Science is a systematic method of inquiry, investigation, and study of the natural world and the processes

that occur within it. Its goal is to gain a deeper understanding of natural phenomena and to provide logical
explanations for them based on evidence and data.
Science is based on principles of observation, experimentation, analysis, and study. It involves several
steps, including:

1. Observation - Observing events and collecting data from the surrounding environment.
2. Hypothesis - Formulating a possible explanation or theory based on observations. This is a tentative
assumption that needs to be tested or refuted through experimentation.
3. Experimentation - Conducting controlled tests or studies to try and verify the truth or accuracy of the
hypothesis.
4. Analysis - Studying the data and results of the experiment to arrive at conclusions.
5. Theory - When a hypothesis has been consistently supported by multiple experiments and studies, it may
become a theory. A theory is a comprehensive explanation of natural phenomena supported by substantial
evidence.
6. Prediction - Theories can be used to make predictions about future or yet-to-be-observed events.
Predictions can be tested through additional experimentation.
In general, science aims to understand and explain the world around us, deepen our knowledge, and
contribute to the advancement of technology, medicine, economics, and various aspects of life. It is a
systematic approach to inquiry that promotes learning through extensive study and experimentation.

STS stands for "Science, Technology, and Society." It is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines
the relationships and impacts of science and technology on society, as well as the implications of these
aspects on culture, politics, economics, and other facets of human life.
Through research in STS, it connects the aspects of science and technology to their societal context and
how they affect individuals and the world around them. This provides a deeper understanding of issues such
as ethics in science, regulations governing technology, changes in work processes due to technological
advancements, and many more.
In essence, STS explores the broader effects of science and technology on society and how these aspects
influence the dissemination of knowledge, changes in lifestyles, and various aspects of culture and the
societal fabric that humans are a part of.

Here are some examples of concepts and issues within the field of Science, Technology, and Society (STS):

1. Ethics in Genetic Engineering - With advancements in genetic technology, ethical questions arise about
altering DNA in organisms and creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs). STS focuses on the moral
and ethical implications of such technologies.

2. Digital Divide - The rise of digital technology has led to disparities in access, with some regions and
sectors lacking access to the internet and other technologies. STS examines the effects of having or lacking
technological access on communities and individuals.
3. Climate Change and Technology - Climate change presents an STS issue as it raises questions about
the impact of technology on the environment and how technology can disrupt or aid climate change
mitigation.
4. Privacy in the Digital Age - The growth of data collection and digital information poses privacy issues.
STS studies aspects of privacy and security within the context of technology.
5. Automation and Jobs - The growth of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) is changing industries
and economies, leading to discussions about the effects of technology on jobs and livelihoods. STS
addresses the impact of these technologies.
6. Healthcare and Biotechnology - Technological advancements in medicine and biotechnology raise
ethical dilemmas related to treatments, organ transplantation, and medical interventions. STS explores the
ethical aspects of these technologies.
7. Cultural Impact of Social Media - The rise of social media has profound effects on culture and human
interaction. STS examines how this technology influences communication, information ownership, and
societal culture.
8. Energy and Sustainability - Energy and environmental issues are closely tied to technology. STS
studies how energy-related technologies contribute to or help address environmental sustainability.

By studying these and other related examples, the field of Science, Technology, and Society demonstrates
how science and technology have deep effects on various aspects of human life and society as a whole.
Interdisciplinary fields of study involve combining insights and methodologies from multiple academic
disciplines to address complex issues and gain a more comprehensive understanding. Here are some
examples of interdisciplinary fields:

1. Neuroscience - This field combines biology, psychology, chemistry, and other disciplines to study the
nervous system, its functions, and its relation to behavior and cognition.
2. Environmental Science - Environmental science draws knowledge from biology, chemistry, geology,
physics, and social sciences to study the interactions between humans and the environment.
3. Bioinformatics - Bioinformatics merges biology, computer science, and statistics to manage and analyze
biological data, especially from genomics and proteomics research.
4. Cognitive Science - Cognitive science brings together psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and computer
science to study the mind, cognition, and intelligent behavior.
5. Global Health - Global health is an interdisciplinary field that integrates medicine, public health,
sociology, anthropology, and more to address health issues on a global scale.
6. Digital Humanities - Digital humanities combine humanities disciplines (literature, history, philosophy)
with digital technologies to analyze, interpret, and present cultural and historical data.
7. Materials Science - Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving physics, chemistry,
engineering, and more to study the properties and applications of materials.
8. Biomedical Engineering - Biomedical engineering combines principles from biology and engineering to
design and develop medical devices, prosthetics, and treatments.
9. Social Ecology - Social ecology blends ecology, anthropology, sociology, and urban planning to study the
relationships between human societies and their environments.
10. Astrobiology - Astrobiology involves elements of astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology to explore
the possibility of life beyond Earth.
11. Health Informatics - Health informatics integrates medical science, information technology, and data
analysis to manage and interpret health-related information.
12. Gender Studies - Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field encompassing sociology, anthropology,
literature, history, and more to examine gender roles and identities.

These interdisciplinary fields highlight the value of integrating diverse perspectives to address complex
problems and generate new insights beyond the boundaries of individual disciplines.

10+ Pros and Cons of Modern Technology on Youth in Society Pros & Cons

Pros:
 Technology Solar Electrical Power
 Technology Improved Housing and Lifestyles
 Technology Used for Purchasing and Selling
 Technology Cause Cost Deficiency
 Technology Used for Entertainment
 Technology Benefits to the Health Industry
 Technology use for Education
 Technology Easy Access to Information
 Banking Through Modern Technology
 Technology Saves our Precious Time
 Technology Used in Agriculture
 Technology Used for Communication
 Technology Used in Transportation
 Technology Artificial Intelligence
 Technology for Disabled People to Make Them Able

Cons:
People Dependent on Technology
× Technology Causes Wastage of money
× Technology Causes Health Problems in Peoples
× Technology Causes Lack of Interest in Studying
× Addiction to Technology of the People
× Technology Causes Environmental Problems
× Technology Causes Social Isolation of the People
× Technology Reduces the Creativity of People
× Technology Causes Distraction from Work and Study
× Modern Technology Waste our Time
× Security Issues in Using the Technology
× No Longer Experience Real Life Events
× Complexity in Using Technology
× Crimes on Modern Technology
× People Get Involved in Inappropriate Content
× Unemployment by Technology

10+ Disadvantages of Modern Technology on Youth in Society

1. Technology Causes Lack of Interest in Studying

Most of the important thing for the students is their ambitions and their goals which they have to achieve and
study for.
But to the extensive use and addiction to technology, they lose interest in the study. They always want to
use computers, mobile phones, tablets, play stations, etc.
They leave their ambitions and the goals they have to achieve. Most of the students get affected by this.

Here I want to highlight some other bad effects of technology on education for students.
• Waste the precious time of the students
• Technology distracts students from their studies, goals, and ambitions.
• Waste money the students, they buy unnecessary technological gadgets.
• Loss of creativity.
• Easy cheating in the exam. And many more.

2. Technology Causes Environmental Problems

Modern technology also affects our surrounding environment.
Any kind of pollution in our surrounding environment is harmful to human beings and also other living things.
Here we are talking about the bad effects of modern technology on our environment and how modern
technology creates problems in our surrounding environment.
I want to highlight some points here by which our environment gets damaged by the use of modern
technology.

3. Air Pollution Due to Technology

Factories and vehicles create a lot of dangerous gases and pollute our environment and air and it creates a
lot of diseases (like asthma) in human beings and other living things.
A lot of people and living things by oxygen problems and other kinds of diseases produced by air pollution.

4. Sound/Noise Pollution Due to Technology

There are a lot of technological things which create a lot of sound pollution. Includes heavy machines,
factories, vehicles, airplanes, etc. It is very harmful to living things.

5. Water Pollution Due to Technology

Different kind of factories and mills creates chemical waste and that chemical waste enters the river and
lakhs which polluted the water and it is very harmful to living things. It creates a lot of dangerous diseases in
living things and causes death.

6. Technology Reduces the Creativity of People

One of the worst things about modern technology is technology reduces the creativity of people.
As I say before modern technology is the most distracting thing nowadays. People are always busy using
modern technological gadgets, and this, it reduces their creativity.
Creativity is something like finding some kind of new, interesting, and unique ideas in everything and
implementing them in real, and these creative ideas come from deep thinking.
But by the use of technology, they busy their minds using only modern technological gadgets.
So, they definitely lose their creativity.

7. Technology Causes Health Problems in People

Technology also affects our health. There are different kinds of diseases found in people caused by the
extensive use of technology.
Most people use their mobile phones nowadays. Which also affects the health of people. Some of the bad
effects of technology on human health are given below.
1. Damage eyesight.
2. Damage hearing.
3. Increase obesity
4. Brain cancer.
5. Asthma problems.
6. Skin cancer.
7. Increase obesity.
And many more.

8. Security Issues in Using the Technology

Security is also one of the issues found in the usage of technology.

Our societies are growing and going to the side of technology. Every person wants to make everything
automatic and for this, they use technology.
They refer to the use of advanced technology security systems in their houses, offices, and factories.
And the problem with the technology is that it sometimes failed and didn’t work properly, and it takes a lot of
time to recover.
It’s very dangerous for people. They can lose money, privacy, and even the lives of people.

9. Modern Technology Waste our Time

Technology wastes our precious time. You think that how I can say that modern technology wastes our
precious time.
Actually, this is one of the bad effects of technology on us. But we didn’t recognize it.
There are a lot of modern technological gadgets that most people used and waste their precious time. Like
television, videos game, play stations, music players, and most mobile phones.
People mostly used these kinds of technological devices in most of their time and waste their precious time
doing unimportant activities.
They used these devices during their work time, study time, and even in their bed instead of sleeping, they
like to use such kinds of modern technological devices.

10. Technology Causes Distraction from Work and Study

Modern technological devices and gadgets are the most distracting things nowadays.
Smartphones, video games, and television people mostly used and these things are the most distracting and
engaging technological devices.
It distracts people from their work, study, and many more, and the results are they waste most of their time
by using these devices instead of working or studying.
People lost interest in their goals and ambitions which they have to work hard to achieve and waste their
precious time using such irregular activities.
I am not saying that to not use it. But to use it at a specific time, we do have not to use it every time.
We have to make a time schedule for us and followed it. Work time is work time and study time is study
time, we have not used it every time, but at a specific time, we can use it.

11. Technology Causes Social Isolation of the People

Modern technology causes social isolation the people.
People are always busy using their mobile phones or watching television and didn’t want to do anything
else.
Actually, they get addicted to it through the extensive use of technology.
They didn’t want to do any kind of other activity or to go outside and meet with people, their relatives,
friends, etc.
By this, they get isolated from the society they lived in.

12. Addiction to Technology the People

People also can be addicted to technology.
In today’s technological world, most people are addicted to technology. They are always busy using
technology. Most teenagers are affected by addiction to technology.
You go anywhere in a restaurant or a bus, taxi to public places you will definitely find people busy using their
mobile phones.
Even after eating a meal or sleeping time, they didn’t control themselves from the usage of their mobile
phones.
The extensive usage of mobile phones put them in different kinds of diseases such as depression, anxiety,
social isolation, etc.

13. Technology Causes Wastage of Money

Wastage of money on technology has become a trend nowadays. People waste a lot of their money on
technology.
Basically, there are two ways people waste their money on technology. The first one is people pay for
buying the technology.
Technological machines, devices, and gadgets are so expensive. People pay a lot of money for it to buy,
and also their maintenance is very expensive.
The second one is people spend a lot of money on unnecessary technological gadgets and devices, such as
mobile phones, tablets, etc.
This is because of the addiction of people to technology. They always want to buy the latest, most
expensive, and most advanced technology they used.

14. People’s Dependency on Technology

Dependency is also a bad effect of technology on people.
If we look and analyze the people of 20 years back. Then we can find there is a big difference between the
people of today’s world and the people from 20 years
We can find that people from 20 years before are so strong and creative because they work so hard by
themselves daily.
And people now all depend on technology. If we take all the technological machines and gadgets from them
they will not be able to work properly.
Because they all are dependent on technology, and by this, they lose their creativity and also health.
People become lazy by the excessive use of technology, and technology also lowers the value of human
workers.

15. No Longer Experience Real Life Events

People’s lives become something experienced through digital and computerized devices and gadgets.
Due to computerized and digital devices, most people no longer experience real-life events.
Live shows and music concerts are recorded and shared on social media and websites on the internet, and
people watch them on their digital devices (computers, mobile phones, etc.).

16. Complexity in Using Technology

Modern technology devices and machines required modern learning and knowledge of use, not everyone is
capable of using modern technological gadgets and devices.
Modern technological devices and machines we interact with on a daily basis are very hard to understand
and fix.
For example: fixing the issues of modern cars means interacting with computer systems. It is no longer just
electrical or mechanical.
Most modern technological devices and machines become computerized, and it is very complex to use and
fix.

17. Crimes in Modern Technology

Cyber Crime is a new example of how modern technology changes the way of crime. Cybercrime is a crime
done by using computers and networks.
Cybercrime is becoming very dangerous and bigger every day.
Internet and email fraud, theft of financial card payment data, theft of scale corporate data, ransom ware
attacks, cyber extortion, crypto-jacking, cyber espionage, and criminal activities that use computers to
commit other crimes are examples of cybercrime.

18. People Get Involved in Inappropriate Content

Due to the presence of internet technology, many students and youngsters are exposed to inappropriate
content.
They get involved in using different illegal websites, social media platforms, and mobile apps through which
they can access illegal videos and photos which might be not appropriate for them.
This is one of the biggest issues of modern technology for people.

19. Unemployment by Technology

Technology has given the world many wonderful things, but it’s also given rise to issues.
The advancement of technology has resulted in a great deal of automation which has caused unemployment
because a single machine or computer is capable of completing the work of many people in a much shorter
amount of time.
This means over time there are fewer and fewer jobs available to human workers simply because an
automated system can do a specific task more quickly and efficiently.
So, these are the disadvantages of modern technology on youth for society. Now I am going to discuss all
the advantages of modern technology for people.
10+ Advantages of Modern Technology on Youth in Society
The advantages of modern technology for people are given below:

1. Technology Causes Cost Deficiency

Cost deficiency is one of the main goals of modern technology. Technology makes things more and cheaper
for people.
There are a lot of technological devices, gadgets or we can say machinery available at a very cheap price
for people that you cannot imagine.
More ever technology helps people from different aspects. Which results in cost deficiency.
For different kinds of work, we required a lot of workers to do and it is done by technological machines and a
few workers in a few minutes and at fewer costs.

2. Technology Benefits to the Health Industry

The health industry means the technology used in the hospitals
There are a lot of technological devices used in hospitals, which allow doctors to easily monitor the health of
patients.
It becomes very for doctors to analyze their patient’s diseases accurately and efficiently at any time. And it
reduced the mistakes made by doctors during the analysis of their patient’s diseases.
In today’s modern world, the majority of hospitals used new modern technology in their hospitals.

3. Technology Saves Our Precious Time

One of the main objectives of modern technology is to save precious time.
Scientists are always trying to make kind of new technological things which save our precious time and work
efficiently.
There are a lot of technological devices or machines or gadgets, and we save a lot of our time.
For example, before the inventions of technology used for transportation, it was very difficult for people to
transport from one place to another place and it takes time to reach the destination.
But after technology, it takes less time to reach.
Or if you want to find the right way to your destination you do have not to waste your time because the
navigation app on your smartphone finds the best possible way to your destination.
There are a lot of other technical machines and devices which save precious time and work efficiently.

4. Technology Use for Education

As I said before there is no such field in which technology is not used. It also improves education.
Technology also plays a significant role in the field of education, it has a lot of advantages for the students
as well as for the teachers.
Technology makes studying and teaching very easy for students and teachers.
There are a lot of electronic devices, gadgets, and software that help a lot of students in education.
For example: Nowadays multimedia projector is used in every education system. It makes teaching very
easy and interesting for the teacher.
They can use the multimedia projector to present the knowledge to the students in a better way.
Students get motivated and take an interest in learning.

5. Technology Used for Entertainment

Technology also works in the entertainment area. There are a lot of modern technological devices used for
entertainment.
• Play stations (used for playing video games).
• Video games.
• Computer
• Mobile phones.
• VR devices. And many more.
These devices are mostly used for entertainment. People used these kinds of devices in their free time for
entertainment.

6. Technology for Disabled People to Make Them Able

Disables are now able to mean that disabled peoples are not disabled anymore. There are a lot of machines
and devices made for them by which they become able to do activities.
Technology makes everything possible nearly. Artificial hands and feet are invented recently for people who
have some kind of disabilities of hands and feet.
By using these artificial hands and feet they become able to use their hands properly and walk properly.
There are a lot more devices invented which are used by different people who have some kind of disability.
7. Technology Artificial Intelligence
The upcoming technology is based on artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is the new era and concept of technology in which everything is based on technology.
Any kind of work will be based on technology.
In artificial intelligence basically, the scientist makes a human-like brain that can do all work by itself and
also think about the decision they have to make in working.
Human has not had to think anymore because artificial intelligence will be able to think that what to do and
how to do it.

8. Banking through Modern Technology

Banking is also improved by technology. Now a day’s technology is almost used in every bank.

The main purpose of technology is to make work easy for people and due to technology banking becomes
very easy for people.
Online transactions and ATM machines make it very for people to make any kind of transaction from their
home or from any ATM machine.
They do have not to visit the make and wait and struggle in line at the bank, they can easily make any kind
of transaction from their home online or from the ATM machine in their area.
Credit cards and debit cards are also a kind of technology.
With the help of these cards, people do have not to take any money into their pockets. They can easily use
these cards for buying and selling.

9. Technology Used for Purchasing and Selling

Purchasing and selling have become very easy due to modern technology. People can buy and sell their
products online through the internet easily.
There are different kinds of online websites and software that provide selling and purchasing online services
(like AMAZON, ALIBABA, OLX, etc.)
People do have not to do a lot of work for that, they have only to open any kind of e- commerce website and
select the product they want to purchase enter their details card number, or delivery type if they want to give
it by hand, and click on the purchase button.
The product which they buy is delivered within a few days. They do have not to struggle for them.
Also, they can order food for themselves. There are a lot of shops available in the market which provide
online ordering and delivery systems.
People have just to open their website or application and select their desired food and order it, and it will be
delivered in a few minutes to their home.

10. Technology Used in Transportation

Technology plays a vital role in transportation. In today’s world, transportation becomes very easy due to
technology.
Cycles to cars and airplanes are a kind of transportation technology. By which people can go from place to
destination places.
Without these kinds of technology, we cannot imagine going on a journey.
We can easily judge from the fact of the distance between SAUDI ARABIA and PAKISTAN is about 2500
km. We can easily cover it for a maximum of 3 hours.
Before the invention of these vehicles, people spend a lot of time a maximum of 1 year to reach Saudi
Arabia from Pakistan.
So, technology makes our journey easier for us.

11. Technology Used for Communication

In today’s world communication has become very easy for people to contact and communicate with people
around the world, and it is because of communicational technology.
Mobile phones are the best example of communication technology.
Through mobile phones and social media, people can contact and can communicate with people, friends,
and relatives around the world very easily and at less cost.
Before the invention of mobile phones and telephones, people used letters for communication with their
relatives and friends.
It was very difficult for people to communicate through letters because sending letters takes a lot of time and
also charges money.
But after the invention of telephones and mobile phones, it becomes very easy for people to communicate
with their relatives within seconds.
Through mobile phones, we can also communicate with our relatives and friends through video calls.
And I think this is one of the best advantages of technology for people. It saves time and also money for the
people in communication.

12. Technology Used in Agriculture

Technology plays a significant role in the agriculture field.
Nowadays forming becomes very easy. There are a lot of specialized machines used in the forming, such as
a different kind of tractor, harvesters, and planters.
Technology changes the era of formers working in agriculture. Forming become very easy for the formers
due to the new inventions of technology.
They can easily work in less time in the form of technological machines.

13. Technology Easy Access to Information

The Internet is the latest invention of technology and the Internet is the world of information. Any kind of
information is available on the Internet.
There is nothing that we can say is not available on the internet.
Basically, the internet uses different kinds of search engines like Google, Bing, yahoo, and many more.
By which we can find our interest in the information.
For finding the relevant information simply we have to open different kinds of search engines we use and
write the thing we want to find out the information about.
And it shows us the top result in the search. Basically, there are a lot of blogs that have the best ever
information available given by the writers.
Before the internet it was very difficult for people to access information, they were used to reading different
kinds of big books for information.
But after the internet, it becomes very easy for them to access information.

14. Technology Improved Housing and Lifestyles

Technology plays a significant role in the lifestyles of human lives. It always develops and improves, and
gives new ideas to people to improve their lives.
Today’s world lifestyle is totally different from the 20 years before. If people belong to the past see today’s
technological world, they will be shocked to see the new technological inventions.
Technology always gives new ideas and lifestyles to people. The people make new inventions for a better
life.

15. Technology Solar Electrical Power

Solar power is the process of harnessing energy from our closest star: the sun!
These cells are usually made from silicone; it’s fantastic that we have such abundant and readily available
material as a resource for collectible energy.
Solar power is a new invention of today’s world. Solar power technology is a new kind of technology that is
pollution-free.
It does not produce any kind of pollution as other technological machines produce pollution when used. (Like
an electrical generator).
This is one of the best benefits of solar power technology in that it doesn’t damage our environment.
Solar power technology is very famous nowadays, it is used in different areas.
The upcoming modern technology is completely based on solar power technology.
It is used in motor cars, street lights, hand torches, buildings, homes, factories, etc. to produce electrical
energy from the sunlight.

16. Technology Increased Productivity of the People

Modern technology increased a lot the productivity of people.
Works that need a lot of time, resources, and workers can be easily done with the help of modern
technological devices and machines in less consuming time, resources, and workers. Which can increase
your productivity and result in also increase in profitability.
Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents of Science, Technology and Society

SCIENCE
 The term Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge”
 A branch of study or knowledge involving the observation, investigation, and discovery of general
laws or truths that can be tested systematically.
 Biology- is the study of living things.
Chemistry -is the field of study that focuses on the substances that compose matter.
Physics -is concerned mostly with the properties and nature of energy and matter

TECHNOLOGY
 The word technology comes from two Greek words: techne, meaning "art" or "craft", and logos,
meaning "logic" or "reason.”
 Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge
being used for practical purposes.
 Computers, Artificial intelligence, Internet, Robotics, Social media, Smartphone etc.

Earliest Technology
Made nearly two million years ago, Stone tools such as this are the first known technological invention.
Using another hard stone as a hammer, the maker has knocked flakes off both sides of a basalt (volcanic
lava) pebble so that they intersect to form a sharp edge. This could be used to chop branches from trees,
cut meat from large animals or smash bones for marrow fat— an essential part of the early human diet. The
flakes could also have been used as small knives for light duty tasks.

SOCIETY
 Had its origin in the Latin societas, a "friendly association with others, "from socius meaning
"companion, associate, and comrade or business partner."
 Defined as 'a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture’.

Earliest Civilization
Mesopotamia is located in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is called the “Cradle
of Civilization” because many of the world’s oldest civilizations began in this area. The first civilization to
emerge was Sumer.
Mesopotamia means “land between two rivers” in Greek. It is the oldest civilization discovered.
Mesopotamia emerged in approximately 10,000 BC and was located where present-day Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Syria, and Turkey lie. The Greeks labeled this ancient culture. Mesopotamia after the Euphrates and Tigris
rivers. These rivers provided fertile ground and enabled civilization to thrive.

Defining STS
 It is an interdisciplinary field of academic teaching and research, with elements of a social
movement, having as its primary focus the explication and analysis of science and technology as
complex social constructs with attendant societal influences entailing myriad epistemological,
political, and ethical questions (“Science, Technology, And Society Studies, ” 2021).
 Learning with the STS approach helps students develop cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
abilities that are fully formed from within the student.
 The study of how social, political and cultural principles influence scientific research and
technological progress, and how they, in turn, impact society.