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Tutorial 2

This document provides a tutorial on probability concepts and calculations. It contains 12 problems involving finding probabilities of events related to drawing cards from standard decks and tossing coins and dice. Examples include calculating the probability of drawing certain card combinations or numbers of specific values when dealt hands of cards, as well as probabilities of outcomes when coins are tossed or dice are thrown.

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58 views

Tutorial 2

This document provides a tutorial on probability concepts and calculations. It contains 12 problems involving finding probabilities of events related to drawing cards from standard decks and tossing coins and dice. Examples include calculating the probability of drawing certain card combinations or numbers of specific values when dealt hands of cards, as well as probabilities of outcomes when coins are tossed or dice are thrown.

Uploaded by

hariombsdk69
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Mathematics-I (CDA101), Topic- Probability

Tutorial Sheet #2

1. Prove the following identities:


(a) nk = n

n−k
.
(b) nk + n n+1
 
k+1
= k+1
.
(c) Pnk=0 n
P  n
k
=2 .
(d) P nk=0 n
k
(−1) k
= 0.
(e) P nk=1 n
k
k = n2n−1 .
(f) nk=0 n
k
k(−1)k = 0.

2. If two events A and B can occur and Pr(A) is not zero and Pr(B) is not zero, what
combinations of independent (I), not independent (NI), mutually exclusive (M),
and not mutually exclusive (NM) are permissible? In other words, which of the four
combinations (I, M), (NI, M), (I, NM), and (NI, NM) are permissible? Construct
an example for those combinations that are permissible.

3. Cards are drawn from a standard 52-card deck until the third club is drawn. After
each card is drawn, it is put back in the deck and the cards are reshuffled so that
each card drawn is independent of all others.
(a) Find the probability that the 3rd club is drawn on the 8th selection.
(b) Find the probability that at least 8 cards are drawn before the 3rd club appears.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the cards are drawn without replacement. That is,
after each card is drawn, the card is set aside and not replaced in the deck.

4. I deal myself 3 cards for a standard 52-card deck. Find the probabilities of each of
the following events:
(a) 2 of a kind (e.g., 2 fives or 2 kings),
(b) 3 of a kind,
(c) 3 of the same suit (a.k.a. a flush, e.g., 3 hearts or 3 clubs),
(d) 3 cards in consecutive order (a.k.a. a straight, e.g., 2-3-4 or 10-J-Q).

5. I deal myself 5 cards for a standard 52-card deck. Find the probabilities of each of
the following events:
(a) 2 of a kind,
(b) 3 of a kind,
(c) 2 pair (e.g., 2 eights and 2 queens),
(d) a flush (5 cards all of the same suit),
(e) a full house (3 of one kind and 2 of another kind),
(f) a straight (5 cards in consecutive order).

6. I deal myself 13 cards for a standard 52-card deck. Find the probabilities of each of
the following events:
(a) exactly one heart appears in my hand (of 13 cards);
(b) at least 7 cards from a single suit appear in my hand;
(c) my hand is void (0 cards) of at least one suit.

1
7. Cards are drawn from a standard 52-card deck until an ace is drawn. After each
card is drawn, (if the card is not an ace), it is put back in the deck and the cards
are reshuffled so that each card drawn is independent of all others.
(a) Find the probability that the first ace is drawn on the 5th selection.
(b) Find the probability that at least 5 cards are drawn before the first ace appears.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the cards are drawn without replacement. That is,
after each card is drawn, (if it is not an ace) the card is set aside and not replaced
in the deck.

8. A software manufacturer knows that one out of 10 software games that the company
markets will be a financial success. The manufacturer selects 10 new games to
market. What is the probability that exactly one game will be a financial success?
What is the probability that at least two games will be a success?

9. In pulse code modulation (PCM), a PCM word consists of a sequence of binary


digits (bits) of 1s and 0s.
(a) Suppose thePCMword length is n bits long. Howmany distinct words are there?
(b) If each PCM word, three bits long, is equally likely to occur, what is the prob-
ability of a word with exactly two 1s occurring? Solve this problem in two ways.
First, consider all words in a sample space. Second, suppose each bit is equally
likely

10. In pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), a PAM word consists of a sequence of pulses,
where each pulse may take on a given number of amplitude levels. Suppose a PAM
word is n pulses long and each pulse may take on m different levels.
(a) How many distinct PAM words are there?
(b) If each PAM word, four pulses long, is equally likely to occur and each pulse can
have one of three levels, 0, 1, 2, what is the probability of a PAM word occurring
with exactly two pulses of level 2?

11. A balanced coin is tossed nine times. Find the probabilities of each of the following
events:
(a) exactly 3 heads occurred;
(b) at least 3 heads occurred;
(c) at least 3 heads and at least 2 tails occurred.

12. Two six-sided (balanced) dice are thrown. Find the probabilities of each of the
following events:
(a) a 5 does not occur on either throw;
(b) the sum is 7;
(c) a 5 and a 3 occur in any order;
(d) the first throw is a 5 and the second throw is a 5 or a 4;
(e) both throws are 5;
(f) either throw is a 6.

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