AST III

AST L Notes

William Gilbert - great physicist, invent the “The Magnetism”

William Watson – Scientist, electricity

Luigi Galvani – animal electricity

Benjamin Franklin - Founder of electricity

Electricity - is a flow of electrons from an area high in electron exist. To the one lower in electron
content

The Phenomena of Electricity is:

a) Invisible
b) Causes the wire to become hot.
c) causes the magnetic field to develop around the wire
d) can be put to work driving pumps, blows, fans etc.

Electron - state that all the matter on electricity.

Definition of terms

Matter - substances that has weight and occupies space.

Molecule – the smallest particle of the matter w/o retains Alf of The properties of the original
substances

Compound - substance whose molecule contain two or more elements

Elements - a substance that cannot be broken-down by chemical.

Atom - the smallest particle of the elements that contains all of the properties of the elements.

Proton - a particle w/ a positive electrical charge.

Electron - particle w/ a negative electrical charge.

Neutron - a particle that carries no electrical charge

Electrostatic field - the spare around a charge body in w/e the infidence is felt.

Nucleus - the center of the atom that contains the proton. And neutron.
Atomic number – the number of protons in nucleus of an atom on the number of electrons in the
orbit of on atom.

Mass number – The sum of the protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom

Ion - a changed atom

Neutral atom – an atom w/ an equal numbers of protons. and neutrons.

Free Electrons – electrons in the outer shell that easily move from the atom to another.

Conductor - substances that contains many free electrons.

Electron flow – the movement of (an) electrons of negative to positive ion.

Parts of Atom: (-) Electron(+)protons - Electrostatic charge

Two kinds of Electricity

A. Static Electricity - at rest

B. Dynamic electricity In motion

Sources of Electricity

Friction - is generated by the atom of friction between two materials.

Chemical Action - batteries

Heat Action - two dissolution metals bonded together is a conjunction when heard.

Light Action – solar cell

Pressure - turbine generator-electricity

Mechanical action - machine

Chapter 2 Current

Two factors that have a charging

-Their charge

-The distance between them.

Electrical charge – is created by the displacement of electrons.

Electric Current - consist of the drift of electrons from an area of negative charge to an area of positive
charge.

Ampere - Is the measure of current flow (A)

Ampere – represents the amount of current past in a point in one second.

I = Q/T
Coulomb – is a unit for measuring charging

Scientific Notation – is a means of using single digit number plus power of ten to express large and
small number.

Exponent – indicates the number of decimal places to the right or left of the decimal point in the
number.

CHAPTER 3. VOLTAGE

Potential Difference or Voltage – the force that causes electrons to move in a common direction.

Generator – can produce either direct current and alternating current

2 types of Generator

1.Direct current (DC) generator – the electron flows only in one direction. Example.
CAR/TRUCK/SAKYANAN

2.Alternating current (AC) generator – the electron flows in one direction they in the opposite
direction.

Cell – consists of two dissimilar metals, copper, and zinc, immersed in a salt, acid, alkaline solution.

Solar cell – consists of photosensitive materials mounted between metal contacts.

Photovoltaic – material use for solar cell

Thermocouple – consists of two dissimilar metal wires twisted together.

Piezoelectric effect – when a pressure is applied to a certain crystalline materials such as quartz,
tourmalines, rochelle salts or barium ternate, a small voltage is produce. (VOLCANO)

CELLS AND BATTERIES

BATTERIES – a combination of two or more cells.

TWO TYPES OF CELLS

1.Primary cell – cell that cannot be charge

2.Secondary cell – cell that can be recharge

EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY CELL

1.Leclanche cell – dry cell

2.Alkaline cell – it is named because of the highly caustic based potassium hydrochloride use as an
electrolyte
3.Lithium cell – it is reactive with water

EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY CELL

1.Lead acid battery – used in auto mobility(truck)

2.Nickel cadmium – it is a dry cell that can be recharged many times

Ampere hours – ability of a battery to deliver power continuously

CONNECTING CELLS AND BATTERIES

TYPES OF CONNECTING BATTERIES

1. SERIES
2. PARALLEL
3. SERIES-PARALLEL

TYPE OF CONNECTING SERIES

1.Series-aiding configuration – the positive terminal of the first cell is connected to the negative
terminal of second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell is connected to the negative terminal
of the third cell and so on

2.Series-opposing configuration – the cells or batteries are connected with like terminals together,
negative to negative or positive to positive

3.Parallel configuration – all the positive terminals are connected together and all the negative
terminals are connected together.

TWO TYPES OF VOLTAGE IN ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT

1.Voltage Rise – potential energy or voltage introduced into a circuit

2.Voltage Drop – the energy given up

Ground – is a term used to identify zero potential (60 volts)

TWO TYPES OF GROUND

1.EARTH – refrigerator

2.ELECTRICAL – in automobile, ship

CHAPTER 4: RESISTANCE

Resistance – opposition to the flow of current

Factors that affect the Resistance:

1.Material itself

2.cross-sectional Areas

3.Length

4.Temperature

R = p l/a

A = d² (Area Formula)

R = resistance in ohms

A = cross sectional area of a wire in a square mils

P = (rho) a specific resistance in ohm-mils/square feet

L = length of the wire in ft.

Conductance – the term in electricity that is opposite in resistance.

Mho – unit of conductance

W – symbol (G)

Resistance – is the property of all electrical components

Resistor – components manufactures to possess a specific value of resistance to the flow of current.

Resistor’s Tolerance – the amount that the resistors may vary and still be acceptable.

Types of Resistors

1.Fixed – value is fixed/ cannot be adjusted

2.Variable – value can be adjusted

3 major category of resistor

1.molded carbon composition – it is the common used resistors in the electronics current

2.wire wound resistor – is constructed of a nickel-chromium alloy wire wound on a ceramic form

3.film resistor – offer a small size of composition resistor with the accuracy of the wire wound resistor.

Surface mount resistor – ideal for small circuit operation

Variable resistor – allow the resistance to vary

Two types of Variable Resistor

1.potentiometer – a variable resistor used to control voltage(radio)

2.rheostat – a variable resistor used to control current(generator)

THREE IMPORTANT TYPES OF RESISTIVE CURRENT:

1.Series circuit – two or more resistors provides one path for current to flow.

2.Parallel circuit – contains two or more resistors and provides two or more paths for current to flow.

3.Series-parallel – is a combination of series and parallel circuit

LAWS OF A SERIES CURRENT

1.The first law states that the individual resistance in a series circuit add up to, to the total circuit
resistance

2.The second law states that the current has the same value at any point with in a series current

3.The third law states that the individual voltage across the resistor in a series circuit adds up to the total
applied to that current

PARALLEL CIRCUIT LAWS

1.The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same as the voltage across each branch of the current

2.The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of individual branch current

3.The total resistance in a parallel circuit is always less or approximately equal to the value of the
smallest resistive branch

THREE WAYS TO FIND THE RESISTANCE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1.Reciprocal Technique

2.Sum-over sum Technique

3.Special Shortcut Formula

OHMS LAW

1.CURRENT

2.VOLTAGE

3.RESISTANCE
Electric circuit – the path the current follows

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS CONSISTS OF:

1.VOLTAGE

2.SOURCE

3.LOAD

Voltage source – established a difference of potentials that the current to flow.

Load – it consists of some type of resistance to current to flow

Ohms Law – states that the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the Resistance.

Current = voltage/resistance ( I = v/k)

Resistance = voltage/current ( R = v/i)

Voltage = I x R

Series Current:

I total = i1 = i2 = i3 = iN(2nd Law)

V total = v1+v2+v3+vN(3rd Law)

R total = R1+R2+R3+RN(1st Law)

Parallel:

I total = i1 + i2 + i3 + iN(2nd Law)

V total = v1 = v2 = v3 = vN(1st Law)

R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/RN(3rd Law)

POWER
Electrical Power – the rate at which heat is being generated
Mechanical Power – the rate at which work is done
W (WATTS) – is the unit of power
HORSEPOWER(HP) 1 HP = 746 WATTS
WATTMETER – is the instrument used un measuring power
1kw = 1000 watts
Watt-hour – energy consumed in measuring the electrical
circuits
COST – watts x hours x pesos/kwh / 1000

Percent Efficiency - is the ratio of the output power to the

input power and is less than 100 percent.
Percent efficiency – output power / input power x 100
Output power - input-losses
Input power – output+losses
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

TWO TYPES OF METER

1.Analogue meter – which uses a graduated skill with a pointer
2.Digital meter – which provides a reading in numbers
- easy to read

Ammeter – is used to measure current in a circuit.

Voltmeter – is used to measure the voltage (or difference of
potential) between two points.
Ohmmeter – is use to measure the Resistance
Multimeter – is used to measure the voltage, resistance a small
value of direct current and current.
Megger – instrument to measure the insulation resistance of
wire

Two types of multimeter

1.Volt – ohm multimeter - (VOM)
2.Digital multimeter – DMM
ADVANTAGES OF DMM over VOM
1.Easier readability resulting in higher accuracy with smaller
voltage
2.Autoranging capability
3.Autozeroing for resistance reading
4.Autolock of displayed value
DISADVANTAGES OF DMM(DIGITAL MULTIMETER)
1.Requirements for batteries or other source of electricity
2.Voltage limitation that exceeded could seriously damage the
meter
3.Inability to measure instantaneous change in a signal that is
faster than sampling time

MAGNETISM
Magnetism – came from the word “magnet”
Magnet – is derived from a magnetite the name of mineral
found in magnesia a part of Asia minor

Three types of magnet

1.Natural Magnet
2.Artificial Magnet
3.Electromagnet

Shapes of magnet
1.horseshoe
2.bar or rectangle
3.ring

Kinds of magnet
1.Permanent magnet – magnet that retain their magnetic
properties
2.Temporary magnet – magnet that retains only small portion
of their magnetic properties.

Materials that becomes a magnet

1.Alnico (aluminum, nickel, & cobalt)
2.Cunife (copper, nickel, and Iron)

Magnetism – a property of magnet can be traced to the atom

Ferromagnetic Material – a materials that respond to magnetic
field
Magnetic Field – consist of invisible force lines that surround a
magnet.
Flux line – the line of force on the magnetic field
Permeability – the ability of a magnet to accept magnetic lines
of force.
Magnetic induction – is the effect a magnet has on an object
without a physical contact.
Retentivity – the ability of a material to retain its magnetic field
after the magnetizing force is removed
Electromagnetic induction – is the principle behind generation
of electricity
Induced voltage – the voltage produced by a conductor
Faradays Law – the basic law of electromagnetism. It states that
the induced voltage of a conductor is directly proportional to
the rate at which the conductor uses the magnetic field

TWO TYPES OF GENERATOR

1.AC generator (alternating current) – converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy by utilizing the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
2.DC generator (direct current) – mas dako lang ni siyag wire
PARTS OF THE GENERATOR
1.Armature – rotation loop or parts
2.Field – the source of electromagnetic field

Relay – an electromechanical switch that opens and closes the

electromagnetic coils.

APPLICATIONS OF A RELAY
1.DOORBELL
2.SOLENOID
3.LOUDSPEAKER

INDUCTANCE - is the characteristics of an electrical conductor

that opposes the change of current flow. COIL
INDUCTOR – is a device that stores energy in a magnetic field.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTANCE

-When a current flows through a conductor it generates a
magnetic field through a conductor.

Henry – Unit of inductance

H - symbol

TYPES OF INDUCTOR
1.Fixed – cannot be adjusted
2.Variable – can be adjusted

Kinds of Inductor
1.Air-core inductor – an inductor without core materials
2.Torroid cores – are donut-type and offer a high resistance for
a small size
3.Laminated iron-core inductor – use for all large inductors

Laminated iron-core – are inductor known also as CHOKES

Series inductance ; Parallel Inductance;

Lt = L1+L2+L3. 1/Lt = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3
Time constant – is the time required for current through a
conductor to increase to 63.29% or decrease to 38.8% of the
maximum current.

CAPACITANCE – allows the storage of energy in an electrostatic

field.
Capacitance – is the ability of a device to store electrical energy
in an electrostatic field.
Capacitor – is a device that possesses a specific amount of
capacitance
Capacitors – is made of two conductors separated by an
insulators.

The Conductor are called PLATES

The Insulators are called DIELECTRIC

Farad (F) – basic unit of capacitance

Farad – is the amount of capacitance that can store 1 coulomb

(c) of charge when the capacitor is charge to 1 volt
TWO TYPES OF CAPACITOR
1.Fixed capacitor – it has a definite value that cannot be charge.
2.Variable capacitor – is one whose capacitance can be changed
its value

FOUR FACTORS AFFECT THE CAPACITANCE OF A CAPACITOR

1.Area of the plate
2.Distance between the plates
3.Type of dielectric materials
4.Temperature

Dielectric constant – is the measure of the effectiveness of

materials.

KINDS OF CAPACITOR
1.Electrolyte capacitor – offers a large capacitance to a small
size and weight
2.Paper capacitor – constructed by a rolled foil techniques of
paper
3.Plastic capacitor – it is rolled foil technique of plastic
4.Ceramic disk capacitor – is popular because it is inexpensive
to produce

Capacitor in series connected;

1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3

Capacitor in parallel connected;

Ct = C1+C2+C3

Rc time constant – It reflects the relationship between time and

resistance and capacitance

T=RC
T = time in seconds
R = Resistance in Ohms
C = capacitance in Farads