Lesson 3
Pushes and Pulls
What are forces?
Things cannot move by themselves.
You have to use a force to make
something move.
When you play soccer, you kick the
ball to move it across the field. Your kick
is a force. If you did not kick the ball, it
would stay in the same place.
Kicking
Read a Photo
104
Objects in Motion
If you push something, it moves away
from you. A kick is a kind of push. If you pull
something, it moves closer to you. When you
open a drawer, you pull it toward yourself.
A push or a pull is a force.
The man is pushing the man In this game, the children on each
and boy in the wagon. side of the rope are pulling it
towards them.
Quick Check
Write a sentence that tells the effect.
9. Cause Effect
Kick a ball.
Pull a chain.
Push a door.
105
Chapter 6 • Lesson 3
What happens when a force
changes?
When you use a lot of force to throw
a ball, it goes far. When you toss a ball
lightly, it will not go as far. If you use more
force, things move faster and go further. If
you use less force, things move slower and
do not go as far.
He will need to use a lot of force to make a basket.
106
Objects in Motion
Light things are easier to move
than heavy things. You use more
force to move something heavy.
Some objects are so heavy that
people use handcarts, trucks or
cranes to move them.
These basketballs
are heavy! C
A
Pulling down on the string makes it
easier to move the balls.
Quick Check
10. Draw a picture to show how you would move a
heavy box. Write about the force you used.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 107
Chapter 6 • Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Changing Motion
What slows things down?
Friction is a force that slows down
moving things. It happens when two
things rub together. There is more friction
on a rough surface than on a smooth
one. Friction makes it harder to move
something on a rough surface than on a
smooth one.
To slow down, you drag a rubber stopper on
the ground. The dragging causes friction.
108
Objects in Motion
Friction can be helpful.
Running shoes have treads,
or patterns, that add friction.
This keeps runners from
slipping and falling.
Other times, we try to have
less friction. The bottoms of
ballet slippers are smooth so
dancers can slide easily across
the floor.
The bottom of a surfboard
is smooth so it can glide on
the waves.
Quick Check
Circle the answer.
11. There is more friction on a surface.
smooth shiny rough
12. The treads on running shoes friction.
add subtract stop
109
Chapter 6 • Lesson 4
How a Ball Changes Direction
2. The batter uses a
push to hit the ball.
It changes direction
and flies toward
the outfield.
1. The pitcher uses
force to throw
the ball toward
the batter.
How can forces change motion?
Forces can make things change
motion. They can make things speed
up, slow down, stop, and start
moving. Forces can also make things
change direction. In a softball game,
the players use force to change the
direction of a ball’s motion.
110
Objects in Motion
3. The player in the field
catches the ball. He
stops its motion.
Read a Diagram
What kind of force do the players use?
Watch forces at work
@ www.macmillanmh.com
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
13. Forces can change the
of things.
14. In softball, the player that catches the ball
its motion.
-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 111
Chapter 6 • Lesson 4
Vocabulary
Review
Use the clues to find the words. They go
across and down.
1. how far away one thing is from another
2. what is needed to move something
3. when something changes position
4. a force that slows down moving things
5. the place where something is
6. move something closer to you
7. how far something moves in a certain amount of time
8. move something away from you
f g x p u l l y n
l p e u d a p f r
f p o s i t i o n
o c u h s f j m p
r k q u t z l o g
c h n r a v o t s
e v x b n d y i z
m f r i c t i o n
c h s p e e d n a
112
Chapter 6 • Lessons 1–4 • Vocabulary Review
CHAPTER 7
Forces at Work
What can forces do?
Vocabulary
simple machine a attract pull objects
tool that makes the made of iron
force of your push
or pull stronger
lever a simple poles the two
machine that lets parts of a magnet
you use less force to where its pull is the
lift something strongest
ramp a simple repel when the
machine that helps poles of two
you move things to magnets push away
a higher place from each other
gravity a force that sound a kind of
pulls things toward energy you hear
each other
weight the amount vibrates moves
of force an back and forth
object has in a fast way
113
Chapter 7
Lesson 1
Tools and Machines
What makes work easier?
A simple machine makes moving an
object easier. It makes the force of your
push or pull stronger. A lever is a simple
machine that lets you use less force to lift
something. Some examples of levers are
forks, scissors, and seesaws.
A You can use a metal stick as a lever to open
a can of paint.
114
Forces at Work
A ramp is a simple machine
that helps you move things
to a higher place. A wheel is
another simple machine that
helps you move things. Wheels
let you roll objects instead of
lifting them. A Pushing the box up a ramp
is easier than lifting it up.
D The wheels on the
stroller make it easier
for the girl to push it.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
1. A fork is a that moves food.
2. Using a makes it easier to
move things to a high place.
115
Chapter 7 • Lesson 1
What is a tool?
A tool can be a simple machine,
or it can be made up of many simple
machines. A hammer is a tool that is
one simple machine. An engine is a
tool that is made up of many simple
machines. All the parts work together
to make a car move.
Egg Beater
Read a Photo
116
Forces at Work
Look at these three tools.
A spatula can pull
or push food. B
A A nutcracker creates a
force strong enough to
break hard shells.
D Turning the can
opener’s sharp wheel
can cut a metal lid.
Quick Check
3. What does a hammer do?
4. What does a spatula do?
-Review Summaries and quizzes online @ www.macmillanmh.com 117
Chapter 7 • Lesson 1
