§7.

2 Trigonometric Integrals

Dr K

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use certain relationships between pairs of
trigonometric functions (i.e. trigonometric identities).

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use certain relationships between pairs of
trigonometric functions (i.e. trigonometric identities).
Consider the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use certain relationships between pairs of
trigonometric functions (i.e. trigonometric identities).
Consider the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x.We have
seen from MATENA1 that the following relationships hold:

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (1)

and
d
sin x = cos x (2)
dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use certain relationships between pairs of
trigonometric functions (i.e. trigonometric identities).
Consider the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x.We have
seen from MATENA1 that the following relationships hold:

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (1)

and
d
sin x = cos x (2)
dx

The following examples shows how these two relationships,

together with u substitution helps us tackle some integrals..

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate cos3 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate cos3 x dx

Solution
Simply substituting u = cos x isn’t helpful, since then
du = − sin x dx.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate cos3 x dx

Solution
Simply substituting u = cos x isn’t helpful, since then
du = − sin x dx.
In order to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra
sin x factor.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate cos3 x dx

Solution
Simply substituting u = cos x isn’t helpful, since then
du = − sin x dx.
In order to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra
sin x factor. Similarly, a power of sine would require an extra
cos x factor.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate cos3 x dx

Solution
Simply substituting u = cos x isn’t helpful, since then
du = − sin x dx.
In order to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra
sin x factor. Similarly, a power of sine would require an extra
cos x factor.
Thus here we can separate one cosine factor and convert the
remaining cos2 x factor to an expression involving sine using
the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.
Putting these two together, we can now solve the integral as
follows:
Z Z
3
cos x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.
Putting these two together, we can now solve the integral as
follows:
Z Z
3
cos x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx
Z
= (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.
Putting these two together, we can now solve the integral as
follows:
Z Z
3
cos x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx
Z
= (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 ) du

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.
Putting these two together, we can now solve the integral as
follows:
Z Z
3
cos x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx
Z
= (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 ) du
1
= u − u3 + C
3

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We start by noting that
cos3 x = cos2 x · cos x = (1 − sin2 x) cos x, using (1) above.
Next we notice that if we make the substitution u = sin x then
du = cos x dx, using (2) above.
Putting these two together, we can now solve the integral as
follows:
Z Z
3
cos x dx = cos2 x · cos x dx
Z
= (1 − sin2 x) cos x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 ) du
1
= u − u3 + C
3
1
= sin x − sin3 x + C
3

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of
sine and cosine in a form where we have only one sine factor
(and the remainder of the expression in terms of cosine) or
only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in
terms of sine).

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of
sine and cosine in a form where we have only one sine factor
(and the remainder of the expression in terms of cosine) or
only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in
terms of sine).
The identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 enables us to convert back
and forth between even powers of sine and cosine.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Remember that we also have
d
cos x = − sin x (3)
dx
The pair of relationships (1) and (3) are used to solve certain
integrals involving powers of sin x and cos x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin5 x cos2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin5 x cos2 x dx

Solution:
We could convert cos2 x to 1 − sin2 x,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin5 x cos2 x dx

Solution:
We could convert cos2 x to 1 − sin2 x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin5 x cos2 x dx

Solution:
We could convert cos2 x to 1 − sin2 x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor.
Instead, we separate a single sine factor and rewrite the
remaining sin4 x factor in terms of cos x:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin5 x cos2 x dx

Solution:
We could convert cos2 x to 1 − sin2 x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor.
Instead, we separate a single sine factor and rewrite the
remaining sin4 x factor in terms of cos x:

sin5 x cos2 x = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x = (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z
sin5 x cos2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 (−du)

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 (−du)
Z
= − (u 2 − 2u 4 + u 6 )du

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 (−du)
Z
= − (u 2 − 2u 4 + u 6 )du
 3
u5 u7

u
= − −2 + +C
3 5 7

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = − sin x dx and so
Z Z
5 2
sin x cos x dx = (sin2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x)2 cos2 x sin x dx
Z
= (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 (−du)
Z
= − (u 2 − 2u 4 + u 6 )du
 3
u5 u7

u
= − −2 + +C
3 5 7
1 2 1
= − cos3 x + cos5 x − cos7 x + C
3 5 7

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine
enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the
remaining even power.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine
enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the
remaining even power.
If the integrand contains even powers of both sine and cosine,
this strategy fails.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine
enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the
remaining even power.
If the integrand contains even powers of both sine and cosine,
this strategy fails.
In this case, we can take advantage of the following half-angle
identities

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine
enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the
remaining even power.
If the integrand contains even powers of both sine and cosine,
this strategy fails.
In this case, we can take advantage of the following half-angle
identities

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x

= 1 − 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine
enabled us to separate a single factor and convert the
remaining even power.
If the integrand contains even powers of both sine and cosine,
this strategy fails.
In this case, we can take advantage of the following half-angle
identities

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x

= 1 − 2 sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1

1 1
∴ sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) and cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2 x, however, we
have
Z π
1 π
Z
2
sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx
0 2 0

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2 x, however, we
have
Z π
1 π
Z
2
sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx
0 2 0
1 1

π
= 2 x − 2 sin 2x
0

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2 x, however, we
have
Z π
1 π
Z
2
sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx
0 2 0
1 1

π
= 2 x − 2 sin 2x
0
1
= 2
(π − 12 sin 2π) − 12 (0 − 12 sin 0) = 12 π

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π
Evaluate sin2 x dx
0

SOLUTION
If we write sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2 x, however, we
have
Z π
1 π
Z
2
sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x) dx
0 2 0
1 1

π
= 2 x − 2 sin 2x
0
1
= 2
(π − 12 sin 2π) − 12 (0 − 12 sin 0) = 12 π

Note:Notice that we mentally made the substitution u = 2x

when integrating cos 2x.
Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
Example
Z
Find sin4 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin4 x dx

SOLUTION
We evaluate this exercise as the previous one by using half
angle identity by first writing sin4 x = (sin2 x)2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin4 x dx

SOLUTION
We evaluate this exercise as the previous one by using half
angle identity by first writing sin4 x = (sin2 x)2 and use a
half-angle formula:
Z Z
4
sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin4 x dx

SOLUTION
We evaluate this exercise as the previous one by using half
angle identity by first writing sin4 x = (sin2 x)2 and use a
half-angle formula:
Z Z
4
sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 dx
Z  2
1
= · (1 − cos 2x) dx
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Find sin4 x dx

SOLUTION
We evaluate this exercise as the previous one by using half
angle identity by first writing sin4 x = (sin2 x)2 and use a
half-angle formula:
Z Z
4
sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 dx
Z  2
1
= · (1 − cos 2x) dx
Z 2
1
1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx


=
4

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula
1
cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x)
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula
1
cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x)
2
This gives
Z Z
sin4 x dx = 1
1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x


4
dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula
1
cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x)
2
This gives
Z Z
sin4 x dx = 1
1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx


4
Z  
1 1
= 4 1 − 2 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula
1
cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x)
2
This gives
Z Z
sin4 x dx = 1
1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx


4
Z  
1 1
= 4 1 − 2 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx
Z  2 
1 3 1
= 4 − 2 cos 2x + cos 4x dx
2 2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula
1
cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x)
2
This gives
Z Z
sin4 x dx = 1
1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx


4
Z  
1 1
= 4 1 − 2 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx
Z  2 
1 3 1
= 4 − 2 cos 2x + cos 4x dx
 2 2 
1 3 1
= x − sin 2x + sin 4x + C
4 2 8

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Please note that the previous two examples could have been
solved using the formula
n−1
Z Z
n 1 n−1
sin x dx = − cos x sin x + sinn−2 x dx
n n

which we derived in section 7.1 (Integration by parts)

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

To summarize, we listZguidelines to follow when evaluating
integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx, where m ≥ 0 and
n ≥ 0 are integers.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1),

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms of sine:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms Rof sine:
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx = R sinm x(cos2 x)k cos x dx
= sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
Then substitute u = sin x

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms Rof sine:
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx = R sinm x(cos2 x)k cos x dx
= sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
Then substitute u = sin x
b If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1),

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms Rof sine:
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx = R sinm x(cos2 x)k cos x dx
= sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
Then substitute u = sin x
b If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1), save one sine
factor and use sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms of cosine:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms Rof sine:
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx = R sinm x(cos2 x)k cos x dx
= sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
Then substitute u = sin x
b If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1), save one sine
factor and use sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms ofR cosine:
sin2k+1 x cosn x dx = R (sin2 x)k cosn x sin x dx
R

= (1 − cos2 x)k cosn x sin x dx

Then substitute u = cos x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

a If the power of cosine is odd (n = 2k + 1), save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms Rof sine:
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx = R sinm x(cos2 x)k cos x dx
= sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
Then substitute u = sin x
b If the power of sine is odd (m = 2k + 1), save one sine
factor and use sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to express the
remaining factors in terms ofR cosine:
sin2k+1 x cosn x dx = R (sin2 x)k cosn x sin x dx
R

= (1 − cos2 x)k cosn x sin x dx

Then substitute u = cos x.
Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine are odd,
either (a) or (b) can be used.
Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
c If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the
half-angle identities
1 1
sin2 x = (1−cos 2x) cos2 x = (1+cos 2x)
2 2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

c If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the
half-angle identities
1 1
sin2 x = (1−cos 2x) cos2 x = (1+cos 2x)
2 2
It is sometimes helpful to use the identity
1
sin x cos x = sin 2x
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.
Since
d
tan x = sec2 x,
dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.
Since
d
tan x = sec2 x,
dx
we can separate a sec2 x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of secant

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.
Since
d
tan x = sec2 x,
dx
we can separate a sec2 x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of secant to an expression involving tangent
using the identity

sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.
Since
d
tan x = sec2 x,
dx
we can separate a sec2 x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of secant to an expression involving tangent
using the identity

sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x

Or, since
d
sec x = sec x tan x,
dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

We
R can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form
tanm x secn x dx.
Since
d
tan x = sec2 x,
dx
we can separate a sec2 x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of secant to an expression involving tangent
using the identity

sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x

Or, since
d
sec x = sec x tan x,
dx
we can separate a sec x tan x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of tangent to secant.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
by substituting u = tan x so that du = sec2 x dx:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan6 x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan6 x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z
= u 6 (1 + u 2 )du

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan6 x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z Z
= u (1 + u )du = (u 6 + u 8 )du
6 2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan6 x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z Z
= u (1 + u )du = (u 6 + u 8 )du
6 2

u7 u9
= + +C
7 9

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan6 x sec4 x dx.

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2 x factor, we can express

the remaining sec2 x factor in terms of tangent using the
identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x. We can then evaluate the integral
2
by
Z substituting u = tan x Zso that du = sec x dx:
tan6 x sec4 x dx = tan6 x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z
= tan6 x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z Z
= u (1 + u )du = (u 6 + u 8 )du
6 2

u7 u9
= + +C
7 9
1 1
= tan7 x + tan9 x + C
7 9
Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
Just like the relationships between sin x and cos x enable us to
simplify integrals that contain combinations of powers of sin x
and cos x,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Just like the relationships between sin x and cos x enable us to
simplify integrals that contain combinations of powers of sin x
and cos x, so too the relationships between sec x and tan x
allow us simplify integrals that contain a product of powers of
tan x and sec x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Just like the relationships between sin x and cos x enable us to
simplify integrals that contain combinations of powers of sin x
and cos x, so too the relationships between sec x and tan x
allow us simplify integrals that contain a product of powers of
tan x and sec x.
These relationships are:

tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x (1)

and
d
tan x = sec2 x (2)
dx
and
d
sec x = sec x tan x (3)
dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ

SOLUTION
If we keep sec θ tan θ to use as the differential then the
remaining powers are both even,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ

SOLUTION
If we keep sec θ tan θ to use as the differential then the
remaining powers are both even, meaning we can use the
square relationships.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let u = sec θ. Then du = sec θ tan θ dθ.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (sec2 θ − 1)2 sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (sec2 θ − 1)2 sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du
Z
= (u 4 − 2u 2 + 1)u 6 du

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (sec2 θ − 1)2 sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du
Z
= (u 4 − 2u 2 + 1)u 6 du

Z
= (u 10 − 2u 8 + u 6 ) du

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (sec2 θ − 1)2 sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du
Z
= (u 4 − 2u 2 + 1)u 6 du

Z
= (u 10 − 2u 8 + u 6 ) du
1 11 2 9 1 7
= u − u + u +C
11 9 7

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

That means we need to have the following substitution:
Let
Z u = sec θ. Then du =Z sec θ tan θ dθ. So
tan5 θ sec7 θ dθ = tan4 θ sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (sec2 θ − 1)2 sec6 θ sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du
Z
= (u 4 − 2u 2 + 1)u 6 du

Z
= (u 10 − 2u 8 + u 6 ) du
1 11 2 9 1 7
= u − u + u +C
11 9 7
1 2 1
= sec θ − sec9 θ + sec7 θ + C
11
11 9 7

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2),

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
the remaining factors in terms of tan x:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
Then substitute u = tan x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
Then substitute u = tan x.
2 If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1),

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
Then substitute u = tan x.
2 If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1), save a
factor of sec x tan x and use tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to
express the remaining factors in terms of sec x:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
Then substitute u = tan x.
2 If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1), save a
factor of sec x tan x and use tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to
R express the remainingR factors in terms of sec x:
tan2k+1 x secn x dx = R (tan2 x)k secn−1 x sec x tan x dx
= (sec2 x − 1)k secn−1 x sec x tan x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 R
Strategy for Evaluating tanm x secn x dx
1 If the power of secant is even (n = 2k, k ≥ 2), save a
factor of sec2 x and use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to express
R them remaining factors in
R terms of tan x:
tan x sec2k x dx = R tanm x(sec2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
= tanm x(1 + tan2 x)k−1 sec2 x dx
Then substitute u = tan x.
2 If the power of tangent is odd (m = 2k + 1), save a
factor of sec x tan x and use tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to
R express the remainingR factors in terms of sec x:
tan2k+1 x secn x dx = R (tan2 x)k secn−1 x sec x tan x dx
= (sec2 x − 1)k secn−1 x sec x tan x dx
Then substitute u = sec x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

For our next example we will need the following result from
earlier:

Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C (8)

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,
and we only have one factor of sec x left.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,
and we only have one factor of sec x left.
So this method will not work here.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,
and we only have one factor of sec x left.
So this method will not work here. Instead we have to use
integration by parts, as follows:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,
and we only have one factor of sec x left.
So this method will not work here. Instead we have to use
integration by parts, as follows:
Let
u = sec x dv = sec2 x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx

SOLUTION
Suppose we try to use our relationships above to solve this
integral. So we write sec3 x as sec2 x sec x.
If we make u = sec x then du = sec x tan x dx, so that won’t
work. Next we convert the sec2 x to 1 − tan2 x.
But then we have to make u = tan x and then du = sec2 x,
and we only have one factor of sec x left.
So this method will not work here. Instead we have to use
integration by parts, as follows:
Let
u = sec x dv = sec2 x dx
du = sec x tan x dx v = tan x
Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
Then
Z Z
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
3

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Then
Z Z
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
3
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Then
Z Z
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
3
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Then
Z Z
3
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Then
Z Z
3
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Hence
Z
2 sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Then
Z Z
3
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Hence
Z
2 sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Z and finally:
 
3 1
sec x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 Then
Z Z
3
sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Hence
Z
2 sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Z and finally: 
3 1
sec x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
2 
1 1
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C1 i.e. C1 = C
2 2
Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals
we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:

To evaluate the integrals

Z
sin mx cos nx dx,
Z
sin mx sin nx dx, or
Z
cos mx cos nx dx

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:

To evaluate the integrals

Z
sin mx cos nx dx,
Z
sin mx sin nx dx, or
Z
cos mx cos nx dx
we use the corresponding identity:
1 sin A cos B = 12 [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)]

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:

To evaluate the integrals

Z
sin mx cos nx dx,
Z
sin mx sin nx dx, or
Z
cos mx cos nx dx
we use the corresponding identity:
1 sin A cos B = 12 [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)]
2 sin A sin B = 12 [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:

To evaluate the integrals

Z
sin mx cos nx dx,
Z
sin mx sin nx dx, or
Z
cos mx cos nx dx
we use the corresponding identity:
1 sin A cos B = 12 [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)]
2 sin A sin B = 12 [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
3 cos A cos B = 12 [cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx.

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but
it’s easier to use the identity above as follows:

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but
it’s
Z easier to use the identity
Z above as follows:
1
sin 4x cos 5x dx = [sin(−x) + sin 9x] dx
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but
it’s
Z easier to use the identity
Z above as follows:
1
sin 4x cos 5x dx = [sin(−x) + sin 9x] dx
Z2
1
= (− sin x + sin 9x) dx
2

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but
it’s
Z easier to use the identity
Z above as follows:
1
sin 4x cos 5x dx = [sin(−x) + sin 9x] dx
Z2
1
= (− sin x + sin 9x) dx
2
1 1
= (cos x − cos 9x) + C
2 9

Dr K §7.2 Trigonometric Integrals