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Urinary

The urinary system removes waste from the body through urine. The kidneys filter blood to form urine, which is then transported by the ureters to the bladder for storage. The bladder expels urine through the urethra. During an exam, the abdomen is inspected, percussed, and palpated to evaluate for abnormalities in kidney size, bladder distension, or tenderness that may indicate issues like infection or stones. Common urinary problems include hematuria, frequency, incontinence, and nocturia which can be caused by various conditions of the urinary tract and prostate.

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Airene Aquino Busania
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16 views18 pages

Urinary

The urinary system removes waste from the body through urine. The kidneys filter blood to form urine, which is then transported by the ureters to the bladder for storage. The bladder expels urine through the urethra. During an exam, the abdomen is inspected, percussed, and palpated to evaluate for abnormalities in kidney size, bladder distension, or tenderness that may indicate issues like infection or stones. Common urinary problems include hematuria, frequency, incontinence, and nocturia which can be caused by various conditions of the urinary tract and prostate.

Uploaded by

Airene Aquino Busania
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Urinary

URINARY SYSTEM
 keeps everything in balance by removing waste, like
UREA(is produced when protein, found in meats, is broken down
in the body), extra salt, extra water and other things the
body does not need.
PARTS
 Kidneys
 form urine to remove waste from the body;
 maintain acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte balance
 assist in blood pressure control.
 Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million
filtering units called nephrons.
 Each nephron includes a filter, called the
glomerulus, and a tubule. The nephrons work
through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters
your blood, and the tubule returns needed
substances to your blood and remove wastes.
 Renal pelvis
 Receives urine
 Ureters
 Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder by peristaltic
contractions that occur one to five times per minute
Bladder
 Hollow and muscular Container for urine collection
External meatus
 Passageway for urine (and sperm in men)
Aorta
 Supplies blood to the renal arteries
Urethra
 Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the
body
Assessment
Examining the urinary system
 Evaluate
 Vital signs
 Weight
 Mental status
 These observations can provide clues about renal
dysfunction.
Inspection
Inspect the abdomen with the patient lying
supine.
 Symmetrical
 Smooth
 flat, or concave.
Observe(color and shape) of the area around the
kidneys and bladder.
Skin should be free from lesions,
bruises, discolorations, and prominent veins.
Percussion
 Kidneys
 check for costovertebral angle tenderness that occurs
with inflammation.
Percussing the kidneys
 Have the patient sit up.
 Place the ball of your
nondominant hand on the
patient’s back at the
costo vertebral angle of
the 12th rib.
 Strike the ball of that hand with
the ulnar surface of your other
hand.
Use just enough force to cause
a painless but perceptible thud
 Bladder
 first ask the patient to
empty it.
 lie in the supine position
 Start at the symphysis
pubis and percuss
upward toward the
bladder and over it.
 You should hear tympany.
 Dull sound signals
retained urine.
Palpation
 The kidneys lie behind other organs and are
protected by muscle, they normally aren’t
palpable unless they’re enlarged
 Hydronephrosis
 swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine. It happens when
urine cannot drain out from the kidney to the bladder from a
blockage or obstruction.
 Cysts are abnormal sacs of fluid that can form
anywhere in the body. If left untreated
 Very thin patients
 you may be able to feel the lower end of the right
kidney as a smooth round mass that drops
on inspiration.
 Elderly patients
you may be able to palpate both kidneys because of
decreased muscle tone and elasticity.
 You won’t be able to palpate the bladder unless
it’s distended.
 With the patient in a supine position, use
the fingers of one hand to palpate the lower
abdomen in a light dipping motion.
 Distended bladder
 feel firm
 relatively smooth, extending above the
symphysis pubis.
Palpating the kidneys
 Have the patient lie in a supine position.
 To palpate the right kidney, stand on the patient's right
side.
 Place your left hand between the posterior rib cage and
the iliac crest
 place your right hand on the patient’s abdomen.
 Instruct the patient to inhale deeply, so his kidney moves
downward.
 As he inhales, press up with your left hand and down with
your right, as shown.
 To palpate the left kidney,
reach across the patient’s
abdomen,
 placing your left hand
behind his left flank.
 Place your right hand over
the area of the left kidney.
 Ask the patient to
inhale deeply again.
 As he does so, pull up with
your left hand and press
down with your right.
Abnormal findings
Urinary system
abnormalities
Kidney enlargement
 cysts, hydro nephrosis, or tumors.
Urinary frequency
 is an increased incidence of the urge to urinate.
 bladder calculi
 urinary tract infections (UTIs)
 urethral stricture.
In men
 benign prostatic hyperplasia
 prostate cancer,
which can put pressure on the bladder.
Hematuria
 Presence of blood in the urine, or hematuria
 UTI
 renal calculi
 Kidney stones
 are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your
kidneys.
 bladder cancer
 trauma to the urinary mucosa
Nocturia
 Excessive urination at night
 endocrine or metabolic disorders(e.g. obesity)
 prostate cancer
Urinary incontinence
 may be transient or permanent.
 The amount of urine released may be small or large.
stress incontinence
 Tumor
 bladder cancer
 Calculi

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