‘60s Pop

? Mama Cass Elliot

? Ellen Naomi Cohen, better known as Mama Cass Elliot or just Mama Cass, was born in Baltimore
in 1941
? Cass forms the group The Big 3, which is later renamed The Mugwumps
? The New Journeymen invite Cass to join them on a trip to the Virgin Islands, though Cass is not yet
a band member
? The group settles in Los Angeles and starts working with producer Lou Adler as The Mamas and
The Papas
? In 1966, “California Dreamin’” reaches #4 on the Pop charts
? Phillips and Cass emerge as the dominant figures in the group
? Cass exhibited the most powerful voice of the quartet
? “Cass was overweight, but she carried it off like a beauty queen”
? “Dream a Little Dream of Me” - Dunhill Records (1968)
? Cass releases her first solo single in 1968, the song “Dream a Little Dream of Me”
? Though the entire group recorded it, the single was credited to “Mama Cass and The
Mamas & the Papas”
? Phillips arranges the song in an old-timey style, with simple finger-picking guitar
accompaniment
? In preparation for her Las Vegas solo debut, Cass goes on a crash diet and becomes seriously ill
? Cass makes her film debut in 1970 in the Pufnstuf film
? Cass returns to Las Vegas in 1973 for a series of successful engagements
? Mama Cass Elliot dies from a heart attack brought on by weight and drug-related health problems
? Cher
? Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkasian in El Centro, CA in May of 1946
? She is the only artist to have a #1 Billboard single in each of the past six decades
? She sells 40 million records with husband Sonny Bono, and an additional 100 million records as a
solo artist
? As a teen, she meets musician Salvatore “Sonny” Bono while both are working as back-up singers
for Phil Spector
? Cher sings back-up on records by The Crystals and The Ronnettes
? Sonny and Cher begin recordings for Fault and Reprise Records as Caesar and Cleo
? Their career was revitalized in 1971 by their own musical variety TV show, The Sunny and Cher
Comedy Hour
? “Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves” - Kapp Records (1971)
? Cher goes solo in 1971 and has her first #1 hit with “Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves”
? Cher’s unique, lower-range voice is vibrant, right on pitch, and very compelling
? The lyrics are narrative, telling a story
? Cher emerged as a successful actress in Silkwood and Mask, and won the best actress Academy
Award for Moonstruck
? Cher becomes a serious Rock and Roller with the song “If I Could Turn Back Time”
 ? Cher’s outfit in the elaborate video for the song caused controversy
? She pioneers use of an innovative auto-tuning vocal device on “Believe,” the biggest single of her
career
? Cher’s Living Proof tour ends in 2005 after 325 dates, with the TV concert special winning an
Emmy
? This tour will become the highest grossing music tour by a female artist at that time
? Cher’s song for the film Burlesque, “You Haven’t Seen the Last of Me,” wins a Golden Globe

‘60s Rock
? Grace Slick
? Born in Evanston, IL, was one of the first female Rock stars
? Slick takes off for San Francisco in the mid-60s, where she forms her own group, The
Great Society
? Slick is asked to join Jefferson Airplane in 1966 as the replacements for vocalist Signe
Anderson
? Slick brings a more urgent, aggressive voice and no-holds-barred style
? She was the “acid queen of the 1960s”
? Jefferson Airplane’s 1967 album Surrealistic Pillow was classic psychedelic rock
? “Somebody to Love” - RCA Victor (1967)
? “Somebody to Love” seemed the perfect song for the period in 1967 dubbed “the
Summer of Love”
? Janis Joplin
? was born in the small town of Port Arthur, TX in 1943
? She is almost universally considered the greatest white female blues singer of all time
? As a teen, she was considered “one of the boys” adopting a defiant stance
? Joplin absorbs the music of African American blues artists such as Bessie Smith and
Willie Mae Thornton
? In 1966, Joplin is asked to join Big Brother and the Holding Company
? Joplin’s career is solidified by an earth-shaking performance at the Monterey Pop Festival
in 1967
? “Ball and Chain”
? Joplin and Big Brother and the Holding Company perform “Ball and Chain” at the
Monterey Pop Festival in 1967
? Willie Mae Thornton composed the song, but Joplin’s performance took the blues
classic to new heights
? Her vocals open in the lower register, but will explore all of her range as the song
progresses
? Joplin’s new band was called the Kozmic Blues Band
? Recording sessions for their second album are marred by Joplin’s more frequent heroin
use
? Janis forms her last group, the Full Tilt Boogie Band, during the Spring of 1970
 ? On October 10, 1970, Joplin is found dead in her room at Hollywood’s Landmark Hotel
? She had passed away from a heroin overdose at the age of 27
? Joplin’s meteoric rise and tragic death typified the ecstasy and overindulgence of Rock
stardom
Folk
? Joan Baez
? The early 1960s saw a Folk music revival, with young, protest, and message-oriented performers
? Bob Dylan reinvents folk music as a vehicle for protest and personal expression in the 1960s
? Singer/songwriter/guitarist Joan Baez was born on Staten Island, NY in 1941
? She will be Dylan’s partner and companion, as well as leaving her own mark on American folk
music
? In the late 1950s, she enrolls in Boston University, but quickly leaves to become involved in the
local folk scene
? In 1959, Baez makes her first local recordings of folk music
? She also appears at the Newport Folk Festival to a crowd of over 13,000 people
? Dylan’s manager, Albert Grossman, is in attendance, likes what he hears, and signs her to
Vanguard Records
? Joan Baez, released in 1960, will be her first album
? It will become one of the biggest selling albums by a female folk singer
? Baez’ passion for folk music and her commitment to political and social causes are what appealed
to audiences
? Baez met Bob Dylan in 1961 at a club, and she invited him to appear with her at the 1963 Newport
Folk Festival
? From 1963-65, Baez and Dylan are constant companions and tour together
? “The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down” - Vanguard Records (1971)
? Baez has her only Top 40 single in 1971 with “The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down”
? This represents a focus on commercial music
? The song’s feel is that of a country 2-beat, with electric guitar, bass, and drums setting the
tempo
? Baez influences future female folk and folk rock performers like Joni Mitchell and Judy Collins
? Joni Mitchell
? Canadian-born Roberta Joan Anderson, better known as Joni Mitchell, was born in 1943
? Mitchell’s first interest was art, and she planned to be a commercial artist
? Her nearly three-octave voice and solid acoustic guitar style become her trademark sound
? Mitchell is adventurous, easily changing vocal tune quality at different pitch levels
? Mitchell does album cover artwork for Crosby, Stills and Nash, as well as other groups
? “Big Yellow Taxi” - Reprise Records (1970)
? “Big Yellow Taxi” gives Mitchell the foothold in Pop music on which she could build her
career
? The lyrics refer to the tendency to only recognize and appreciate the value of people and
things after they are gone
 ? “Michell has more literate lyrics that most songwriters of the period”
? Counting Crows with Vanessa Carlton cover “Big Yellow Taxi” in 2002
? By ‘72, she starts to explore jazz and rock on albums such as For The Roses and the single “You
Turn Me On, I’m a Radio”
? Her ‘79 album Mingus, a jazz tribute to bassist Charles Mingus, features Jaco Pastorius, Herbie
Hancock, and Wayne Shorter
Singer-Songwriters
? Carole King
? born Carole Klein in New York in 1942
? King will become one of the most successful female songwriters in music history
? King began playing the piano at the age of four, and started singing in vocal groups and writing
songs as a teen
? She meets aspiring songwriter Gerry Goffin while a student at college and marries him when she
turns 18
? Goffin and King enjoy huge success in the 1960s, composing Little Eva’s 1962 #1 hit “The
Locomotion”
? They write as a team (or King alone) for The Cookies, The Chiffons, They Crystals, The Monkees,
and Herman’s Hermits
? As well as Aretha Franklin, The Everly Brothers, The Animals, The Byrds, and Blood, Sweat and
Tears
? The high mark of her solo career comes in 1971 with Tapestry, one of the biggest selling albums of
the 1970s
? Tapestry was shot in the arm King’s career needed, selling 13 million copies and winning 4
Grammys
? The album remains in the Top 40 for over a year on the charts from 1971-1976
? Tapestry yields the Grammy winning song “It’s Too Late”
? The #1 single release is backed with “I Feel the Earth Move”
? This is one of Carole King’s best known songs
? Laura Nyro
? was born in the Bronx, NY in 1947
? She was not only a vocalist, but wrote several Top 10 hits for other artists
? Her low-key, overly-laid-back performance at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival delayed her career
? Nyro excels at crafting Pop songs, suppling Top 10 hits to diverse artists
? Barbara Streisand, Three Dog Night, and Blood Sweat & Tears have hits written by Nyro
? Her song “Stoned Soul Picnic” will be one of several hits Nyro will write for The Fifth Dimension
? Nyro’s version of “Stoned Soul Picnic” is from 1968, and she made up the word “surry” for its poetic
imagery
? Her version offers us a glimpse of Nyro as a pianist, performer, AND songwriter
? She will have her only Top 40 album in 1969 with New York Tendaberry
70s Pop (Part 1)
? Karen Carpenter
 ? Called “Rock’s archetypal ‘good’ girl”, Karen Carpenter was born in 1950 in New Haven, CT
? In 1963, Carpenter move to Downey, CA, and Carpenter plays drums in her school band
? By 1965, her first group is with her older brother, The Richard Carpenter Trio
? In The Carpenters, Karen quickly gives up her drum chair to concentrate on lead vocals
? The Carpenters sound was polished, slick, well rehearsed, and completely wholesome
? Their music was for entertainment, not for commenting on the turbulent ‘60s
? Karen’s alto voice was warm, mellow, and compelling
? Richard served as producer, arranging vocal overdubs to create a rich, lush, full, almost jazzy
sound
? “It’s Going to Take Some Time” is from their fourth album, A Song For You
? This Carole King composition was given a lush string and vocal arrangement by Richard
? The song features an outstanding vocal performance by Karen and a jazz flute solo by Bob
Messenger
? Sadly, by the mid-70s, Karen Carpenter is struggling with the eating disorder, anorexia
? After having no Top 40 hits for two years, Richard decides to enter rehab for his addiction to
prescription drugs
? In February of 1983, Karen Carpenter dies of a heart attack at age 32
? Carly Simon
? born in NYC in 1945, the daughter of the wealthy co-founder of Simon and Schuster publishing
company
? Simon will leave the prestigious Sarah Lawrence college to perform and record with her sister Lucy
in a folk duo
? By 1967, the duo was no more, but Simon signs with Dylan’s manager Albert Grossman
? Her 1971 solo debut album, Carly Simon, reaches #30 on the charts
? Her second album, Anticipation, includes the hit single of the same name
? The song “Anticipation” becomes a top selling single in 1972
? The lyrics to this extremely popular song refer to her state of mind as she waited to go on a date
? “Anticipation” - Ekektra Records (1971)
? The “these are the good old days” refrain is repeated, and becomes the song’s
catchphrase
? Simon tops the charts in ‘72 with “You’re So Vain” featuring Mick Jagger on backup vocals, and her
No Secrets
? Simon has a #2 hit in ‘77 with the song “Nobody Does It Better”, featured in the James Bond film
The Spy Who Loved Me
? Simon next turns to writing children’s books
? As the 1970s unfold, Simon focuses on songwriting rather than shows as she suffers from stage
fright
? In 1980, Simon and her sister win Grammy awards for Best Children’s Albums
? Simon becomes the first artist to win an Oscar, Golden Globe, and Grammy for “Let The River Run”
from Working Girl
‘70s Pop (Part 2)
 ? Helen Reddy
? Born in Melbourne, Australia in 1942, Helen Reddy came from a show business family
? She had hopes of becoming a dancer, but a kidney operation forced her to switch to singing
? US Top 40s singles helped Reddy move from her Jazz and musicals background into Pop
? Reddy wins a singing contest in 1966, with first prize being a trip to New York City and a Mercury
recording contract
? Reddy’s first major TV appearance comes in 1970, leading to a contract with Capitol Records
? May of 1972 brought the break Reddy had been preparing for when her original song “I Am
Woman” is released in single form
? This song will become the anthem for the women’s movement
? Composed by Reddy and Ray Burton, this song will be the first #1 hit on the Billboard charts for an
Australian-born artist
? Radio stations were reticent to play a women’s empowerment song, but phone calls force airplay
and the song hits #1
? Reddy stirs further media controversy when receiving her Grammy award for “I Am Woman”
? She says to the live and TV audience,”I’d like to thank God, because SHE makes everything
possible”
? Reddy moves in a more commercial direction, but continues to be involved in women's causes
? 1975 is declared “International Women’s Year”
? The United Nations uses “I Am Woman” as the theme song for the year
? Reddy starts her own production company in 1980, gaining artistic control of her career
? Rita Coolidge
? born in 1945 in Lafayette, TN
? She is Scottish and Cherokee ancestry, embracing her Native American heritage
? Coolidge becomes a fan of Memphis Soul music while at Florida State University
? Coolidge’s career takes off in 1970
? She sings with Rock stars like Joe Cocker, Leon Russell, George Harrison, and Eric Clapton
? Coolidge becomes known as The Delta Lady
? Coolidge and Kristofferson record several duets, winning two Grammy awards as Best Country
Duo
? Her remake of Jackie Wilson’s song “(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher” hits #2 on
the charts
? Her version is entitled “(Your Love Has Lifted Me) Higher and Higher”
? The song appeared on her 1977 album, Anytime...Anywhere, and enjoyed great success as a
single
‘70s Rock
? Linda Ronstadt
? born in Tucson, AZ in 1946
? She is of German, English, Dutch, and Hispanic heritage
? In 1964, Ronstadt moved to LA to pursue a singing career and forms the Stone Poneys, a folk rock
group
 ? Ronstadt sings with a new label, Asylum Records, and release the Don’t Cry Now album
? She still owes Capitol one more record, resulting in her 1972 country rock album, Linda Ronstadt
? She records it in 1971 backed by future Eagles Don Henley, Glen Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy
Meisner
? The #1 single “You’re No Good” comes from her last Capitol release, Heart Like a Wheel
? The songs opens with electric piano using a vibrato setting electric guitar, bass and drums
? The chorus section adds string pads and parallel back-up vocal harmonies
? Ronstadt rules the rest of the 1970s, and becomes the most successful singer of this decade
? “Ronstadt can cover past songs, from the 1950s R&R to Motown, Country, and Swing Jazz”
? She wins a Grammy in 1975 for Best Female Vocal Performance
? Her Greatest Hits album is released in 1976, and goes 7x platinum by 2001
? With two or more #1 albums in 1977 and 1978, Ronstadt becomes the highest paid woman in Rock
? She makes $12 million alone in 1978, with total album sales grossing over $60 million
? In 1987, she records the Mariachi-flavored Canciones de Mi Padre, a Grammy-winning Spanish
album
? Heart
? The Wilson sisters, Ann, born in 1950, and Nancy, born in 1954, came from a musical family
? The sisters were influenced to pick up instruments and sing after The Beatles and the British
Invasion hit the US
? By 1963, their group was called Army, and laid the groundwork for Heart
? Ann then joins White Heart, forming the nucleus of Heart when the group moves to British
Columbia
? Nancy joins on guitar and vocals, and Ann sings and plays guitar, keyboards, and flute
? Heart has their first US album release in 1976 with Dreamboat Annie
? This new, mixed-gender band featured original material by Ann and Nancy
? The album will sell 4 million copies includes the #35 hit “Crazy On You” and the #9 hit “Magic Man”
? “Magic Man” opens with a 4-bar instrumental introduction lead by sustained electric lead guitar
? Listen for the extended form on the lyrics “try to understand”
? The underpinning is the guitars, bass, and drums repeating the 2-bar pattern, with the drums not
over-emphasizing the backbeat
? Heart is “an anomaly who become ‘80s superstars - almost a heavy metal band”
? Their Little Queen album is released in 1977 on a CBS subsidiary, yielding songs like “Barracuda”
and “Straight On”
? In 1985, Heart makes their Capitol Records debut with the Heart album, their biggest selling
release
? In 1991, they form The Lovemongers, performing acoustic versions of Heart songs and various
cover tunes
70’s R&B
? Gladys Knight
? born in Atlanta, GA in 1944
 ? By the end of the 1950s, Knight, her brother and sister, and their cousins form Gladys Knight and
the Pips
? This family group soon becomes a popular live act, and record a few Top 40 hits for small record
labels
? The group reforms in 1963 and signs to Motown in 1975
? There, they have three Top 10 singles, including “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” in 1967
? Marvin Gaye will remake the song for a 1968 hit
? In 1973, feeling that they were being ignored at Motown, the group leaves the label and signs with
Buddha Records
? There, they have their first #1 hit, “Midnight Train to Georgia” the first of four Top 10 hits
? Soon knight is unofficially crowned the “Empress of Soul”
? Knight participates on the #2 1985 Grammy-winning single “That’s What Friends Are For”
? Knight is joined by Dionne Warwick, Elton John, and Stevie Wonder
? In 1988 the Pips retire, and Knight records the title track for the James Bond film License to Kill
? One song from Good Woman, “Superwoman” featured Knight, Dionne Warwick, and Patti LaBelle
? In the late 90s, Knight releases albums and is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the
Pips
? In the 00s, she works with Ray Charles, and appears for charity with Chaka Khan, Patti LaBelle
and Diana Ross
? Tina Turner
? Tina Turner was born Annie Mae Bullock in Nutbush, TN
? She will be the trendsetter for high-energy female singers and dancers to follow
? She sang live, did not rely on pre recorded tapes, and had an exuberant stage presence
? Sadly, Tina stayed with the volatile and possessive Ike, enduring physical abuse from him for the
next 15 years
? In 1967, Tina Turner was invited to open for the Rolling Stones on their British and US tours
? In 1971, Ike and Tina cover Creedence Clearwater Revival’s “Proud Mary”
? They take their version to #4 on the charts
? Listen how the vocal line “rollin” repeats with Gospel style backup harmonies while Ike sings way
down low
? In 1978, Tina’s divorce from Ike becomes final
? Turner appears with Rod Stewart on Saturday Night Live
? The mid-80s bring a resurgence in her career with the Private Dancer album, which sells 10 million
copies
? Her 1984 #1 hit single “What’s Love Got to Do With It” cements her place in history as a top female
rock vocalist
Funk
? The Pointer Sisters
? Ruth, Anita, Bonnie, and June Pointer were born between 1946 and 1954 in Oakland, CA
? By the early 1970s, they have two unsuccessful singles on Atlantic Records as the Pointer
Sisters
 ? The group resigns with Blue Thumb Records and release the Pointer Sisters album in
1973
? The group is feeling the strain of too much togetherness and constant touring, and Bonnie
leaves the group
? Interestingly, they will enjoy more success as a trio than when they were a quartet
? The Pointer Sister will have their biggest hit to date in 1979 covering Bruce Springsteen’s
“Fire” for a #2 hit
? Chaka Khan
? Yvette Marie Stevens, better known as Chaka Kahn, was born in Chicago in 1953
? In 1964, Khan forms an all-female vocal group with her sisters called the Crystalettes
? Yvette changes her name to Chaka, a name bestowed upon her by a African shaman
? Rufus, a new funk group, ask Khan to join, signing with ABC Records and releasing their
debut album in 1973
? 1974 brings their breakthrough song “Tell Me Something Good”
? The song was composed by Stevie Wonder
? This #11 hit wins them their first Grammy Award
? Between 1974 and 1979, Rufus will have six platinum albums
? Chaka Khan becomes known as the “Queen of Funk”
? Khan’s first solo album, Chaka, released in 1978, features the disco crossover hit “I’m
Every Woman”
? In 1984, Khan has a million-selling #3 single with “I Feel For You”, the title track from her
album
? The early 2000s find Khan recording jazz and signing with a new label
? She wins a Grammy for her duet with Mary J. Blige
? Khan’s career spans five decades and has earned her ten Grammy awards
Disco
? Patti LaBelle
? Patti LaBelle was born Patricia Holte-Edwards in Philadelphia during May of 1944
? In the early 60s, she forms The Bluebelles with Cindy Birdsong
? By 1963, they begin making records for the Newton label under the name Patti LaBelle
and the Bluebelles
? By the mid-70s, they abandon their dressed-down look the opposite-ornate, silver futuristic
outfits
? Labelle has become theatrical, ala David Bowie, joining the ranks of glam rock so suited to
the early 1970s
? By 1974, their extravagant live show is drawing big crowds
? 1974 also saw the release of their #7 album Nightbirds
? The album includes the #1 hit “Lady Marmalade”
? The album is the group’s high mark, even with only moderate radio airplay
? This song becomes famous for the line “voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir”
? Translated from French as “do you want to sleep with me tonight?”
 ? Some US radio stations found the chorus a bit suggestive, even in foreign tongue
? 1975 showed the major transformation from a Girl Group look to the “outer space” outfits
? Their showmanship and musical talent helped pave the way for groups like En Vogue and
Destiny's Child
? Little chart action on their two mid-1970s albums forces the group to disband
? Patti gains critical success in 1977 with her Patti LaBelle album
? She releases her best selling album, Winner in You, in 1986
? Patti gives a terrific performance as the Acid Queen for the 1989 LA production of the rock
opera Tommy
? Patti joins Pink and Christina Aguilera at the 44th Grammy Awards ceremony in 2002 to
sing “Lady Marmalade”
? Donna Summer
? The undisputed Queen of Disco was Donna Summer
? Adrian Donna Gaines was born in Boston in 1948
? Summer will sign as a solo artist while in Munich, marry, and give birth to a child
? Summer shakes up the Disco world in 1975 with her single “Love to Love You Baby”
? The dance version of the song ran nearly seventeen minutes in length
? The song followed the standard Disco formula: an incessant rhythmic pulse and simple
lyrics
? In 1980, Summer becomes the first female artist to have three #1 singles in a year
? “Hot Stuff” is #1 in the US for three weeks and reaches #3 on the R&B charts
? The song wins a Rock Grammy during the reign of Disco
? Summer becomes the first “disco diva” with 13 dance hits during the era
? She signs with David Geffen, the first artists on his Geffen record label
? She becomes a born-again Christian and records Gospel songs
Early Punk and New Wave
? Patti Smith
? Punk originator Patti Smith was born in Chicago in 1946, and grew up in New Jersey
? Smith becomes part of New York City’s downtown art scene, and becomes a writer for Creem
magazine
? Smith records a cover of Hendrix’ “Hey Joe” as her first single, selling out locally all 1600 copies
? Smith signs to Arista records and releases Horses in late 1975
? Smith’s cover of the 1966 “Gloria” was sung by her in a male context with intent to shock or surprise
the listener
? In 1976, Smith covers The Who’s “My Generation” adding shouted obscenities
? She is “neither a hippie or a punk, but a bridge between the two”
? Smith popularizes “semi-talk” involving speaking and not really singing, in the mold of Bob Dylan
? The Easter album yields her first Top 40 hits
? One of the songs “Because the Night” was co-written by Bruce Springsteen
? This song is a Top 20 hit with no real punk elements
? Chrissie Hynde
 ? born in Akron, OH in 1951
? She jumped into New Wave music, combining hard-edged punk and soul music elements
? Hynde plays in a small combo in Paris called The Frenchies before joining the London punk music
scene
? In 1978, Hynde forms The Pretenders, her group in which she sings and plays rhythm guitar
? 1979 finds their first single, a cover of The Kink’s “Stop Your Sobbing” hitting the UK Top 30
? Ten of the twelve songs on their debut album, The Pretenders, were written or co-written by Hynde
? Hynde epitomizes the tough woman in Rock
? “Brass in Pocket” is from their debut album, The Pretenders
? In 1980, “Brass in Pocket” topped the UK charts and made #9 in the US
? The song opens with effective jangly electric guitar, then the bass, drums, and band set the tempo
and feel
? Drug problems plague the band around the time of their 1981 single “Message of Love”
? Hynde covers Sonny and Cher’s big hit “I Got You Babe” in 1985
? In 1994, The Pretenders have a top 20 single “I’ll Stand By You”
? Debbie Harry
? The woman most identified with the rise of Punk and New Wave in the US was Debbie Harry
? Harry was born in Miami, FL in 1946, grew up in New Jersey, and arrived in New York in the late
60s
? She first sang with the folk group Wind in the Willows
? The 1978 album Parallel Lines hits #6 in the US in 1979
? Blondie has their first #1 single from the album, the international hit “Heart of Glass”
? Harry, who will be the group’s primary songwriter, composed the song
? Blondie will become the most commercially successful group to emerge from the New York punk
scene
? They combined that style with clean, sparse, catchy Pop elements
? This includes synthesizers and other electronics, foreshadowing New Wave music