
Z ˜03 1%
W ± ˜1 43%
S1 ˜01 7%
S1 ˜02 0.2%
S2 ˜01 8%
P 1 ˜01 7%
P 1 ˜02 0.7%
˜±1 165.0 0.136 ˜+1 W + ˜01 100%
˜±2 319.5 2.0 ˜+2 W + ˜01 32%
W + ˜02 1%
W + ˜03 34%
Z ˜+1 29%
S1 ˜+1 5%
P 1 ˜+1 0.3%
pp g̃g̃, g̃ bb̃ or b̄b̃ bb̄˜02 ˜02 Z ˜01
1
m ll,m ax,2 = m ˜02 −m ˜01 m 2jll,m ax,2 = 2
(m 2˜0 − m 2˜0 )(m 2b̃ − m 2˜0 )
m ˜0 2 1 2
2
Balazs, Carena, Freitas, C.W. ‘07
Using similar methods for χ̃03 , one obtains
m ˜01 = 33+− 32
17.5 G eV , m ˜02 = 106.5+− 32.5
17.5 G eV , m ˜03 = 181+− 20 + 30
10 G eV , m b̃ = 499− 17 G eV
At the ILC, one can use
Charginos pair production
Lightest chargino threshold scans
0 0 0 0 0 0
Neutralino (χ̃2 χ̃3 ), (χ̃2 χ̃4 ) (χ̃3 χ̃4 ) production
Higgs production provides a good determination of CP-even
Higgs masses
m ˜02 = 106.6+− 1.1
1.3 G eV , m ˜03 = 181.5 ± 4.9 G eV , m ˜04 = 278.0+− 2.5
3.5 G eV
m ˜01 = 33.3+− 0.4
0.3 G eV , m ˜±1 = 164.98 ± 0.05 G eV , m ˜04 = 319.5+− 5.5
4.3 G eV .
Information after 500 GeV ILC run
Balazs, Carena, Freitas, C.W. ‘07
From measurements in the neutralino and chargino
sectors (masses and cross sections)
M1= (122.5 ± 1.3) G eV , | |< 2.0 G eV , m ˜e > 5 TeV ,
M2= (245.0 ± 0.7) G eV , tan = 1.7 ± 0.09, m ẽR > 1 TeV .
| |= 0.619 ± 0.007, | M |< 0.32,
vs = (− 384 ± 4.8) G eV ,
From measurements in the Higgs sector (two CP-even
Higgs bosons) combined with the information above,
a = (373+− 17
21) G eV , m s = (106 ± 18) G eV ,
t1/3
s = (156+ 25
− 39) G eV , |D | 1.0 ± 0.65.
m 2s = − a v1v2/vs − ts/vs − 2 2
v 57
Dark Matter Density Determination
From the information obtainable at the ILC/LHC, one
can determine the dark matter density
Balazs, Carena, Freitas, C.W. ‘07
0.2
0.11
1 0.18 0.12
-1
10 0.16
0.13
2
" h2
"h
-2 0.14
10
-3
0.12
10
0.1
-4
10
0.08
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 32.25 32.5 32.75 33 33.25 33.5 33.75 34
mZ~ (GeV) mZ~ (GeV)
1 1
WMAP + SDSS, ! 2 ! Input model WMAP + SDSS, ! 2 ! Input model
LHC scan, excluded LHC scan, allowed LHC scan, excluded LHC scan, allowed
ILC scan, ! 1 ! ILC scan, ! 2 ! ILC scan, ! 1 ! ILC scan, ! 2 !
Direct Dark Matter Detection
Since dark matter is mainly a mixing betwen singlinos (dominant)
and Higgsinos, neutralino nucleon cross section is governed by
the new, λ -induced interactions, which are well defined in the
-6
relevant regime of parameters 10
CDMS II 2005
-7
10
XENON10
CDMS II 2007
!SI (pb)
-8 Xenon 100kg
10
Next generation of direct
dark matter detection 10
-9 SuperCDMS 25kg
Xenon 1000kg
will probe this model SuperCDMS 100kg
-10 Zeplin 4
10
Barger,Langacker,Lewis,McCaskey, 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Shaughnessy,Yencho’07 mZ~ (GeV)
1
Input model
LHC scan, excluded LHC scan, allowed
Balazs,Carena, Freitas, C.W.‘07 ILC scan, ! 1 ! ILC scan, ! 2 !
TCP-Violating Phases
The conformal (mass independent) sector of the theory is
invariant under an R-symmetry and a PQ-symmetry, with
Hˆ1 Hˆ2 Ŝ Qˆ L̂ Û c Dˆc Eˆc Bˆ Wˆ ĝ W nM SSM
U (1)R 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2
U (1)P Q 1 1 -2 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
These symmetries allow to absorve phases into redefinition
of fields. The remaining phases may be absorved into the
mass parameters. Only physical phases remain, given by
arg(m 12tsa ), Text Higgs Sector
arg(m 12tsM i), i= 1,2,3, Chargino-Neutralino Sector
arg(m 12tsA u ), (3 generations
), S-up sector
arg(m 12tsA d ), (3 generations
), S-down sector
Choice of CP-violating Phases
We will assume phases in the (universal) gaugino mass
parameters
This choice leads to signatures in electric dipole moments
similar to those ones present in the MSSM
Choosing the phase in the Higgs sector, however, may lead to a
realistic scenario (Huber, Konstantin, Prokopec, Schmidt’06). It
is an open question if this can be tested.
Hard to realize this scenario with only phases in the squark
sector.
61
Electric Dipole Moments. Heavy Sleptons
Low values of tan β and heavy CP-odd scalars
suppress the electric dipole moments
Balazs, Carena, Freitas, C.W. ‘07
-25
10
-26
10
-27
de (e cm)
10
-28
10
-29
10
-30
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
"M (rad)
Experimental lower limit Input model
LHC scan, excluded LHC scan, allowed
ILC scan, ! 1 ! ILC scan, ! 2 !
Conclusions
Electroweak Baryogenesis in the MSSM demands a light Higgs, with
mass lower than 120 GeV and a stop lighter than the top-quark.
Dark Matter : Even lighter neutralinos. If coannihilation channel
relevant, searches for stops at hadron colliders difficult.
To be tested by electron e.d.m. experiments, Tevatron, LHC,ILC and
direct dark matter detection experiments.
nMSSM provides an attractive alternative scenario.
Origin of Dark Matter and Baryogenesis may explained in a natural
way in this model, provided singlet mass is small.
Invisible decaying Higgs signature of this model, as well as an
extended and light neutralino sector. Direct dark matter detection rate
well predicted, and about to be tested in the near future.
Based on work done in collaboration with M. Quiros and M. Carena, and the
following recent works:
C. Balazs, M. Carena and C.W.; Phys. Rev. D70:015007, 2004.
A. Menon, D. Morrissey and C.W.; Phys. Rev. D70:035005, 2004.
C. Balazs, M. Carena, A. Menon, C. Morrissey and C.W., Phys. Rev. D71:075002, 2005.
C. Balazs, M. Carena, A. Freitas and C.W., arXiv:0705.0431.
64
Additional Slides
65
Allowed region of parameters
After constrains from the electric dipole moment, the baryon
asymmetry and the dark matter constraints are included, there
is a limited region of consistent with electroweak baryogenesis.
Balazs, Carena, Menon, Morrissey, C.W.’04
Cirigliano, Profumo, Ramsey-Musolf’06
