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 Time period of simple pendulum = T =

ℓ
2π√g
m
 Time period of mass spring system = T = 2π√
k

CHAPTER NO. 10
n S
 f =  V =
t t
l  V
 T = = f
f

 
 


Numaricals
10.1. The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. What will be its length on the
earth? What will be its length on moon if gm=ge/6? Where ge = 10ms-2.
(SG. FB 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
Time period = T = 2sec.
Gravitational acceleration on Earth = ge = 10ms-2
ge 10
Gravitational acceleration on Moon = gm = =
6 6
= gm = 1.67ms-2
To Find:
(i) Length of pendulum on Earth = le = ?
(ii) Length of pendulum on moon = lm = ?
Solution:
𝑙
T = 2π√
g
By taking square on both sides:
2
𝑙
T2 = (2π)2(√ )
g
𝑙
T2 = 4π2
g
T2 ×g
l=
4π2

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(i) On Earth’s Surface:

le = ?
T2 ×ge
le =
4π2

(2)2 (10)
le =
4(3.14)2

4(10)
le =
4(9.8596)
10
le =
9.8596

le = 1.02m

(ii) On Moon’s Surface:

lm= ?
T2 ×gm
lm =
4π2

(2)2 (1.67)
lm =
4(3.14)2

4(1.67)
lm =
4(9.8596)
1.67
lm =
9.8596

lm = 0.169m
lm = 0.17m

10.2. A pendulum of length 0.99m is taken to the moon by an astronaut. The time
period of the pendulum is 4.9s. What is the value of g on surface of the moon?
(MN 15-1, II)
Ans. Given Data:
Length of pendulum on moon = lm = 0.99m
Time period of pendulum on moon = Tm = 4.9sec

To Find:
Gravitational acceleration on moon = gm = ?

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Solution:
At the surface of moon:
𝑙𝑚
T = 2𝜋 √
gm
By taking square on both sides:
2
2 𝑙𝑚
T = 4π (√
2
)
gm
𝑙m
T2 = 4π2
gm
2 𝑙m
gm = 4π
T2
2 0.99
gm = 4(3.14)
(4.9)2
4(9.8596)(0.99)
gm =
24.01
39.044
gm=
24.01
gm = 1.63ms-2
10.3. Find the time periods of a simple pendulum of 1 meter length, placed on Earth
and on Moon. The value of g on the surface ofmoon is 1/6 th of its value on
earth, where gc is 10ms-2.
(FB 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Length of simple pendulum = l = 1m
ge = 10ms-2
𝑔𝑒 10
gm = = = 1.67ms-2
6 6
To Find:
(i) Time period on Earth = Te = ?
(ii) Time period on Moon = Tm = ?

Solution:
𝑙
T = 2𝜋√
g
(i) On Earth Surface:

𝑙
Te = 2𝜋√
g𝑒

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1
Te = 2(3.14) √
10

Te = (6.28) √0.1
Te = (6.28)(0.316)
Te = 1.985 sec
Te = 2sec
(ii) On Moon Surface:
𝑙
Tm = 2𝜋 √
g𝑚

1
Tm = 2(3.14) √
1.67

Tm = (6.28) √0.598
Tm = (6.28)(0.773)
Tm = 4.856 sec
Tm = 4.9 sec

10.4. A simple pendulum completes on vibration in two seconds. Calculate its

length, when g = 10.0ms-2.
(FB 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
Time period of simple pendulum = T = 2sec
Gravitational acceleration = g = 10ms-2.
To Find:
Length of pendulum = l = ?
Solution:
𝑙
T = 2𝜋√
g
By taking square on both sides,
2
𝑙
T = 4π (√ )
2 2
g
𝑙
T2 = 4𝜋 2
g

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gT2
l=
4π2
(10)(2)2
l=
4(3.14)2
10(4)
l=
4(9.8596)
10
l=
9.8596
l = 1.02m

10.5. If 100 waves pass through a point of a medium in 20 seconds, what is the
frequncey and the time period of the wave? If its wavelength is 6cm, calculate
the wave speed.
Ans. Given Data:
Number of waves = n = 100waves
Time for 100 waves = t = 20 sec
To Find:
(i) Frequency = f = ?
(ii) Time period = T = ?
(iii) Speed of wave = v = ?
Solution:
(i) Frequency = f = ?
𝑛
Frequency = f =
𝑡
100
f =
20
f = 5Hz
(ii) Time period = T = ?
1
T =
𝑓
1
T =
5
T = 0.2 sec
(iii) Speed of wave = v = ?
v = f𝜆
v = (5) (0.06)
v = 0.3ms-1

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10.6. A wooden bar vibrating into the wtger

surface in a ripple tank has a frequency of 12Hz. The resulting wave has a
wavelength of 3cm. What is the speed of the wave?
Ans. Given Data:
Frequency of vibrating bar = f = 12Hz
3
𝜆 = 3cm = = 0.03m
100
To Find:
v = ?
Solution:
v = f𝜆
v = (12)(0.03)
v = 0.36ms-1

10.7. A transverse wave produced on a spring has a frequency of 190 Hz and

travels along the length of the spring of 90m, in 0.5 s.
(a) What is the period of the wave?
(b) What is the speed of the wave?
(c) What is the wavelength of the wave?
Ans. Given Data:
Frequency = f = 190 Hz
Length = s = 90 m
Time = t = 0.5 sec
(a) Time period = ?
1
T=
190
T = 0.005 sec
T ≈0.01 sec
(b) Speed = v = ?
s
v=
t
90
v=
0.5
v = 180ms-1
(c) Wavelength = 𝝀 = ?
v = f𝜆

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𝑣
𝜆=
𝑓
180
𝜆=
190
𝜆 = 0.947 m
𝝀 = 0.95m
10.8. Water waves in a shallow dish are 6.0cm long. At one point, the water moves
up and down at rate of 4.8 oscillations per second.
(a) What is the spped of the water waves?
(b) What is the period of the water waves?
Ans. Given Data:
Wavelength of water wave = 𝜆 = 6.0cm
6
𝜆 = m = 0.06m
100
Oscillation per seond (Frequency) = f = 4.8 Hz
To Find:
(a) Speed of water waves = v = ?
(b) Time period = T = ?
Solution:
(a) Speed of water waves = v = ?
v = f𝜆
v = (4.8)(0.06)
v = 0.288ms-1
v = 0.29ms-1
(b) Time period = T = ?
1
T=
𝑓
1
T=
4.8
T = 0.208 sec
T = 0.21sec
10.9. At one end of a ripple tank 80cm across a 5Hz vibrator produces waves whose
wavelength is 40mm. Find the time the waves need to cross the tank.
Ans. Given Data:
80
Length of ripple tank = l = S = 80 cm = m
100
S = 0.8m
Frequency of virbator = f = 5Hz

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Wavelength =
𝜆 = 40mm
= 𝜆 = 40 × 10-3m
To Find:
Time = t = ?
Solution:
v = f𝜆
v = (5) (40 × 10-3)
v = 200 × 10-3
v = 0.2ms-1
We know that:
𝑆
v=
𝑡
𝑆
t=
𝑣
0.8
t=
0.2
t = 4sec
10.10. What is the wavelength of the radio waves transmitted by an FM station at 90
MHz? Where 1 M = 106, and speed of radio wave is 3 × 108ms-1.
Ans: Given Data:
Frequency of radio waves = f = 90MHz
= 90 × 106 Hz
Speed of radio waves = v = 3 × 108ms-1

To Find:
Wavelength of radio waves = 𝜆 = ?
Solution:
v = f𝜆
v
v=
f
3×108
𝜆=
90×106
1 2
𝜆= = 10
30
𝜆 = 0.0333 × 102m
𝝀 = 3.33m
‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬

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Important Formulas
I
 Intensity level of sound = 10 log (dB)
Io
n d
 f =  V =
t t
l
 T =  V = fλ
f  S = vt
Values & Units

 CHAPTER NO. 11
Unit of intensity = I = Wm-2
Units of sound level = L – Lo = dB (decibel)
Or bel (larger unit)
 Unit of wavelength = 𝜆 = m (metre)
 Unit of frequency = f = Hz (Hertz)
 ℓlog 10 = 1
 Intensity of Faitnest sound = Io = 10-12Wm-2.
Numericals
11.1. A normal conversation involves sound intensitieis of about 3.0×10-6 Wm-2.
What is the decibel level for this intensity? What is the intensity of the sound
for 100 dB?
(SG 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Intensiy of sound = I = 3.0×10-6 Wm-2
Intensity of faintest sound = Io = 10-12 Wm-2
To Find:
(a) Decibel level of normal conversation = ?
(b) Intensity of sound = ?
Solution:
𝐼
(a) Intensity level of sound = 10log (dB)
𝐼𝑜
Intensity level of normal conversation
3.0×10−6
= 10 log (dB)
10−12
= 10 log 3.0 × 10-6 + 12 (dB)
= 10 [log 3.0 × 106] (dB)
= 10 [log 3.0 + log 106] (dB)
= 10 [0.4771 + 6(1)] (dB)
= 10 [0.4771 + 6] (dB)

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= 10 [6.4771] (dB)
= 64.771 (dB)
Intenseity level of sound = 64.8dB
(b) Intensity level of a sound = 100dB

Io = 10-12 Wm-2
Intensity of the sound = I = ?
𝐼
Sound level = 10log (dB)
𝐼𝑜
𝐼
100 = 10log
10−12
100=10log I-10log 10-12
100 = 10 (log I – log10-12)
100
= logI – log10-12
10
10 = log I – (-12) log10
10 = log I + 12 log10
10 = log I + 12
10-12=log I
log I = -2
I = Anti log (2̅.0000)
I = 0.01 Wm-2
I = 10-2 Wm-2
11.2. If at Anarkali bazaar Lahore, the sound intensity level is 80 dB, what will be
sound intensity there?
(RWP 15-I) (DG, RWP 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Sound level = 80dB
Io = 10-12 Wm-2
To Find:
Intensity = I = ?
Solution:
𝐼
Sound level = 10log (dB)
𝐼𝑜
𝐼
80 = 10log
10−12
80 = 10 log I – log10-12
80 = 10 (log I – log10-12)

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80
= log I – log10-12
10
8 = log I – (-12) log10
∴ log 10=1
8 = log I + 12 (l)
8 – 12 = log I
-4 = log I
log I = 4.0000
I = Anti log (4̅.0000)
I = 0.0001 Wm-2
I = 10-4 Wm-2
11.3. At a particular temperature, the speed of sound in air is 330ms-1. If the
wavelength of a note is 5cm, calculate the frequency of the sound wave. Is this
frequency lie in the audible range of the human ear?
Ans. Given Data:
Speed of sound = v = 330ms-1
5
Wavelength of note = 𝜆 = 5cm = m = 0.05m
100
To Find:
Frequency of sound wave = f = ?
Solution:
v = f𝜆
330 = f(0.05)
330
=f
0.05
f = 660 Hz
f = 6.6 × 103 Hz
Yes, this frequency lies in audible range.
11.4. A doctor coutns 72 heartbeats in 1 min. Calculate the frequency and period f
the heartbeats.
(GW 15-I, II)
Ans. Given Data:
No of heart beats = n = 72
Time = t = 1 min. = 60sec
To Find:
(i) Frequency = f = ?
(ii) Time period = T = ?
Solution:

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(i) Frequency = f = ?
𝑛
Frequency = f =
𝑡
72
f =
60

f = 1.2 Hz
(ii) Tiem period = T = ?
1
Time period = T =
𝑓
1
T=
1.2

T = 0.83s
11.5. A marine survey ship sends a sound wave straight to the seabed. It receives an
echo 1.5 s later. The speed of sound in sea water is 1500ms-1. Find the depth
of the sea at this position.
Ans. Given Data:
Time for echo = T = 1.5s
𝑇
Time for wave to reach to seabed = t =
2
1.5
t =
2
t = 0.75s
Speed of sound = v = 1500ms-1
To Find:
Depth of sea = S = ?

Solution:
S = vt
S = 1500 × 0.75
S = 1125m
11.6. A student clapped his hands near a cliff and heard the echo after 5s. What
is the distance of the cliff from the person if the speed of the sound, v is taken
as 346 ms-1?
Ans. Given Data:
Time for echo = T = 5s

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Time of sound to reach to the cliff =

𝑇 5
t = = = 2.5
2 2
Speed of sound = v = 346ms-1
To Find:
Distance of cliff from person = S = ?
Solution:
S = vt
S = 346 × 2.5
S = 865m
11.7. A ship sends out ultrasound that returns from the seabed and is detected after
3.42s. If the speed of ultrasound through seawater is 1531ms-1, what is the
distance of the seabed from the ship?
Ans. Given Data:
Time in which ultrasound return from seabed to ship
= T = 3.42s
Speed of sound in water = v = 1531m/sec
To Find:
Distance from the ship to seabed d = ?
Solution:
𝑑
v=
𝑡
d=v×t
d = (1531) (3.42)
d = 5236m
Required distance would be half of the covered distance which is depth of seabed
from the ship.
5236
d=
2
Depth of seabed = 2618m
11.8. The highest frequency sound humans can hear is about 20,000 Hz. What
is the wavelength of sound in air at tthis frequency at a temperature of 20oC?
What is the wavelength of the lowest sounds we can hear of about 20Hz?
Assume the speed of sound in air at 20oC is 343 ms-1.
Ans. Given Data:
Frequency of loud sound = f1 = 20,000 Hz
Speed of sound = v = 343ms-1

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Frequency of lowest sound =

f2 = 20Hz
To Find:
(i) Wavelength of loud sound = 𝜆1 = ?
(ii) Wavelength of lowest sound = 𝜆2 = ?
Solution:
(i) Wavelength of loud sound = 𝝀𝟏 =?
v = 𝑓1 𝜆1

343 = (20000)𝜆1
343
= 𝜆1
20000

𝜆1 = 0.01715m

𝝀𝟏 = 1.7 × 10-2m

(ii) Wavelength of lowest sound = 𝝀𝟐 =?

v = 𝑓2 𝜆2

343 = (20)𝜆2
343
= 𝜆2
20

𝝀𝟐 = 17.2m

11.9. A sound wave has frequency of 2 kHz and wave length 35 cm. How long will it
take to travel 1.5km?
(LHR 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Frequency of sound wave = f = 2kHz
= 2 × 103Hz
35
Wavelength of sound wave = 𝜆 = 35cm = m
100
𝜆 = 0.35m
Distance covered by sound = S = 1.5km
= 1.5 × 103m

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To Find:
Time = T = ?
Solution:
(i) v = f𝝀
v = 2 × 103× 0.35
v = 0.7 × 103ms-1
v = 700ms-1
(ii) S = vt
1.5 × 103 = (0.7 × 103)t
1.5×103
=t
0.7×103

t = 2.1sec

‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬

Chapter # 12 (Geometrical Optics)

 Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. Which of the following quantity is not changed during refreaction of light?
(GW 14-II) (SG, BP, FB 15-II)
(a) its direction (b) its speed
(c) its frequency (d) its wavelength
ii. A converging mirror with a radius of 20 cm creates a real image 30 cm from the
mirror. What is the object distance? (BP 14-II) (AK 15-I)
(a) – 5.0 cm (b) – 7.5 cm
(c) – 15 cm (d) – 20 cm
iii. An object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror. The image
produced by the mirror is located.
(a)out beyond the centre of curvature (b) at the centre of curvature
(c) between the centre of curvature and the focal point
(d) at the focal poitn

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Quantity When When

positive negative

(+) (-)

Object distance Real object Virtual object

P

Image distance Real image Virtual image

q

CHAPTER NO. 12 Focal length f Concave

mirror
Convex mirror

For lenses:
 Focal length of covnex lens = f = +ve
 Focal length of concave lens = f = -ve
 If object is at left side of lens = p = +ve
 If object is at right side of lens = p = -ve
 Distance of real image = q = +ve
(at right side of lens)
 Distance of virtual image = q = -ve
(at left side of lens)
Chapter # 12 (Geomatrical optics)
12.1. An object 10.0 cm in front of a convex mirror forms an image 5.0 cm behind
the mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror? (GW 12-II) (RWP 15-I) (FB 15-
II)
Ans. Given Data:
0 p = 10cm
q = -5cm (negative sign because image is behind the mirror)
To Find:
Focal length = f = ?
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1 1 1 1−2
= + = - =
f 10 −5 10 5 10
1 −1
=
f 10

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f = -10cm
-ve indicates that its focus point is virtual.
12.2. An object 30.0 cm tall is located 10.5 cm from a concave mirror with focal
length 16cm (a) where is the image located? (b) How high is it?
Ans. Given Data:
Object height = ho = 30cm
p = 10.5cm
f = 16cm
To Find:
(a) Position of image = q = ?
(b) Height of image = hi = ?
Solution:
1 1 1
(a) = +
f p q
1 1 1
= -
q f p
1 1
= -
16 10.5
1 10
= -
16 105
105−160
=
16×105
1 −55
=
q 16×105

−16×105
q =
55

q = -30.54cm
Height of image H.I q
(b) m = = =
Height of object H.O p
H.I 30.54
=
30 10.5
30.54×30
H.I =
10.5
H.I = 87.26cm
12.3. An object and its image in a concave mirror are the same height, yet inverted,
when the object is 20.0 cm from the mirror. What is the focal length of the
mirror? (LHR 15-I)

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Ans. Given Data:

If H.I = H.O ∴H.I = Height of image
∴H.O = Height of object
To Find:
f=?
Solution:
If H.I = H.O then,
Height of image H.I
m= = =I
Height of object H.O
m=I
q
m=
p
q
I=
p
p=q
q = 20cm
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1
= +
f 20 20
1 2
=
f 20
f = 10cm
12.4. Find the focal length of a mirror that forms an image 5.66cm behind a mirror
of an object placed at 34.4cm in front of the mirror. Is the mirror concave or
convex? (LHR 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
q = -5.66cm (negative sign is because image is behind the mirror)
p = 34.4cm

To Find: f=?
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f 34.4 −5.66
1 10 100
= -
f 344 566
2830−17200
=
97352
1 −14370
=
f 97352

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−97352
f=
14370
f = -6.77cm
12.5. An image of a statue appears to be 11.5cm behind a concave mirror with focal
length 13.5cm. Find the distance from the statue to the mirror.
Ans. Given Data:
q = 11.5cm
f = 13.5cm
To Find:
p=?
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1
= -
p f q
1 1 1
= -
p 13.5 11.5
1 10 10
= -
p 135 115
1 1150−1350
=
p 135×115
1 −200
=
p 135×115
135×115
p=
200
p = -77.62cm
p = 77.62cm
12.6. An image is produced by a concave mirror of focal length 8.70cm. The object
is 13.2cm tall at distance 19.3cm from the mirror. (a) Find the location and
height of the image. (b) Find the height of the image produced by the mirror if
the object is twice as far from the mirror.
Ans. Given Data:
f = 8.7cm
Height of object = H.O = 13.2cm
p = 19.3cm

To Find:
(a) Location of image = q = ?
(b) Height of image = H.I = ?

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Solution:
1 1 1
(a) = +
f p q
1 1 1
= -
q f p
1 1 1
= -
q 8.7 19.3
1 10 10
= -
q 87 193

16791
q =
1060

q = 15.84cm
hi q
=
ho f
q
hi = × ho
p

15.84
hi = × 13.2
19.3

hi = 10.83cm
(b) P = 2p
H.I q
=
H.O p
q×H.O
H.I =
2p
15.84×13.2
H.I =
2×19.3
H.I = 5.4cm
12.7. Nabeela uses a concave mirror when applying makeup.The mirror has a
radius of curvature of 38.0cm. (a) What is the focal length of the mirror? (b)
Nabeela is located 50cm from the mirror. Where will her image appear? (c)
Will the image be upright or inverted?
Ans. Given Data:
R = 38cm
p = 50cm
To Find:
(a) Focal length f = ?

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(b) q=?
(c) Nature of image = ?
Solution:
𝑅
(a) f=
2
38
=
2
f = 19cm
1 1 1
(b) = +
f p q
1 1 1
= +
19 50 q
1 1 1
= -
q 19 50
1 50−19
=
q 950
1 31
=
q 950
950
q=
31
q = 30.64cm
(c) inverted
12.8. An object 4cm high is placed at a distance 12cm from a convex lens of focal
length 8cm. Calculate the position and size of the image. Also state the nature
of the image. (GW 15-I, II)
Ans. Given Data:
H.O = 4cm
P = 12cm
f = 8cm
To Find:
q=?
H.I = ?
Nature of image = ?

Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1
(b) i. - =
f p q

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1 1 1
- =
8 12 q
6−4 1
=
48 q
2 1
=
48 q
1 1
=
24 q
q = 24cm
Height of image q
ii. m= =
Height of object p
q×Height of object
Height of image =
p
24×4
=
12
Height of image = 8cm
(c) Image is real, inverted and magnified.
12.9. An object 10cm high is placed at distance of 20cm from a concave lens of focal
length 15cm. Calculate the position and size of the image. Also, state the
nature of the image. (SG 15-I) (DG 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Height of object = 10cm
p = 20cm
f = -15cm (for concave lens)

To Find:
q=?
Height of image = ?
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1
= -
q f p
1 1 1 −4−3
= - =
q −15 20 60
1 −7
=
q 60
−60
q=
7
q = -8.57cm

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Height of image q
(b) m= =
Height of object p
q×Height of object
Height of image =
p
8.57×10
Height of image =
20
Height of image = 4.28cm
(c) Image is virtual, erect and diminished.
12.10. A convex lens of focal length 6cm is to be used to form a virtual image three
times the size of the object. Where must the lens be placed? (SG 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
f = 6cm
m=3
𝑞
m=
𝑝
𝑞
3=
𝑝
-3p = q (-ve sign for virtual iamge)
To Find:
P=?
Solution:
1 1 1
(a) = +
f p q
1 1 1
= -
6 p 3p
1 3−1
=
6 3p
1 2
=
6 3p

3p = 12

P = 4cm

12.11. A ray of light from air is incident on a liquid surface at an angle of incidence
35o. Calculate the angle of refraction if the refractive index of the liquid is

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1.25. Also calculate the critical angle between the

liquid air inter-face. (FB 15-I) (DG, MN 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
𝜃1 = 35o
Refractive index = n = 1.25
To Find:
𝜃2 = ?
Critical angle = c = ?
Solution:
For critical angle,
1
(a) sin ∠ c =
n
1
Sin ∠ c =
1.25

Sin ∠ c = 0.8
∠ c = sin-1 (0.8)
∠ c = 53.13o
sinθ1
(b) n=
sinθ2

sin35o
1.25 =
sinθ2

sin35o
Sin 𝜃2 =
1.25
0.57
=
1.25

Sin 𝜃2 = 0.456
𝜃2 = sin-1 (0.456)
𝜽𝟐 = 27.13o

12.12. The power of a convex lens is 5D. At what distance the object should be
placed from the lens so that ists real and 2 tiems larger image is formed?
(RWP, BP 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Power = P = 5D

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1 1
f= =
p 5
f = 0.2m
f = 0.2 × 100cm
f = 20cm
m=2
To Find:
p=?
Solution:
q
m=
p
q
2=
p

2p = q
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1
= +
20 p 2p
1 2+1
=
20 2p
1 3
=
20 2p

2p = 60
p = 30cm

‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬
Chapter # 13 (Electrostatics)
 Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. A positive electric charge. (GW, SG 14-II)
(a)attracts toher positive charge (b) repels other positive charge
(c) attracts a neutral charge (d) repels a neutral charge
ii. An object gains excess negative charge after being rubbed against another object,
which is:
(a) neutral (b) negatively charged
(c) positively charged (d) either a, b and c

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13.7. If a high-voltage power line fell across your

car while you were in the car, why should you not come out of the car?
Ans: Because the tyres of the car are insulator. So, that the current can’t pas sthrough them but
when we come out and in contact with the car and fro mthe body of car the current will
pass through our ody which may cause death.
13.8. Explain why, a glass rod can be charged by rubbing when held by hand but an iron
rod cannot be charged by rubbing, if held by hand?
Ans: By rubbing glass rod, charge does not flow to our body (which is a good conductor) and
remains on rod. But charge of iron rod flows to earth through our body and rod loses its
charge.
Important Formulas
 Q = ne  E = q(Va-Vb)
q1 q2 F
 F  E
CHAPTER NO. 13
= k 2 =
r qo
W
 V =  Q = CV
Q
1 1 1
 For series combination = +
Ceq C1 C2
 For parallel combination: Ceq = C1 + C2
Values & Units
 k = 9 × 109Nm2C-2
 1μC = 10-6C
 Unit of force = Newton (N)
 Unit of charge = Coulomb (C)
 Unit of potential difference = V = (JC-1)
 Unit of electric intensity = NC-1
 Unit of capacitance = Farad (F)
Numericals
13.1. The charge of how many negatively charged particles would be equal to
100𝝁c. Assume charge on one negative paticles is 1.6×10-19C?
(GW, LHR 12-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Charge = Q = 100𝜇C = 100 × 10-6C (∴ 1𝜇C = 10-6C)
Charge on an electron = e = 1.6 × 10-19C
To Find:
No. of charges = n = ?
Solution:

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Q = ne
𝑄
n=
𝑒
100×10−6
n=
1.6×10−19
n = 62.5×10-6+19
n = 62.5×1013
n = 6.25×1014
13.2. Two point charges q1 = 10𝝁C and q2 = 5𝝁C are placed at distance of 150cm.
What will be the Coulomb’s force between them? Also find the direction
of the force.
(LHR 13-II) (SG 15-I) (GW 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
q1 = 10𝜇C = 10×10-6C
q2 = 5𝜇C = 5×10-6C (∴1𝜇C = 10-6C)
Distance between charges = r = 150cm
150
r = m
100
r = 1.5m
k = 9×109Nm2C-2
To Find:
Force = F = ?
Direction of force = ?

Solution:
q1 q2
F=k
r2
(101 ×10−6 )(5×10−6 )
F = 9 × 109
(1.5)2
(10−5 )(5×10−6 )
F = 9 ×109
2.25
9×5×109
F= ×10-5×10-6
2.25
45
F= ×109-5-6
2.25
F = 20×109-11
F = 20×10-2N
F = 0.2N

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Direction: As both charges are same so force

between the two charges is repulsive (force of repulsion).
13.3. The force of repulsion between two identical positive charges is 0.8 N, when
the charges are 0.1m apart. Find the value of each charge.
Ans. Given Data:
Force = F = 0.8N
r = 0.1m
k = 9×109Nm2C-2
To Find:
q1 = q2 = q = ?

Solution:
q1 q2
F=k (q1 = q2 = q)
r2
𝑘𝑞2
F=
𝑟2
r F = kq2
2

𝑟 2𝑓
q2 =
𝑘
(0.1)2 (0.8)
q2 =
9×109
(0.01)(0.8)
q2 =
9×106
8×10−3
q2 =
9×109
q = 0.888×10-3-9
2

q2 = 0.888×10-12
√q2 = √0.888 × (10−6 )−2
q = 0.942×10-6
q = 9.42×10-7C

13.4. Two charges repel each otgher with a force of 0.1N when they are 5cm apart.
Find the forces between the same charges when they are 2 cm apart.
Ans. Given Data:
F1 = 0.1N

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5
r1 = 5cm = m = 0.05m
100

To Find:
F2 = ? (when r2 = 2cm)
Solution:
𝑞1 𝑞2
F1 = k
𝑟1
Since, both charges repel each other, they are similar charges.
𝑞𝑞
F1 = k
𝑟2
𝑞2
F1 = k
𝑟2
𝑟12 𝐹1
q2 =
𝑘
(0.05)2 (0.1)
q2 =
9×109
2.5×10−4
q2 =
9×109
q2 = 0.277 × 10-9-4
q2 = 0.277 × 10-13
q2 = 2.77 × 10-14
√q2 = √2.77 × (10−7 )2
q = 1.664 × 10-7C
F2 = ?
𝑞1 𝑞2
F2 = k
𝑟2
𝑞𝑞
F2 = k
𝑟2
𝑞2
F2 = k
𝑟2
2
9×109 (1.664×10−7 )
F2 =
(0.02)2
9×109 (2.768)×10−14
F2 =
4×10−4
24.912 9-14+4
F2 = × 10
4
F2 = 6.228 × 10-1 N
F2 = 0.62N

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13.5. The electric potential at a point in an

electric field in 104V. If a charge of +100𝝁 is brought from infinity to this point.
What would be the amount of work done on it?
Ans. Given Data:
Electrical potential = V = 104 Volts
Charge = Q = 100𝜇C
Q = 100×10-6C(∴1𝜇C=10-6C)

To Find:
Work = W = ?
Solution:
𝑊
V=
𝑄
W = QV
W = (100×10-6) (104)
W = (10-4) (104)
W = 10-4+4
W = 10o
W = 1J
13.6. A point charge of +2C is transferred from a point at potential 100V to a point
at potential 50V, what would be the energy supplied by the charge?
(FB 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Q = +2C
Va = 100 volts, Vb = 50 volts
To Find:
E=?
Solution:
E = q (Va – Vb)
E = 2 (100 – 50)
E = 2 (50)
E = 100J
13.7. A capacitor holds 0.06 coulombs of charge when fully charged by a 9-volt
battery. Calculate capacitance of the capacitor.
(SG 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Charge = Q = 0.06C

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Voltage =
V = 9volts
To Find:
Capacity = C = ?
Solution:
Q = CV
𝑄
C=
𝑉
0.06
C=
9
C = 6.666×10-3F
C = 6.67×10-3F
13.8. A capacitor holds 0.03 coulombs of charge when fully charged by a 6-volt
battery. How much voltage would be required for it to hold 2 coulombs of
charge?
(MN 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Q1 = 0.03C
V1 = 6V
Q2 = 2C
To Find:
V2 = ?
Solution:
Q = CV
𝑄
C=
𝑉
For First capacitor
𝑄1
C= ……….(i)
𝑉1
𝑄2
C= ……….(ii)
𝑉2
By comparing (i) and (ii)
𝑄1 𝑄2
=
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑄2 𝑉1
V2 =
𝑄1
2×6
V2 =
0.03

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12
V2 =
0.03
12
V2 = 3
⁄100
1200
V2 =
3
V2 = 400 Volts
13.9. Two capacitors of capacitance 6𝝁F and 12𝝁F are connected in series with a
12V battery. Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination. Find the
charge and ther potential difference across each capacitor.
Ans. Given Data:
C1 = 6𝜇F = 6×10-6F
C2 = 12𝜇C = 12×10-6F
V = 12 volts
To Find:
(a) Ceq = ?
(b) Q = ?
(c) V1 = ?
(d) V2 = ?
Solution:
(a) CT = ?
1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝑇 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝑇 6 12
1 2+1
=
𝐶𝑇 12
1 3
=
𝐶𝑇 12
12
CT =
3
CT = 4𝝁F
(b) Q=?
For series combination charge through each capacitor would be same i.e.
Q = Ceq.V
Q = (4𝜇F)(12)
Q = 48𝝁C

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(c) V1 =?
Q = C 1 V1
𝑄
V1 =
𝐶1
48𝜇𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
V1 = (∴ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡)
6𝜇𝐹 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
V1 = 8 volt
(d) V2 = ?
Q = C 2 V2
𝑄
V2 =
𝐶2
48𝜇𝐶
V2 =
12𝜇𝐹
V2 = 4 volt

13.10. Two capacitors of capacitances of 6𝝁F and 12𝝁F are connected in parallel
with a 12V battery. Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination. Find
the charge and the potential difference across each capacitor.
Ans. Given Data:
C1 = 6𝜇F = 6 × 10-6F
C2 = 12𝜇F = 12 × 10-6F
To Find:
(a) Ceq = ?
(b) Q1 = ? Q2 = ?
(c) Potential difference = V = ?
Solution:
(a) CT = ?
CT = C1 + C2
CT = 6𝜇F + 12𝜇F
CT = 18𝜇F
(b) Q1 = ? Q2 = ?
Q = CV
Q1 = C 1 V
Q1 = 6 × 10-6 × 12
Q1 = 72𝝁C
Q = CV
Q2 = C 2 V

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Q2 = 12 × 10-6 × 12
Q2 = 144 × 10-6C
Q2 = 144𝝁C
(c) Potential difference = V =?
When capacitors are connected in parallel combination then potential
difference in each capacitor would be same as that of battery i.e. V = 12
volts.
‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬
Chapter # 14 (Current Electricity)
 Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. An electric current in conductors is due to the flow of. (SG 14-II) (FB 15-I)
(a) positive ions (b) negative ions
(c) positive charges (d) free electrons
ii. What is the voltage acros a 6𝛀 resistor when 3A of current passes through it?
(LHR 12-II) (BP 14-II) (GW 15-I, II) (SG, DG 15-II)
(a) 2 V (b) 9 V
(c) 18 V (d) 36 V

iii.
CHAPTER NO. 14
What happens to the intensity or the brightness of the lamps connected in series as
more and more lamps are added. (AK 13-I) (SG 15-I) (LHR 15-I)
(a) increases (b) drecreases
(c) remains the same (d) cannot be predicted
iv. Why should household appliances be connected in parallel with the voltage source?
(a) to increase the resistance of the circuit
(b) to decrease the resistance of the circuit
(c) to provide each appliance the same voltage as the power source
(d) to provide each appliance the same current as the power source
v. Electric potential and e.m.f
(a) are the same terms (b) are the different temrs
(c) have different units (d) both b and c
vi. When we double the voltage in a simple electric circuit, we double the.
(LHR 13-II)(GW 14-I)
(a) current (b) power
(c) resistance (d) both a and b
vii. If we double both the current and the voltage in a circuit while keeping its resistance
constant, the power:

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14.1. A current of 3mA is flowing through a wire for 1 minute. What is the charge
flowing through the wire? (FB, LHR 15-I) (DG, FB 15-II)

Ans. Given Data: Current = I = 3mA

I = 3×10-3A (∴milli = 10-3)

To Find:
Charge = Q = ?
Solution:
𝑄
I=
𝑡
Q=I×t
Q = 3 × 10-3 × 60
Q = 180 × 10-3C
14.2. At 100,000𝛀 how much current flows through your body if you touch the
terminals of a 12-V battery? If your skin is wet, wso that your resistance is
only 1000𝛀, how muh current would your receive from the same battery?
(GW 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
R1 = 100,000 Ω
V = 12 volts
R2 = 1000 Ω
To Find:
(a) I1 = ?
(b) I2 = ?
Solution:
V = IR
V
I=
R
(a) I1 = ?
12
I1 =
105

I1 = 12 × 10-5 A
I1 = 1.2 × 10-4 A
(b) I2 = ?
V
I2 =
R2
12
I2 =
1000

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I2 = 12 × 10-3 A
I2 = 1.2 × 10-2 A

14.3. The resistance of a conductor wire is 10 M𝛀. If a potential difference of 100

volts is applied across its ends, then find the value of current passing through
it in mA.
(LHR 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
R = 10MΩ = 10 × 106Ω (∴ M = 106)
Potential difference = V = 100volt
To Find:
Current = I = ?
Solution:
V = IR
V
I=
R
100
I=
10×106
I = 10-5 A
I = 10-2 × 10-3 A
(10-3 = milli)
I = 10-2mA
I = 0.01mA
14.4. By appling a potential differenc of 10 V across a conductor, a current of 1.5 A
passes through it. How much energy would be obtained from the currwent in
2 minutes?
(SG, FB 15-I) (BP 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
V = 120 Volt
I = 1.5 Amp
Time = t = 2 min = 2 × 60 = 120 sec

To Find:
Energy = W = ?
Solution:
W = I2Rt
W = I(IR)t

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W = I(V)t
W = (1.5) (10) (120)
W = 1800J
14.5. Two resistances of 2k𝛀 and 8k𝛀 are joined in series, if a 10V battery is
connected across the ends of this combination, find following quantities.
(a) The equivalent resistance of the series combination.
(b) Current passing through each of the resistances.
(c) The potential difference across each resistance.
Ans. Given Data:
R1 = 2kΩ = 2 × 103Ω
R2 = 8kΩ = 8 × 103Ω
V = 10V
To Find:
Re = ?
V1 = ?
V2 = ?
I=?
Solution:
Re = R1 + R2
Re = 2kΩ + 8kΩ
Re = 10k𝛀
As the circuit is in series so same value of current will pass through each
resistance.
I = I1 = I 2
V
I=
Re
By putting value
10
I=
10×103
I = 1 × 10-3A
I = 1mA
Potential difference across first resistance = V1 = IR1
= 1 × 10-3 × 2 × 103
V1 = 2V
Potential difference across around resistance = V2 = IR2
= 1 × 10-3 × 8 × 103
V2 = 8V

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14.6. Two resistance of 6k𝛀 and 12k𝛀 are connected in parallel. A 16V battery is
connected across it ends, find the values of the following quantities:
(a) Equivalent resistance of the parallel combination.
(b) Current passing through each of the resistance.
(c) Potential difference across each of the resistance.
(DG, FB 15-I) (RWP, MN 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
R1 = 6kΩ = 6 × 103Ω
R2 = 12kΩ = 12 × 103Ω
V = 6V
To Find:
Re = ?
I1 = ?
I2 = ?
V1 = ?
V2 = ?
Solution:
1 1 1
= +
Re R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
Re 6 12
1 2+1
=
Re 12
1 3
=
Re 12
Re = 4k𝛀
Hence equivalent resistance is 4kΩ.
i. As the circuit is parallel so potential difference across each resistance is
equal to potential of battery.
V = V1 = V2 = 6V
ii. Quantity of current through first resistance,
V1
= I1 =
R1
6
=
6×103
= 1 × 10-3

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I1 = 1mA
iii. Quantity of current through second resistance,
V2
I2 =
R2
6
=
12×103
1
=
2×103
= 0.5 × 10-3
I2 = 0.5mA
14.7. An electric bulb is marked with 220V, 100W. Find the resistance of the
filament of the bulb. If the bulb is used 5 hours daily, find the energy in
kilowatt-hour consumed by the bulb in one month (30 days).
(DG 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
Voltage of bulb = V = 220V
Power of bulb = P = 100W
Daily use of bulb = t = 5h
No. of days for bulb = 30 days
To Find:
Resistance of bulb filament = R = ?
Energy consumed by bulb = E = ?
Solution:
P = I2 R
But according to Ohm’s law
V
(I = )
R
V 2
P=( ) ×R
R
V2
P= ×R
R2
V2
P=
R
V2
R=
P
By putting values
(220)2
R=
100

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48400
R=
100
R = 484𝛀
Time in 30 days = 30 × 5 = 150 hours
power(watt)×time(hour)
Energy in kilowatt hour =
1000
150×100
=
1000
= 15kWh

14.8. An incandescent light bulb with an operatin resistance of 95𝛀 is labelled

“150W.” is this bulb designed for use in a 120-V circuit or a 220-V circuit?
Explain with calculations.
Ans. Given Data:
R = 95Ω
P = 150W
V1 = 120volt
V2 = 220volt
To Find:
V=?
Solution:
We know that
V2
P=
R
V2 = PR
V2 = 150 × 95
V2 = 14250
Taking square root on btoh sides.
√v 2 = √14250
V = 120 volts
This bulb is designed for 120V.
14.9. A house is installed with.
(a) 10 bulbs of 60 W each of which are used 5 hours daily.
(b) 4 fans of 75 W each of which run 10 hours daily.

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(c) One T.V. of 100W which is used for 5

hours daily.
(d) One electric iron of 1000W which is used for 2 hours daily.
If the cost of one unit of electricity is Rs. 4. Find the monthly
expenditure of electricity (one month = 30 days).

Ans. Given Data:

Power of 10 bulb = 60W × 10 = 600W t = 5h
Power of 4 fans = 75W × 4 = 300W t = 10h
Power of 1 iron = 1000W × 1 = 1000W t = 2h
Power of 1 T.V. = 100W × 1 = 100W t = 5h
One unit price = 4Rs.
To Find:
Monthly cost of electricity of house = ?
(30 days)
Solution:
power(watt)×time(hour)
Energy consumed by bulb =
1000
600×5×30 90000
= =
1000 1000
= 90 units
power(watt)×time(hour)
Energy consumed by fans =
1000
300×10×30 90000
= =
1000 1000
= 90 units
2×1000×30 60000
Energy consumed by iron = =
1000 1000
= 60 units
100×5×30 15000
Energy consumed by TV = =
1000 1000
= 15 units
Total consumed energy in units = 90 + 90 + 60 + 15
= 255 units
Price of electricity = 255 × 4 = 1020Rs.
Hence total price of electricity is 1020 rupees.
14.10. A 100W lamp bulb and a 4kW water heater are connected to a 250V supply.
Calculate.

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(a) The current which flows in each

appliance and
(b) The resistance of each appliance when in use.
Ans. Given Data:
Power = P1 = 100W (lamp)
Power = P2 = 4kW (heater)
P2 = 4 × 103W
V = 250 V
To Find:
(a) I1 = ?
I2 = ?
(b) R1 = ?
R2 = ?
Solution:
(a) Current in lamp: (I1)
P = VI
P1 = VI1
P1
I1 =
V1

100
I1 =
250

I1 = 0.4A
Current in heater: (I2)
P2 = VI2
P2
I2 =
V
4×103
I2 =
250
I2 = 0.016×103A
I2 = 16A
(b) Resistance in Lamp: (R1)

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V = IR
V = I1 R 1
250 = (0.4)R1
250
= R1
0.4

625Ω = R1
R1 = 625𝛀
Resistance in heater: (R2)
V = IR
V = I2 R 2
250 = 16(R2)
250 4×103
=
16 250

R2 = 15.625𝛀
14.11. A resistor of resistance 5.6𝛀 is connected across a battery of 3.0V by means of
wire of neglible resistance. A current of 0.5A passes through the resistor.
Calculate the (RWP 15-I) (LHR 15-II)
(a) Power dissipated in the resistor.
(b) Total power produced by the battery.
Ans. Given Data:
Resistance of resistor = 5.6Ω
Voltage of battery = V = 3.0 volts
Current = I = 0.5A

To Find:
(a) Power dissipation in the resistor = P1 = ?
(b) Total power produced by the battery = P2 = ?
Solution:
(a) Power dissipation through resistor = P1 = I2R
P1 = (0.5)2(5.6)
P1 = (0.25)(5.6)

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P1 = 1.4W
(b) Total power produced by the battery = P2 = IV
P2 = (0.5)(3.0)
P2 = 1.5W
(c) Give the reason of difference between these two quantities.
Ans. Some power is lost by internal resistance of the battery.
‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬

Chapter # 15 (Electromagnetism)
 Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. Which statement is true about the magnetic poles? (GW 14-I)
(a) unlike poles repel (b) like poles attract
(c) magnetic poles do not affect each other (d) a single magnetic pole does not exist
ii. What is the direction of the magnetic field lines insdie a bar magnet? (LHR 12-I)
(a) from north pole to south pole (b) from south pole to north pole
(c) from side to side (d) there are no magnetric field lines
iii. The presence o fa magnetic field can be detected by a.
(GW 13-I) (SG 14-II) (LHR 15-I) (RWP 15-II)
(a) small mass (b) stationary positive charge
(c) stationary negative charge (d) magnetic compass
iv. If the current in wire which is placed peRWPendicular to a magnetic field increases,
the force on the wire. (LHR 14-II)
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) will be zero
v. A.D.C. motor converts:
(a) mechanical energy into electrical energy (b) mechanical energy into chemical energy
(c) electrical energy into mechanical energy (d) electrical energy into chemical energy
vi. Which part of a D.C. motr reverse the direction of current through the coil every
half-cycle? (MN 14-I) (BP 14-II) (BP, FB 15-II)
(a) the armature (b) the commutator
(c) the brushes (d) the slip rings
vii. The direction of induced e.m.f. in a circuit is in accordance with conservation of.
(SG, W, RWP 14-I) (FB 14-II)
(a) mass (b) charge
(c) momentum (d) energy
viii. The step-up transformer. (FB 14-I) (SG 15-II)
(a) increases the input current (b) increases the input voltage
(c) has more turns in the primary (d) has less turns in the secondary

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CHAPTER NO. 15
Important Formulas
Ns Vs
 =  Vp I p = Vs I s
Np Vp

Numerical
15.1. A transformer is needed to convert a mains 240V supply into a 12V supply. If
there are 2000 turns on the primary coil, then find the number of turns on the
secondary coil.
(RWP, DG, FB 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
VP = 240V
VS = 12V
NP = 2000
To Find:
NS = ?
Solution:
NS VS
=
NP VP
VS ×NP
NS =
VP
12×2000
Ns =
240
Ns = 100
NS = 100 turns
15.2. A step-up transformer has a turn ratio of 1:100. An alternating supply of 20V
is connected across the primary coil. What is the secondary voltage?
(BP 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
For step up transformer,
NP : NS = 1:100
NP 1
=
NS 100
VP = 20V
To Find:
VS = ?

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Solution:
VS NS
=
VP NP
NS ×NP
VS =
NP
100
Vs = × 20
1
VS = 2000V
15.3. A step-down transformer has a turns ratio of 100:1. An ac voltage of
amplitude 170V is applied to the primary. If the current in the primary is
1.0mA, what is the current in the secondary?
(LHR 15-I, II)
Ans. Given Data:
For step down transformer,
NS : NP = 1:100
NS 1
=
NP 100
VP = 170V
IP = 1.0M = 1 × 10-3A
To Find:
IS = ?
Solution:
VS NS
=
VP NP
NS
VS = × VP
NP
1
Vs = × 170
100
Vs = 1.7V
For ideal transformer:
Power of primary coil = power of secondary coil
PP = PS
IPVP = ISVS
IP VP
= IS
VS
1×10−3 ×170
= IS
1.7
IS = 0.1A

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15.4. A transformer, designed to convert the voltage from 240V A.C. main to 12V,
has 4000 turns on the primary coil. How many trusn should be on the
secondary coil? If the transformer were 100% efficient, what current would
flow through the primary coil when the current in the secondary coil was
0.4A?
Ans. Given Data:
VP = 240V
VS = 12V
NP = 4000
IS = 0.4A
To Find:
NS = ?
IP = ?
Solution:
NS VS
=
NP VP
VS ×NP
NS =
VP
12×4000
Ns =
240
NS = 200 turns
For ideal transformer:
PP = PS
IPVP = ISVS
IS 𝑉S
IP =
VP
0.4×12
IP =
240
IP = 0.02A
15.5. A power station generates 500MW of a electrical power which is fed to a
transmission line. What current would flow in the transmission line, if the
input voltage is 250kV?
(MN 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Power = P = 500 × 106W
V = 250kV = 250 × 103V
To Find:

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I=?
Solution:
P = VI
P
I=
V
500×106
I=
250×103
I = 2 × 103A
I = 2kA
‫٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭٭‬
Chapter # 16 (Basic Electronics)
 Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
i. The puRWPose by which electrons are emitted by a hot metal surface is known as:
(RWP, MN 14-I) (SW, SG 14-II) (LHR 14) (FB 15-I) (SG, LHR 15-II)
(a) boiling (b) evaporation
(c) conduction (d) thermionic emission
ii. The particles emitted from a hot cathode surface are: (RWP 14)
(a) positive ions (b) negative ions
(c) protons (d) electrons
iii. The logical operation performed by this gate is:
(FB 14-I) (SW 14-II) (GW 15-I) (RWP, FB 15-II)
A
X

B
(a) AND (b) NOR
(c) NAND (d) OR
iv. AND gate can be formed by using two: (LHR 12-II) (GW 13-I, 15-II)
(a) NOT gates (b) OR gates
(c) NOR gates (d) NAND ggates
v. The output of a two-input NOR gate is 1 when:
(RWP 14-II) (GW, BP 14-I)
(a) A is 1 and B is 0 (b) A is 0 and B is 1
(c) both A and B are 0 (d) both A and B are 1
vi. If X = A.B, the X is 1 when: (DG 14-I) (BP 15-II)
(a) A and B are 1 (b) A or B is 0
(c) A is 0 and B is 1 (d) A is 1 and B is 0

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Structure:
Electrons = 7
Protons = 7
Neutrons = 7
Secondly, 147N is different from 167N due to different number of neutron. In 167N the
number of neutrons are nine, but no. of neutrons are same i.e. 7.


CHAPTER NO. 18
No. of half life =
Total time
Half life
Important Formulas

T
n =
T1⁄
2
1
 Remaining quantity = × N0
2n

Numericals
18.1. The half life of 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝐍is 7.3s. A sample of this nuclide of nitrogen is observed for
29.2s. Calculate the fraction of the original radioactive isotope remaining after
this time.
(GW 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
Time half life = T½ = 7.3s
t = 29.2 sec
To Find:
Original sample = No = ?

Solution:
time
No. of half life =
half life
29.2
=
7.3
No. of T½= 4
1
Remaining quantity of nitrogen = × No
2t
1
= × No
24
1
= × No
16

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1
So, after 29.2 sec, part of original sample is left.
16th
18.2. Cobalt-60 is a radioactive element with half life of 5.25years. What fraction of
the original sample will be left after 26 years?
(BP, FB 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Half life = T½ = 5.25 years
t = 26 years
To Find:
No = ?
Solution:
Let original sample = No
Remaining sample = N
time
No. of half life =
half life
26
=
5.25
No. of half life = 5
1
Remaining quantity = × No
2t
1
= × No
25
1
Remaining quantity = × No
32
18.3. Carbon-14 has half life 5730 years. How long will it take for the quantity of
carbon-14 in a sample to drop to one-eight of the initial quantity?
(SG, RWP 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
Half life of C-14 = T½ = 5730 years
Original sample = No
No
Remaining sample = N =
8

To Find:
Time T = ?

Solution:
1
N = No ×
2n

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1 1
=
8 2n
1 1
=
23 2𝑛
n=3
1
After 3rd half life, part of initial carbon-14 will be:
8th
T = 3T½
= 3 × 5730
= 17190
T = 1.7 × 104 years
18.4. Technetium-99m is radioactive element and is used to diagnose brain, thyroid,
liver and kidney disease. This element has half life of 6 hours. If there is 200
mg of his technetium present, how much will be left in 36 hours?
Ans. Given Data:
Half life = T½ = 6 hours
t = 36 hours
No = 200mg
To Find:
N=?
Solution:
time
No. of half life =
half life
36
=
6
n=6
1
N = No ×
2n
1
N = 200 ×
2n
200
N=
64
N = 3.125mg
18.5. Half life of a radioactive elemtn is 10 minutes. If the initial count rate is 368
counts per minute, find the time for which count rate reached 23 counts per
minute. (DG 15-I) (GW 15-II)
Ans. Given Data:
T½ = 10 min
Initial count rate = 368 per minute
To Find:

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Time T = ?

Solution:
368 → 184 → 92 → 46 → 23
As clear, it takes 4 half lifes for count rate decreases from 368 to 23 per min so,
Time taken = No. of half life × half life
= 4 × 10
Time taken = 40 min
18.6. In an experiment to measure the half life of a radioactive element, the
following results were obtained:
Count rate/ minute 400 200 100 50 25

Time (in minutes) 0 2 4 6 8

Plot a graph between the count rates and time in minutes. Measure the value
for the half life of the elemtn from the graph.
Ans. Graph between time and count rate:

Figure
After two successive half life, let ‘A’ point which is (n = 2).
Total time = No. of half life × half life
4 = n × T½
4 = 2 × T½
4
T½ =
2
T½ = 2min (half life is 2 min).
18.7. A sample of certain radioactive element has a half life of 1500 years. If it has
an activity of 32000 counts per hour at the present time then plot a graph of
the activity of this sample over the period in which it will reduce to 1/16 of its
present value.
Ans. Given Data:
Half life = T½ = 1500 year
Initial count per hour = Ao = 32000
1 32000
Remaining of initial count rate = A =
16 16

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1
A = Ao ×
2n
32000 1
= 32000 ×
16 2n
1 1
=
16 2n
1 1
=
24 2n
n=4

8.8. Half-life of a radioactive element was found to be 4000 years. The count rates
per minute for 8 successive hodurs were found to be 270, 280, 300, 30, 285, 290, 305,
312. What does the variation in count rates show? Plot a graph between the count
rates and time in hours. Why the graph is a straight line rather than an
exponential?
Ans. Variation in count rate shows the random nature of radioactive decay, graph is almost
horizontal line, rather than exponential curvewhich is due to logn half-life as compared
to period of 8 hours.

18.9. Ashes from a campfire deep in a cave show carbon-14 activity of only one-
eighth the activity of fresh wood. How long ago was that campfire made?
(DG 15-I)
Ans. Given Data:
Original sample = No
No
Remaining sample = N =
8
To Find:
Time T = ?
Solution:
1
N = No ×
2
No No
=
8 2n
1 1
=
8 2n
Total time = No. of half life × half life
T = nT½
= 3 × 5730
Total time = 17190 years

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