Shafting, Flat belt and IC Engine (Mostute 1) Shafting, Flat belt and IC Engine Ques 1) What is shaft? Also discuss the different types of shaft. Or Discuss the different types of shaft and also give their advantages and disadvantages. Ans: Shaft Shaft is basically the rotating component of any machine, which is round in the cross section and is used for passing the power from one part to another or from the power producing machine to the power absorbing machine. For the transmission of power, one end of the shaft is connected with power source and the other end of the shaft is connected with the machine. Shaft can be solid or hollow according to the requirement, hollow shaft helps in. reducing weight and provide advantage. Shafts are generally subjected to bending moment, torsion and axial force or a combination of these three. So the shafts are designed depending upon the combination of loads it is subjected, Spindle stub and axle are some important types of shaft. ‘Small shaft is called spindle. Shaft integral part of the rime mover is called stub shaft. ‘An axle is a non-rotating member that carties no torque land is used to support rotating wheels, pulleys ete. And therefore is subjected to bending moment only. ‘Types of Shafts ‘Various types of shafts are: 1) Transmission Shaft: These shafts are stepped shafts which are used for transmitting power between one sources to the other machine absorbing power. On stepped portion of shaft gear, hub or pulley are mounted for transferring motion. Example: Overhead shafts, line shafts, counter shafts and all factory shafts. 2) Axle Shaft: These shafis supports rotating element Such as wheel and can fit in the housing with bearing but the axle is a non-rotating clement ‘These are mostly used in vehicles. Example: Axle in automobiles. 3) Spindle Shaft: These are the rotating part of machine; it holds the tool or, workspace. They are short shaft which is used in machines. Example: Spindle in lathe machine. 4) Machine Shafts These shafts are inside part of the assembly and they are integral part of machine. Example: Crankshaft in car engine is @ machine shaft Advantages of Shafts 1) They are less likely to jam, 2) They need less maintenance in comparison to chain system, 3) They have high torsional strength, 4) They have high value of polar moment of inertia. '5) They are very strong and less likely to be failure, Disadvantages of Shafts 1) Due to loose coupling they have power loss. 2). They vibrated while rotation. 3) They generate a constant noise. 4) Manufacturing and maintenance costs are high. 5). Difficult in manufacturing. 6) Changing the speed of shaft is not easy. Ques2) What is shaft material? Describe material properties for shaft. or Define shaft material. Which type of material use for shaft manufacturing? ‘Ans: Shaft Mater ‘The material used for ordinary shafts is mi steel. When high strength is required, alloy steel such as nicKel, nickel- Chromium or chrosium:vanadTar sees used. Shafts are generally formed by hot rolling and finished to size by ning and grinding. Material Properties for Shaft 1) Itshould have high strength 2) It should have good machinability 3) It should have low notch sensitivity factor. 4) It should have good heat treatment properties. 5) It should have high wear resistant properties. Material Use for Shaft Manufacturing The Tague, nogeferus materials and nanemetals are thea scaRan mera Uepending onthe application, Some ofthe common ferous malstals wsed for shaft. are Aiseussed below 1) HotReted Plain Carbon Steels These materials are leaytexpemsive Since it is hoc rolled. sealig aiwiye-present on the ‘surfacoand machining required rorake the surface smooth4 2) ColéPrawn Plain Carhon/Atloy | Composition: Gee it ie, cold drawn it has got its inherent Sharscteristies of smooth ight finish. Amount of Sachining therefore is Minimal, Fetter yield siren ching tc ely Hest Tor ener purpose transmission shaft, The material used) for Brdinary shafts is carbon steel of grades “Cs, "Cx. "Cx and “Cys — 3) Alloys Steel: Alloy stecl as one can understand is @ jninture of various elements with the parent steel to Jmprove certain physical properties. To retain the total ndvantage of alloying materials one requires heat treatment of the machine components after it has been manufactured. Nickel, chromium and vanadium are tome of the common alloying materials. However, Moy steel is expensive. When a shaft of high strength is required, then alloy stect vc nickel nickel clfomim or chrome-vanadium steeT is uses ‘Ques 3) Explain design considerations for shaft. Ans: Design Considerations for Shaft im ‘Shafts are designed for strength or rigidity or for both. The strength of the shaft is of Soe ve ‘where shock and CyCHERTE present. The shafts iavanable Tail by fatigue and failure starts from the point of stress concentration such as Key slots, threaded portion etc. Rigidity is the consideration for long shafis which are subjected otending moment and torque due to the deflection of ShThe postion of the gear" mounted on the shafts changes, resulting in stress concentration dynamic toad and noise in gears. ‘If critical speed of the engine is near the natural frequency fof the shaft, the torsional or lateral vibration of the shaft ‘will be violent and the shafts will fail. If it happened that natural frequency of the system is near exciting frequency ‘of the system is near the exciting frequency of the ‘machine. Then shaft diameter should be altered to change the frequency of the system, For the design of shaft following methods are adopted, 1) Design Based on Strength: In this method, design is carried out so that stress at any location of the shaft should not exceed the material yield stress. However, no consideration for shaft deflection and shaft twist is included. 2) Design Based on Stiffness: Basic idea of design in such case depends on the allowable deflection and twist of the shaft 3) Design Based on Rigidity: In some applications, the shafts are designed on the basis of torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity. 4) Design Based on Critical Speed: In some applications, the shafts are designed on the basis of critical speed of the shaft. Ques 4) Discuss causes of failure in shaft. ‘Ans: Causes of Failure in Shaft ‘Whether related to motors, pumps or any other types of © industrial machinery, shaft failure analysis is frequently misunderstood, often being perceived as difficult and B.Tech, Seventh Semester TP Solved Series (Design of Machine Elements) KTU expensive, For most machine shafts. however, analysis should be relatively straightforward. That's because the failure typically provides. strong clues to the type and magnitude of forces on the shaft and the direction they acted in: The failed parts will tell exactly what happened. ‘There are only following basic failure mechanisms: 1) Corrosion and Wear: The corrosion and wear almost never cause machine-shaft failures and, on the rare ‘occasions they do, leave clear evidence. Of the other two mechanisms, fatigue is more common than overload failure, Many times corrosion will act in conjunction with fatigue loading to cause @ shaft failure. 2) Overload: Overload failures are caused by forces that exceed the yield strength or the tensile strength of a material. As depicted in Figure 1-1, the appearance of an overload failure depends on whether the shaft ‘material is brittle or ductile. 3) Fatigue: Fatigue is caused by cyclical stresses. and the forces that cause fatigue failures are substantially fess than those that would cause plastic deformation. Confusing the situation even further is the fact that corrosion will reduce the fatigue strength of material, The amount of reduction is dependent on both the severity of the corrosion and the number of stress cycles. ‘TENSION Original shape Brite Ductile a 4 cee ‘COMPRESSION oo Figure L.1: The appearance of an overload faire depends on whether the shaft materials britle or ductile rosion and Once they are visible to the naked eye, cracks alw: . c cracks always grow perpendicular to the plane of maximum stress. Figure 1.2 shows the fracture planes caused by four common fatigue forces. Because the section properties will change as the crack grows, i's crucial for the analyst to look carefully at the point where the fale stats vo determine te dee of the forces, oe For example, while it is common for torsional fatigue forces to initiate a failure, the majority of the’ crack Propagation could be in tension. That's beeause the shaft hhas been weakened and the torsional eter the torsional resonant frequencySing, Mt Yet and HC Engin (Mee 1 I Ay Antemmal — este Bending Tosion Team 3 common flee change mth rack efully atthe point whee the Taitue starts to determine the direction af the couree ‘The condition or roughness of the fracture surface is one of the most important points 10 look at in analysing a failure because of the difference between overload failures.” and fatigue failures. With overload failures because the crack travels at a constant rate the surface is uniformly rough. Fatigue-induced cracks, however, travel across the fracture face at ever-increasing speeds, As a result, the typical fatigue fracture face is relatively smooth near the corigin(s) and ends in a comparatively rough final fracture, Progression Origin GE Deesvistac ove Figure 13: this type plan bending ftv alte shows ess crac lao toro oad foul growsacon te reaches the boundary of the inrate nerease significantly fatigue zone. When the crac Instantaneous zoe is gre A ypical plane bending failure is depicted is Figure 1.3. ‘The track started at the origin and slowly grew across the Fatigue Zone (FZ). When it reached the boundary of the Instantaneous Zone (IZ) the crack growth rate increased tremendously and the crack travelled across the IZ at approximately 8000 fusec. During the period of growth across the FZ, there may be ‘change in the loading on the shaft which results in change in the surface that appears as progression marks. Ques 5) Describes the process of shaft design based on strength. or Explain design process of shaft for static load. pl ign Ans: Process of Shaft Design Based on Strength or Design Process of Shaft for Static Load A shaft subjected to statécloads is’ generally designed for strength using different theories of failure. ‘The shaft design should also consider torsional and lateral rigidity criterion in 5 Lases, the shaft rotates and many case. In most or practical caves, the shat ote 20 hence subjected to fatigue loading. are subjected to axial tensile force, bending moment OF torsional moment or their combinations, Most of the mission shafts are subjected to combine bending and {torsional moments, ‘The design of transmission shaft consists of determining the correct shaft diameter from strength and rigidity considerat Design of shafts based on strength is again done on 1) Shafts subjected to twisting loads / torque. afts subjected to bending only. 3) Shafts subjected to torque and bending. 4) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to torque and bending. When the shaft is subjected to axial tensile force (F), the tensile stress (G, ) is given by, F o,-— ma a When the shaft is subjected to pure bending moment (M), the bending stresses (G,) are given by. @ on 6, When the shaft is subjected to pure torsional moment, the torsional shear stress is given by, we Td or, c= 1ST @ ws When the shaft is subjected to a combination of axial force then bending moment and torsional moment are: eG) subjected to a combination of bending sats without any axial force are: (5) ‘The value of @ and oy in Equation (4) and (5) are obtained from Equation (1) and (2) respectively. ‘The principle stress 61 is given by, or 0 -(2)+4(%) +0" wat‘ MTech, ‘The principle shear sees ta Hs BiveN by, oF tm 8) #00? wn) OF toe YES] +00) « uations (1) to 7) are fundamental equations for design of shafls, Simple. expression. can. he developed by combining the atowe equations. The shaft can he designe on the basis of maxinom principal sess corso maximum shear siress theory. Apply these theories transmission shaft subjected to. combined ben torsional moments, 1) Mavimum Principal Stress Theory: The maximum principal stews isa, since the shaft is subjected. 0 Sending. and torsional moments. without any axial ng and foe tt ©) Sebsingogton (nd in ation «(25 -(2y rd® rd nd 26) 7} 9 ool] 00 The expression Molo is called ‘equivalent bending moment’, ‘The equivalent bending moment is defined as the bending moment, which when acting alone, will produce the same bending stresses (tensile and compressive) in the shaft as under the combined action of bending ‘moment (M)and torsional moment (T). ‘The permissible value of maximum principle stress is given by: Cie ly Equations (8) and (9) are used to determine shaft diameter on the basis of principal stress theory 2) Maximum Shear Stress Theory: The principal shear stress is Twa Substituting equation (8) and (9) in (Cy Gy (04)? + CrP is called “equivatent torsional moment’. The equivalent torsional moment is defined as the torsional moment, which when acting alone, will produce the same torsional shear stress in the shaft as under the combined action of bending ‘moment (M) and torsional moment(T). 12) ‘The expression ‘Seventh Semester TP Solved Series (Design of Machine Elements) KTU According to maximum shear stress theory: 0.56, (13) ‘The permissible value of maximum shear stress is given by: eed) shaft diameter on the basis of maximum shear stress, theory. ‘The maximum shear stress theory is applicable to ductile material, Since the shafts are of ductile material, it is more logical to apply this theory to shaft design rather than designing the shaft on the basis of principal stress theory. ‘Ques 6) A shaft made of mild steel is required to transmit 100 KW at 300 RPM the supported length of the shaft is 3 metres. It carries. two pulleys each weighing 1500 N supported at a distance of 1 metre from the ends respectively. Assuming the safe value of stress determine the diameter of the shaft. ‘Ans: Given: P = 100 kw = 100 x 104; N = 300 RPM; L= 3m; W= 1500. ‘The torque transmitted by the shaft p= P60 _ 100%10° X60 _ 593m aN 2nx300 ‘The shaft carrying the two pulleys is like a simply supported beam as shown in Figure 1.4 the reaction at each support will be 1500 N ie. Ry= Ry = 1500N, 1500 Figure 14 A little consideration will show that the maximum bending, ‘moment lies at each pulley ive. tC and D Equivalent twisting moment 1, = VM? +1? = Y(1s00F +@183) = 3519 —m 3519 x 10°N-mm Equivalent twisting moment (T.), 3519%10? = Exexd = 2 x60xd? 16 **' S 16 cha =11.827-(assuming>ee = 60N/m?) 1519 x 1011.8 = 298 x 10; ord = 66.8 say 70 mm,Shafting. Flat belt and 1€ Engine (Mestote 1) Ques 7) Describe the process of shaft design b halt design based on Fits: " Ang: The Process of Shaft Design Htased on Rigidity Income applications, the shally re seslpe ea ne the basis of: 1)" Torstonal Rigidity: A transmission shaft iss fe Tzid on the xis ef tominoe ae tid te does HOt Wist-too much external torg 2) Lateral Rigidity: The a sido the basis of lateral agi Ht es set too meh der the ation ef exer nee plteen eee In certain applications, like machine tool spindles, it is necessary t© design the shaft on the basis. of torsional rigidity, ic.. on the basis of permissible angle of twist per metre length of shaft, The angle of twist ‘q," (in radians) is given by Converting 6, from radians to degrees (0), 180 TL x ) o= x IG For solid circular shaft, J a7 om) Combination Equations (1) and (2), = 58k 28) Ga Where, = angle of twist (deg.) L= length of shaft subjected to twisting moment (mm) torsional moment (N-m) used to design the shaft on the basis of permissible angle of plication is 0.25° per meier per meter length is the Equation (3) torsional rigidity. The twist for machine too! Jength for line shafts. 3) limiting value. Ques 8) Describe critical speed of shaft with suitable diagram, ‘Ans: Critical Speed of Shaft “The critical speed of the shaft is the speed at which the rotating shaft becomes dynamically unstable and starts (0 vibrate violently in a transverse direction.” For any shaft; there are a number of critical speeds. The designing of shaft is mainly considgred ‘first’ or lowest critical speed. Occasionally, the'second’ critical speed is considered. The other critical speeds are so high that they are outside the range of operating speeds. {Second critical soeed Figure 1.5: Critical Speed of shaft 1 speed oF whirling speed is given by. ©. iE & m V8 Where, Stiffness ofthe shaft M: Mass of the pulley or gear 8: Static deflection of the shaft in meter. When a shaft carries n pulleys or gears, the critical speed of the shaft may be found by Dunkerley’s Equation, given by pliyt L ae oo} oe Where ©,@:405, are the critical speed of the shaft when each mass is considered. Ques 9) A transmission shaft supported between two earings and carrying two concentrated masses is shown in, Figure 1.6, It is made of steel (E = 207 000 Nimm* Assuming that the shaft has negligible mass, calculated the critical speed. Soke asks i 750 1000 S00 Figure L6 ‘Ans: Given E = 207 000 N/mm? d = 50mm my = 35kg mg = S5kg, Step I: Deflections at mass-A and mass- Suppose the masses of 35 and 55 kg are attached to the shaft at points A and B respectively. 5g = 35(9.81) = 343.35 N. Tech, Seventh Semester TP Solved Series (Design of Machine Elements) KTU “The deflections at these masses are calculated by the method of Sper imposition 6.), low 22) Tb od: * 6EIL pee PERV) Gogg 2 4 5007 2250", 5a wat Ox>a) GEL , Posie +b? (6) pra! ashe?) orn a E1250) Superimposing the deflections: Bx= Cn + Bn : _ = 6.44(io}” —6.37(t0)” _ = 10.1700)" a EL tI Ba= Bada + Budo ' _=A0s0)® , ~ 6.1110)" =10.17(10)° | EI EI et i “The negative sign indicate downward defleetion and it ! neglected. fe ROE RIO) Fe ar) Substituting values 0 fand E, © 5, = z2aitoy" 1.0” Niture 7 rato The deflection (p) a the point B duc to the force at A Cae | == 1750 mm (x>a) 3 Gy), ~ Pal ebet +a2 —214) 2.017 mm = 2.017(10°)m cM. a, = _tourTloy® 10.17(10)" . EL n( (013.35(950{ 2250- vo" (eon eet) eg —— (6), = 1.601 mm = 1.60100) J Ste: Cal pe ofa aes) From equation of ,, 4 = 1750 mm; b = 500 mm, L= 2: ate vi “The deflection (Bq) atthe point A due to the force at B = [silos ssi oro] 3555 cofto™) x= 750mm (F'Shafting. Flat helt nnd 1C Pinging (Mexhite 1) __ femtisse s6i0)* 2779.82(10) * 4.1160) TAM) 07.7590 {Que 10 Give the tats explanation of desi shat for ns: Design Shaft for Fatigue Lod In actual practice. the shafts are suhjected to fu torque and bending moments. n onder to des sul shal Tike line shafts and counter shafts, the combined shock and fanigue factors must he taken into account, forthe computed twisting moment (T,) and bending moment (My, ASME. coe (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) is one of the approaches followed in design of transmission shaft, 7 According (0 AS.M.E, code, the bending and wwisting moment are 0. be multiplied ‘by. factors Ke ‘and iy respectively, to account for shock and fatigue in operating Condition. Therefore, it the shaft is subjected to dynamic foading. Equivalent torque and equivalent bending ‘moment will become. T= kM? +K,T and M, =[kM?+Jk.MP +k? | ‘According to A.S.M.B. code, the permissible shear stress for shaft without keyways is taken as 30% of the yield strength in tension (Gy) or 18% of the ultimate tensile strength of material (Gy) whichever is lower. Therefore, the permissible shear stress (t,) is a) imum) 2) j, (Whichever, is min It shafts have keyways (showm in Figure 1.8); these value have to be reduced by 25%. Key Paley Shatt gure 1.8: Shaft, Key and Polley Assembly ‘To account effect of fatigue and shock load, ASME code incorporates multiplication factor ky, and k, for bending and torsional moments respectively. t= AS fsa? HOTFT 0) Where, ky = combined shock and fatigue factor applied to bending moment. ‘combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional The values of ky and ky for rotating Table Lt i [Table I.t: Muttiptication factors for bending a {ersional maments Ton pe P ually appli Sunldenty applic Minar shock A transmission shaft designed for heavy shock load would fe larger diameter followed by shafts destened for minor shock load and then graduatly applied Toad. As heavy shocks are not involved in the case of deafting rollers, the load can sd as “gradually applied” Ques 11) Explain types of stress cycle in fatigue loading. Ans: Types of Stress Cycle Fatigue Loading “Types of stress eycle fatigue loading are followin: 1). Complete Reversal: In complete reversal type the stress fluctuates around a mean of zero with constant amplitude. 2) Repeated: around ‘amplitude, 3). The Random or Complicated: in random mode both the alternating and mean loads change, either randomly or with a definite pattern In repeated type the stress fluctuates Stress not equal to zero but with constant spite s Figure 1.9: Schematics showing Types of Stress Cyeling/Loading Nucleation and growth of a fatigue crack and the features fon the fracture surface are all st affected by the shape of the part, the type and magnitude of loading exerted on the part in service, residual styesses, and metallurgical and environmental factors,1 i | Ques 12) Toad Ane: Pr Revers wh betwee Amp Using sode Equivalen Accordis Ques 13) between of the shia! MPa. Wh subjected Ans: Gi S6NAnni Size of Let Torque te 1 Teen, Seventh Semester TP Solved Series ( % esti process sha for repented Naf Design for Repeated Load ected to fatigue Yoading which varies £0 Mani Vale Le. Phas to Py ss. 6, = 32Mp . and d Sig = 2M nme equation, equivalent ess is given by, (oF +a, el shall transmits 20 KW at 200 RPM It oad of 900 N and is simply: supported gs 2.5 metres apart. Determine the size allowable shear stress is 42 MPa and the os compressive stress Is not to exceed $6 of the shaft will be required, if it is ma W 56 MPa ofthe shaft inn (itt = 558 — mn = 955%10°N — mm moment of a simply supported stra load. 25 2 5625N = m= 562.5x10°N-mm Design of Machine Elemente) kry bso2.s-ct0'F + (0551 The equivalent ti T= VM +1 HO 10" N = mm y Fquivatent wvisting moment (Tee RK ' . Ve Fc ped' = Bx dad! = 8.250 Hos <10 wd ae 16 , = 1108 «1078.25 = 134.3 * 10 ord = 51.2 am Equivalent bending nom wp offararer | $0007) = 1 (562.5% 108 + 110810" )= 835.25% 10" N~ m Equivalent moment (Mo. §35.25x10' = 2 xo, xd? 2 x56xd! = 5.50" 835.25%10' = Exo, xd" 35 = 835.25 x 10755 = 152 x 10" or d= 534mm, ‘Taking the larger of the two value, d= S3.dsay 55 mm Size of the shaft when subjected to gradually applied load, Letd = Diameter of the shatt Ques 14) A. shaft is supported on bearings A and B, 800 smi between centres. A 20" straight tooth spur gear having lameter, fs focated 200 mam to the right of ‘A and a 700 mm diameter pulley ounted 250 mm towards the left of bearings B. The gear is driven by a pinion worth downward tangential force hile the pulley drives a horizontal belt having. 180" angle ofwrap. ‘The pulley also serves as a flywheel and weight 2000 N, the maximum belt tension is 3000 N and the teu ratio is 3:1, Determine the mi land the necessary shaft di stress of the material is 40 MPa, Ans: Given: AB $00 mins et, = 20" 200 ms wn of Ry = 350 mim ; DB = 250 mm 5 rad : W = 2000 N/T) = 3000 N: 10 MPa = 40 Nimnt n of the shaft is shown ww on the shaft at D. iT Jen )350= 700510 —m is Figure 1.10(a) vom The torte dingram is shows in Figure 1.10(0) Assuming that the tore is D iy equal {0 the tonque at C ‘therefore the tangential Force aeting on the wear ee <(TVTs=3)Shafting. Flat belt and 1C Engine (Moxtule 1) Figure 1.10 For rotating shafts with gradually applied loads. Ke = 1.5 and K, Equivalent twisting moment, T= (KM) +(K, xT = y(.5x562.5x10°)' +(1x955x10') =1274x10°N-m Equivalent twisting moment (T.), 1274x100 xed? = Fe xA2 xd? = 825d? = 1274 x 1078.25 = 154.6 x 10? or d= 53.6 mm ‘The equivalent bending moment, [Kaxm+ fixe) +k 7} | A ik,.xM+T,] 2 2 li.5x 562.510? +1274 x10" }= 1059x10°N -m se acti tat ‘agra (a) Space w (6) Torque diagram, (6) Vertes oad diagram, (@)Htrizonta oad diagram ( Verical BM, diagram, (© Horizontal B.M. diagram. () Resultant BM. diagram, Equivalent bending moment (MJ, Exsoxd? =5:5d" 2 1059x10? = 2 xo, xd 32 1059 x 1075.5 ‘Taking the larger of the two d= 57.7 say 60 mm and the normal load acting on the tooth of gear C, Res 2 2393. :,2333 he €0s20° 0.9397 ‘The normal load acts at 20° to the vertical as shown in, Figure 1.102 Tech, Seventh Semester TP Salved Serles (Design of Machine Elements) KTY Resolving the normal toad vertically and horizontally. we Ret vertical component of We i. e. the vertical load on neting on the shaft me Wo = W " 333N And horizontal component of We ie. the horizontal load acting on the shaft mc Won = Wx sin 20"= 2483 x 0.342 = 849 N Since T 3 anal T) = 3000 N, therefore, T:=TV3 = 300073 = 1000 N Morivontal load acting on the shaft at D, Won = Ti+ Ts = 3000+ 1000 = 4000 N And vertical load acting on the shaft at D Woy = W = 2000N The veric and horizontal load diagram at Cand D is shown in Figure 1.10 (¢) and (d) respectively. Find the maximum bending moment for vertical and honzental loading, First of all consideri ihe vertical loading at C and D. let Rag and Ry be the reactions at the bearing A and B. respectively © Westar" We costo? Figure Ltt Ray-+ Ruy = 2333 + 2000 = 4333 N Taking moments about A, Ruy x 800 = 2000 (800 ~250) + 2333 x 200 1566600 Ruy = 1566600 / 800 = 1958 N and Ray = 4333 — 1958 BM. at A and 8 May = May =0. BM.ac Mey = Ray * 2 = 2375 x 200 = 475 x 10°N- BM. at Mpy = Riy * 250 958 x 250 = 489.5 x 10" Ne ‘The bending moment diagram for vertical loading is shown in Figure 1.10 (e). Now consider the hori Toading at Cand D. Let Ryyx and Anu be the re the bearing A and B respectively. Now, 4349. N Rant Ron = 849 + 4000 “Taking moments about A, Reon 800 = 4000 (800 ~ 250) + 849 x 200 = 2369100 Renn = 2369800 / 800 = 2963 N and Rau = 4849 ~ 2963 1886 « 200 = 377200 N-mm BM. at D, Ry 250 = 2963 x 250 ‘The bending moment diagram for horizontal loading is shown in Figure 1.10 (0) Resultant BM. at C, = Alien 2 Meal = Vle75x10"} + 772007 M, (606552N-mm 140750 N-mm Resultant BM. at D, Mp = iMov + (Mou) = Vl489.5%10'} + (7407507 = 887874N-mm ‘Maximum Bending Moment ‘The resultant B.M. diagram is shown is Figure 1.10 (g), We get that the bending moment is maximum at D, therefore, Maximum B.M. M= Mp 887874 N-mm, Diameter of the shaft Let d = Diameter of the shaft ‘The equivalent twisting moment, a ee . Tes da oe = (onre7s)? «bon <10)F 1131 x 10'N-mm Equivalent twisting moment (T.), 131x10° = 2 xtxa? = 2x 40xd? = 7.860" 16 6 ee 131 x 10°/ 7.86 = 144 x 10" oF d = 52.4 say Ssmm. ‘Ques 15) A shaft is supported by two bearings Im apart. A ‘600mm diameter pulley is mounted at a distance of 300mm, ‘ght of left hand bearing and this drives a pulley ircetly below it with the help of a belt having maximum tension of 225KN. Another pulley 400mm diameter is placed 200mm to the left of right hand bearing and is driven with the help of electric motor and belt, which is placed horizontally to'the right. The angle of contact for both the pulley is 180° and yx = 0.24, Determine the suitab diameter for a solid shaft. The allowable working stress is G3MPa in tension and 42MPa in shear for the material of the shaft. Assume that the torque on one pulley is equal to that on the other pulley. @OIS{IS)): ‘Shafting, Flat belt and IC Engine (Module 1) ‘ = 350mm 800mm, Ge = 20°, De = 6OOmM oF Re 180° = mrad, W = 20008, 7, = 3000N, T)/T the shafts shown in Figure 1.12¢a). ing on the shalt at D, 00 (1 200mm, Dp = 70MM oF Ry JONIevn” 100>10°N mum. (@eTym=) ‘The torque diagram is shown in figure 1.12(b). Assuming th: the torque at D is equal to the torque at C. therefore the tangential force acting on the gear C, Oox10" 1 . 700%10" | 9333N, Ro 300 ‘The normal Toad acting onthe tooth of gear C, N28 Tosa bos 20" peley ™ 8 r fog Sd + ps coon i “ugmebegnas ee i) Torus Dia DN aN ta (c) Vertical Load Diagram. = D . ‘e ton 008 thy in wal Load Diagram. 4 (9 Horizont oat Bis J Ge) Vertical BM, Diagram ee ont Dog ag, (q) Resta Bf, Diagram ; Figure 12 “The normal load sets at 20° to the vertical as shown in Vertical Yoad acting on the shaft at D.Woy = W = 20008 figure. Resolving the nonnal toad vertically and horizontally, Vertical component of We, ie., the vertica ‘The vertical and horizontal load diygram at C and D is oad acting on the shaft at C, shown in figure 1.12 (¢) and (d) respectively. Now find Wey = We 0s 20° = 2483 x 0.9397 = 2333N the maximum bending moment for vertical and horizontal Toading. First of all considering the vertical loading at C Horizontal component of We, ic. the horizontal load and Dand Ray anid Ray be the reactions at the bearings A. acting on the shaft at C, Wow = We sin 20? = 2483 x and B respectively. 0.342 = 849N Since, Ray +R gy = 2333+ 2000=4333N Since T/T: = 3 and T; = 3000N, ‘Therefore, T: = Ty/3 = 3000/3 = 1000N Taking moments about A, we get Ruy 800 = 2000 (800 - 250) + 2333 x 200 1564600 Horizontal load acting on the shaft at, Won =Ti4T: Ruy = 1566600/800 = 1958 3000 + 1000 = 4000N and Ray = 4333 - 1958 = 2375N,“4 WTech, Seve We eon20) Pinure 11 Since, RM at A and B, May ® Mpy 0 BM. at C, Mey Ray 200 2975 % 200 = 475 10'N-n TAM AUD, Myo Ry x 2500 1958 x 250 = AN0.5 x HN The bending moment diagram for vertical loading is shown in figure 1.12 (e), Now consider the horizontal loading at C and D. Let Ray and Ray be the reactions at the hearings A and B respectively. Since, Rant Ruy © 84944000 © ARMIN Taking moments about A. Rint % 800 = 4000 (800 ~ 250) + AY x 200 » 2369800 Rig 2269800/800 = 2963 And Ray ARMY = 2063 o IRBGN Since, BM. at A and B, Man = Mm= 0 BoM. atc, Men = Raw % 200 = 1886 x 200 = 377200 Nem BM. at D, Mon = Ruy x 250 = 2963 x 250 = 740750 Nam aiding is ‘The bending moment diagram for horizontal te shown in figure 1.12 (1, Since, resultant BM at Me = YiMey 4 Moy)? = YTS x10 +377200 (606552N-mm c D, Resultant BM. +(740750)" My = YiMpy)? (My = 887874N-mm yeaso.sxi0? Maximum Bending Moment, ‘The resultant BM. diagram is shown in figure 1.12 QQ. We sce that the bending, moment is maximum at D, therefore Maximum B.M., M= Mp = 887874N-mm Diameter of the shalt, Let, d= Diameter of the shalt ‘The equivalent wvist rev 4t? = Jese7e7ay 1s moet (700% 10")? = VI31x10°N =m ‘The equivalent twisting moment (T.), 1131x108 = i xtxd 7 xd0xd! = 7.86d" 6 O te d's L131 x 1077.86 = 144 x 10° = 52.4 say SSmm