INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED

Me, myself and I

Day 1
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
(perform the action) (receive the action)

They usually DO in the sentence. They receive the action in the sentence. They
could be direct, indirect or after a preposition.

● I ● me
● you ● you
● he ● him
● she ● her
● it ● it

● we ● us
● you ● you
● they ● them

subject verb object

I love you
SUBJECT PRONOUNS

❖ Subject of the sentence

➢ She likes pizza.
❖ After than or as, as a comparison
➢ I am as strong as he.
➢ She draws better than he.
❖ After different forms of be
➢ It is I.
➢ The winner was he.
OBJECT PRONOUNS

❖ Direct object
➢ I saw her last night.
❖ Indirect object
➢ I gave the ticket back to them last week.
❖ After a preposition
➢ Dima explained everything to us.
1. I don’t understand _____ (he, him).
2. My friends and ____ (I, me) want to go out.
3. (She, Her) ____ and Dima are planning on going away for the weekend.
4. Our boss challenged _____ (we, us) to complete the project by the end of the
day. (We, Us) ______ won $100!
5. When will our boss acknowledge _____ (we, us)?
6. It’s still very difficult for ____ (we, us).
7. No one saw ____ (they, them) at the party.
1. I don’t understand him.
2. My friends and I want to go out.
3. She and Dima are planning on going away for the weekend.
4. Our boss challenged us to complete the project by the end of the day. We won
$100!
5. When will our boss acknowledge us?
6. It’s still very difficult for us.
7. No one saw them at the party.
When the subject of the sentence performs an action on itself, we use
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

singular plural

● myself ● ourselves
● yourself ● yourselves
● himself ● themselves
● herself
● itself

I convinced myself that moving was a good idea.

We pick ourselves up and keep going.
This car can drive itself!
1. Dima, you need to protect _______ from the sun!
2. Tom and Jerry found _______ a new place.
3. I hurt ______ skateboarding last week .
4. They are expected to do the work by ________ (theirselves, themselves).
5. We need to give _______ (us, ourselves) a break from school.
1. Dima, you need to protect yourself from the sun!
2. Tom and Jerry found themselves a new place.
3. I hurt myself skateboarding last week .
4. They are expected to do the work by themselves.
5. We need to give ourselves a break from school.
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Who, whom, which, that
Day 2
RELATIVE PRONOUNS ARE LINKED TO THE WORDS BEFORE THEM. THEY
USUALLY HELP US REPEAT LESS AND CONNECT TWO PARTS OF THE
SAME SENTENCE.

people things

● who (subjects) ● that

● whom (objects) ● which
● whose
(possession/ownership)
● that (conversational*)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

❖ Who is linked to the subject

➢ The guy who is waving at us is my friend.
➢ We finally found the person who will replace Tim.
❖ Whom is linked to the object
➢ Dima is the one to whom you should address the letter.
➢ Is he the person whom we are meeting?
❖ Whose shows possession
➢ Whose pen is this? (The subject is unknown, that’s exactly what we want to learn about)
➢ The actor whose wife we met last week is in this movie.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

❖ That is linked to things, but in informal speech could be linked to people

➢ The guy that we met yesterday is my friend.
NO COMMAS
➢ We finally found the briefcase that you’ve been looking for.
❖ Which is linked to things
➢ Dima bought a new TV, which was delivered this morning.
➢ The DVD, which my brother gave us, was amazing.
1. I met the director _____ (who, whose) movie is currently #1 worldwide.
2. Arthur finally found his phone, ______ (that, which) he lost.
3. I’ll be calling the manager _____ (who, whom) I met last week.
4. I have the book _____ (that, which) you ordered last week.
5. I have a message for the man _____ (who, which) works in this office.
1. I met the director whose movie is currently #1 worldwide.
2. Arthur finally found his phone, which he lost.
3. I’ll be calling the manager whom I met last week.
4. I have the book that you ordered last week.
5. I have a message for the man who works in this office.
 NOTES
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Some and any
Day 3
IN ENGLISH, THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF ADJECTIVES: LIMITING &
DESCRIPTIVE.

limiting

Numbers one, two, five, twenty, second, third, etc.

Amount some, any, many, much, few, little

Demonstrative this, that, these, those

Articles a/an, the

Possessive my, yours, his, her, its, our, your, their, boy’s, etc.

ALL THE OTHER ADJECTIVES ARE CALLED DESCRIPTIVE.

slow, early, hot, fast, angry, happy, honest...
SOME vs. ANY

❖ Some is used for affirmative sentences

➢ There are some girls outside.
➢ Some days are hotter than others.
❖ Any is used for negative sentences
➢ I don’t have any ideas.
➢ He doesn’t have any more free time today.
❖ Any is also used for questions
➢ Can you spare any change?
➢ Have you seen any of the Fast and Furious movies?
 Back to pronouns

Affirmative Negative/Questions

● someone ● anyone
● somebody ● anybody
● something ● anything
● somewhere ● anywhere

Someone is working in the garden. I can’t see anyone in the garden.

Somebody came here looking for you. Is anybody coming tonight?
I need something to drink. The nurse didn’t have anything for my
I need to go somewhere. back pain.
Is there anywhere you want to go?
1. I will save ___ food for you.
2. Do you have ____ idea how strenuous it is?
3. She didn’t have ___ funds left.
4. “__________ has been sleeping in my bed,” said the baby bear.
5. We haven’t seen ______ we know here at the party. I’m not very gregarious.
6. No one noticed _______ suspicious that day. Especially a sketchy person...
7. It’s just _____ change that I found in my pocket.
1. I will save some food for you.
2. Do you have any idea how strenuous it is?
3. She didn’t have any funds left.
4. “Someone/Somebody has been sleeping in my bed,” said the baby bear.
5. We haven’t seen anyone/anybody we know here at the party. I’m not very
gregarious.
6. No one noticed anything suspicious that day. Especially a sketchy person...
7. It’s just some change that I found in my pocket.
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New vocabulary
Day 4
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PREPOSITIONS
Day5
 PREPOSITIONS HELP US UNDERSTAND
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE, THINGS AND
IDEAS WITH OTHER WORDS IN THE SENTENCE.
Different Types of Prepositions

● Prepositions of place
○ The house is among the trees.
○ We’re going past the Hollywood hills.
● Prepositions of time
○ We will finish moving at night.
○ You should hand in your work by tomorrow.
● Prepositions used with nouns
○ I’m on vacation.
○ I don't think he did it on purpose.
● Prepositions used with adjectives
○ Alfred is afraid of darkness.
○ We were surprised at his reaction.
● Other types
 PREPOSITIONS !
The best way to learn them is to understand how they are used with
certain phrases

Years, months, city, state, country, inside the In 1992 I lived in San Francisco, in
In building, the university California while I was in Stanford

Specific date, name of a street, day of the week, John was born on June 14, 1975, in a
On different forms of transportation (bus, plane), house on Vine street
floors of buildings, on top of a surface (table,
desk, couch)

Exact address, specific time, at The party will be held at the Governor’s
At home/school/work/restaurant Club at 8PM

Origin, out of, sender Ian received a letter from his uncle from
From Italy

During, instead of, recipient, because of This exam is only for the advanced class
For
Prepositions of Time

AT IN ON
at some exact time; with some parts of the day; bigger periods days of the week; exact dates;
names of holidays of time (months, seasons, years) holidays that include “day”

Let’s meet at 5 pm. Who has their breakfast in the We usually go jogging on
afternoon? Monday.

They’ll be waiting here at night. Jared will be moving to NYC in This happened on September,
May. 11, 2001.

We’re busy at the moment. We love going skiing in winter. This festival will take place on
Labor Day.

At Christmas I will be home. I was born in 1987.

Prepositions of Place

AT IN ON

specific place limited space on the surface

Jane isn’t at the office. I live in Los Angeles. The picture needs to be put
on the wall.

I’m at the bus stop. Where are What can you see in the I left the money on the table
you? picture? and now it’s gone.

The Simpsons are at the The kids are in the car. You’ve dropped it on the floor.
airport.
Prepositions like to live with certain adjectives
● Anxious / worried about
○ Jess is anxious about her exams.
● Concerned about
○ We’re concerned about your health.
● Crazy about
○ Sam is crazy about his girlfriend Jessica.
● Married to
○ We’ve been married to each other for half a decade.
● Drawn to
○ Many tourists are drawn to Israel for its culture.
● Different from
○ How is it different from our previous house?
Prepositions like to live with certain adjectives

● Guilty of
○ You will never be able to find me guilty of this crime.
● Afraid / scared of
○ I’ve been scared of flying ever since I was a child.
● Tired of
○ I’m tired of your constant excuses.
● Jealous of
○ It seems that Nicky is jealous of your lifestyle.
● Supportive of
○ My family has always been supportive of my decision to become a doctor.
● Upset with
○ My mom is going to be upset with my F in Physics.
Prepositions like to live with certain adjectives

● Satisfied / pleased with

○ I am not pleased with the final look but it’ll do.
● Famous for
○ LA is famous not only for the entertainment industry.
● Responsible for
○ You were responsible for the kids!
● Offended by
○ I was deeply offended by your behavior.
● Encouraged by
○ His actions were encouraged by his parents.
1. Dima said that we have to be ____ the office _____ 2PM, no later.
2. Ivan was born ____ Miami _____ August 23, 2006.
3. Columbus discovered America _____ 1492.
4. He is not satisfied ____ the results at all.
5. Don’t worry _____ me! I’ll be fine!
1. Dima said that we have to be at the office by 2PM, no later.
2. Ivan was born in Miami on August 23, 2006.
3. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
4. He is not satisfied with the results at all.
5. Don’t worry about me! I’ll be fine!
 NOTES
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Types of conjunctions
and their functions
Day 6
THE BEST WAY TO LEARN COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS IS FANBOYS: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT,
OR, YET, SO

CONJUNCTIONS AND, NOR & OR CONNECT NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. NOR
IS USED ONLY FOR NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

There are pens, paper, and pencils on the desk or the shelf.

I don’t like red nor blue.

Jake plays guitar and sings well.

Marina is athletic, smart and generous.

We walked quietly and carefully through the forest.

Also, they connect parts of a complex sentence (with commas):

Marina won the lottery, and she bought an island.

I don’t have a car, nor do I plan to buy one.

Our meeting starts at seven, so we need to hurry.

I have to leave now, but I will be back soon.

Make sure you bring a jacket, for the evenings are cold in LA.

I’ve seen this movie 3 times already, yet I’m going again.
1. I want to see that new movie ____ not tonight.
2. I don’t know how to dance ____ do I intend to learn.
3. I will study chemistry ____ biology this semester.
4. I need to save up some money _____ I want to take a vacation this summer.
5. He can’t speak Russian ____ Italian.
1. I want to see that new movie, but not tonight.
2. I don’t know how to dance, nor do I intend to learn.
3. I will study chemistry or biology this semester.
4. I need to save up some money, for I want to take a vacation this summer.
5. He can’t speak Russian nor Italian.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

● either/or - I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake.

● both/and - We'll have both the cheesecake and the chocolate cake.
● whether/or - I didn't know whether you'd want the cheesecake or the chocolate cake, so I got
both.
● neither/nor - Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the chocolate cake? No problem.
● not only/but also - I'll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the chocolate cake.
● as/as - Bowling isn't as fun as playing pool.
● as many/as - There are as many curtains as there are windows.
● rather/than - She'd rather play the drums than sing.
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Auxiliary verbs #1
Day 7
 AUXILIARY VERBS HELP US BUILD MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENTENCES

Top 3 auxiliary verbs are: be, have & do.

● Be is an auxiliary verb of progressive tenses. The sun is setting.

● Have is an auxiliary verb of perfect tenses. She has done her work.
● Do is an auxiliary verb of negative sentences, questions and emphasis. I don’t like her. Did
you do homework? We do go to the library every day!

BUT THE MOST INTERESTING ONES ARE MODALS.

Modals Meaning Example

Can Ability I can’t swim

Give permission You can go home.

Could Question Could you tell me where the restroom is?

50% possibility She could be there by now.
Suggestion You could call her.

Would Politely ask Would you like a drink?

Preference I would rather stay here.
Something usual in the past I would often go to the movies with my
brother.
1. _____ (Could, Can) you whistle?
2. I don’t know where she is… she _____ (could, can) be halfway across the city
by now.
3. ________ (Would, Can) you marry someone 10 years younger than you?
4. I don’t have any answers for you, but you ______ (could, would) ask mom.
5. He was always on a strict schedule, every morning he _____ (would, could)
wake up at 4:30AM and go for a run.
6. _______ (Could, Can) you tell me the time?
7. I don’t think I ______ (could, can) help you right now, I’m so busy!
1. Can you whistle?
2. I don’t know where she is… she could be halfway across the city by now.
3. Would you marry someone 10 years younger than you?
4. I don’t have any answers for you, but you could ask mom.
5. He was always on a strict schedule, every morning he would wake up at
4:30AM and go for a run.
6. Could you tell me the time?
7. I don’t think I can help you right now, I’m so busy!
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Auxiliary verbs #2
Day 8
Modal Meaning Example

May Polite question May I come in?

Giving permission You may go use the restroom.
Possibility She may not be there.

Might Possibility (hypothetical) They might be in the park.

Should Advice You shouldn’t smoke

Deduction / Conclusion They should arrive soon.

Must Obligation I must pay taxes.

Strong possibility He isn’t here? Oh, he must be sick.

Had better / Ought to Advice You’d better do your work now.

You ought to go to a doctor
1. It's raining, and you _____ (may, might) not play outside.
2. (Would, Should) _____ we leave the clothes on the bed?
3. No one _____ (can, must) play the guitar better than Jimmy.
4. You _______ (could, should) not play with knives or guns.
5. He ________ (had better, must) confess and tell the truth.
1. It's raining, and you may not play outside.
2. Should we leave the clothes on the bed?
3. No one can play the guitar better than Jimmy.
4. You should not play with knives or guns.
5. He had better confess and tell the truth.
 These modals can also be used in the past...

CAN COULD V Past abilities You couldn’t use computers

in the 19th century

COULD COULD HAVE V3 Was possible in the past, but didn’t They could have arrived 3
happen hours ago!

WOULD WOULD HAVE V3 Wanted to do in the past, but didn’t I would have called, but I
forgot!

SHOULD SHOULD HAVE V3 Something didn’t happen, but we I was worried! You should
wanted it to have called!

MIGHT MIGHT HAVE V3 Possibly happened in the past (not It’s 10PM, they might have
sure) come home by now.

MAY MAY HAVE V3 Possibly happened in the past (almost They may have arrived a few
sure) minutes ago.

MUST MUST HAVE V3 Definitely happened in the past (at They all scored 100% on the
least we think so) test! They must have come
prepared!
1. Your neck hurts? Well, you _______ (should not fall) asleep on the couch!
2. He’s not at work today? He _______ (must got) sick.
3. He’s not answering his phone? Something ______ (might happen) to him…
4. I ______ (would tell) you the truth, but the time was never right....
5. Tim stole something? No, he _____ (could not do) that!
1. Your neck hurts? Well, you shouldn't have fallen asleep on the couch!
2. He’s not at work today? He must have gotten sick.
3. He’s not answering his phone? Something might have happened to him…
4. I would have told you the truth, but the time was never right....
5. Tim stole something? No, he couldn’t have done that!
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 Language
comfort zone
Day 9
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The art of speaking
English
Day 10
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USED TO
● used to + verb = used for (repeated) past actions. NOT PRESENT!
○ Jim used to ride his bike to school, but now he drives.
○ We used to live in Russia, but now we live in California.

● be used to + Ving = an action that became normal (in the present).

○ Ian loves camping. He is used to sleeping outside.
○ Darren is a surgeon. He is used to seeing blood.

● get used to + Ving = an action is turning into a habit.

○ I used to get nervous speaking in public, but I got used to it quickly.
○ Oleg moved to the states 2 months ago, I think he is getting used to living here.
1. Dima is finally getting used to _________ (cook, cooking) American cuisine.
2. The towels used to ________ (be, being) in the bathroom closet, but now they
are in the bedroom.
3. Don’t worry about him! He is used to ______ (swim, swimming) in the ocean.
4. Justin is used to _______ (wake, waking) up early in the morning.
5. After his accident, Ian had to get used to ______ (ski, skiing) more carefully.
6. Mr. Burns will be used to ______ (work, working) in the clinic in a couple of
months.
7. My neighbors used to ______ (live, living) in France.
1. Dima is finally getting used to cooking American cuisine.
2. The towels used to be in the bathroom closet, but now they are in the
bedroom.
3. Don’t worry about him! He is used to swimming in the ocean.
4. Justin is used to waking up early in the morning.
5. After his accident, Ian had to get used to skiing more carefully.
6. Mr. Burns will be used to working in the clinic in a couple of months.
7. My neighbors used to live in France.
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Comparison technics
Day 11
Adjectives that describe nouns have three forms: positive, comparative and superlative.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

fast faster fastest

clean cleaner cleanest

cold colder coldest

Comparative shows a relationship between two objects, people or groups of words. Many adjectives that
have 1 or 2 syllables just add -er for comparisons.

fast > faster quick > quicker

clean > cleaner quiet > quieter

cold > colder soon > sooner

If an adjective ends with an Е, we just add -r.

large > larger wise > wiser

We add than to our adjective to show how different the first thing is from the other one.

My brother is taller than Ben’s brother.

Ben is nicer than Tom.

She looks happier today than she did yesterday.

Some adjectives that have 2, 3 or more syllables don’t change forms. We just add more or less in front of
the word.

more Beautiful, interesting, intelligent...

less Difficult, important, sufficient...

LIFEHACK! If an adjective has 2 syllables, and ends with one of these combinations, we use more or less
with them:

-ish -ic -less -ward -act

-ous -ant -ing -ose -er

-ful -ive -like -al :)

more Foolish, careful, helpless, active...

less Caring, boring, soothing, vibrant...

1. My neighborhood is _______ than yours. (> quiet)
2. She is _______ than any other real-estate agent. (> famous)
3. Our team ran _______ than your team. (> fast)
4. Alaska feels ______ than Russia in the winter. (> cold)
5. Maria seems ______ than she should be. (< grateful)
6. Her child is _____ than the rest of the group. (> clever)
7. I think, I am _____ than Danny. (< tall)
1. My neighborhood is quieter than yours. (> quiet)
2. She is more famous than any other real-estate agent. (> famous)
3. Our team ran faster than your team. (> fast)
4. Alaska feels colder than Russia in the winter. (> cold)
5. Maria seems less grateful than she should be. (< grateful)
6. Her child is more clever than the rest of the group. (> clever)
7. I think, I am shorter than Danny. (< tall)
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Subject-verb agreement
Day 12
Subject + Verb agreement is one of the most common mistakes people make.

Singular subjects like to work with singular verbs:

Dima likes pizza.
Nobody wants to listen to that song.

Plural Subjects like to be paired with plural verbs:

Those girls sing very well.
Roses are red.

However, not all subjects that end with -s are plural. There are some exceptions:

● News ● Chess
● Politics ● Checkers
● Economics ● Appendicitis
● Physics ● Tennis

Tonight’s news is very interesting.

Politics plays an important role in our society today.
These words are ALWAYS plural!

● Scissors ● Glasses (sunglasses)

● Pants ● Both
● Many ● People
● Several

The scissors on the table are mine.

Many people come here every day.
Be careful with Subject Phrases (longer subjects)! They tend to confuse a lot of people!

The size of the shoes makes a big difference in comfort.

His ability to speak three languages helps him with his job search.

Always look for THE MAIN WORD!

And things like a lot of, all of and ___ % of change depending on the word that comes after!

A lot of people come to this store.

A lot of time is spent watching Youtube videos.
50% of my class plans to go to college after.
All of the money goes in our vacation fund.
1. The color of those pants _____ (clash, clashes) with the color of your shirt.
2. A lot of new students _____ (come, comes) to class expecting a boring lecture.
3. Nobody _____ (look, looks) at what socks you’re wearing.
4. Everyone _____ (is, are) tired. Can we go home?
5. Neither the boys nor their coach _____ (has, have) been to Miami.
6. Watching horror movies _______ (frighten, frightens) many people.
7. Each of the gifts ____ (represent, represents) a fun memory you and I share.
1. The color of those pants clashes with the color of your shirt.
2. A lot of new students come to class expecting a boring lecture.
3. Nobody looks at what socks you’re wearing.
4. Everyone is tired. Can we go home?
5. Neither the boys nor their coach has been to Miami.
6. Watching horror movies frightens many people.
7. Each of the gifts represents a fun memory you and I share.
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CLAUSES
Day 13
Clauses are groups of words containing a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses.

Independent clause (main clause) is a complete sentence on its own. It has the main subject and verb of
the sentence:
Jake goes to work.
The children are doing their homework.

Also, you can add different elements to your independent clause:

ADVERB: Jake rarely goes to work.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: In the summer, Jake goes to work twice a week.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE: Jake, whom I met in college, goes to work with me.
A dependent clause can’t exist without an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Look at the examples below. They
don’t make any sense on their own:
Whom I met in college.
When we visited Rome.
While the baby was asleep.

Yes, these clauses also have a subject and a verb, but they don’t contain a finished idea, They are just
parts of a bigger sentence:

How do I recognize a dependent clause? Look for a subordinating conjunction, They connect
dependent clauses and independent ones. “Because he is on time” is definitely a dependent
clause, but if you take out Because - it’ll turn into an independent clause “He is on time.”
 Jake, whom I met in college, goes to work with me.
When we visited Rome, we came upon a beautiful village.
Aaron and Jessica watched a movie while the baby was asleep.

Independent clause Dependent clause

Common Subordinating conjunctions used in this case:

● After ● Because ● Since ● When

● Although ● Before ● So ● Whenever
● As ● Even though ● Though ● Whether
● As long as ● If ● Unless ● While
● As soon as ● In order that ● Until ● Who (Whom)
● Which
● That
1. If John gets here early, he will be able to eat some dessert.
2. Before he went to his class, Jacob picked up something from the office.
3. William read a book while he was waiting for lunchtime.
4. Dima laughed when he heard the joke.
5. Even though alcohol is bad for you, many people enjoy drinking it.
1. If John gets here early, he will be able to eat some dessert.
2. Before he went to his class, Jacob picked up something from the office.
3. William read a book while he was waiting for lunchtime.
4. Dima laughed when he heard the joke.
5. Even though alcohol is bad for you, many people enjoy drinking it.

Pay attention to commas!

 NOTES
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Passive voice #1
Day 14
In English, you have two options when creating a sentence: Active voice or Passive Voice. Regular
Active voice sentences usually look like this: subject + verb + object.
Taissa wrote the essay.
My brother reads my diary.

In Passive Voice Subject and Object switch roles and Verb changes its form to 3rd with a help of an
appropriate form of be:
The essay was written by Taissa.
My diary is read by my brother.

Choosing between Active and Passive voices won’t change the meaning of the sentence; however, your
focus will slightly shift toward the subject or the object.
REASONS TO USE PASSIVE VOICE:

1. THE OBJECT IS MORE IMPORTANT: THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN BY MY FRIEND JUSTIN.
2. THE SUBJECT IS UNKNOWN OR NOT IMPORTANT: A LOT OF TRASH WAS DUMPED INTO THE
SEA (BY ?).
1. The salaries will be increased by our company next month.
2. The United States is divided into many states.
3. English is studied by many people in the world.
4. My previous English teacher was so boring.
5. I was so surprised by his sudden decision to leave.
1. The salaries will be increased by our company next month. PASSIVE
2. The United States is divided into many states. PASSIVE
3. English is studied by many people in the world. PASSIVE
4. My previous English teacher was so boring. ACTIVE
5. I was so surprised by his sudden decision to leave. PASSIVE
 NOTES
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How to think in English
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Passive voice #2
Day 15
Almost all tenses have their own version of Passive Voice.

Active Passive

Present simple Patrick makes videos Videos are made by Patrick

Present progressive Patrick is making videos Videos are being made by Patrick

Past simple Patrick made videos Videos were made by Patrick

Past progressive Patrick was making videos Videos were being made by Patrick

Present perfect Patrick has made videos Videos have been made by Patrick

Past perfect Patrick had made videos Videos had been made by Patrick

Future simple Patrick will make videos Videos will be made by Patrick

Future perfect Patrick will have made videos Videos will have been made by Patrick

“Be going to”-Future Patrick is going to make videos Videos are going to be made by
simple Patrick
1. The salaries will be increased by our company next month.
2. English is studied by many people in the world.
3. I was so surprised by his sudden decision to leave.
4. The baby will have been carried by Aaron.
5. The class is being taught by Venya.
6. This episode has been seen by Nick.
7. A dollar was borrowed by Nicole.
1. The salaries will be increased by our company next month - Our company will increase
the salaries next month. FUTURE SIMPLE
2. English is studied by many people in the world - Many people in the world study English.
PRESENT SIMPLE
3. I was so surprised by his sudden decision to leave - His sudden decision to leave
surprised me. PAST SIMPLE
4. The baby will have been carried by Aaron - Aaron will have carried the baby. FUTURE
PERFECT
5. The class is being taught by Venya - Venya is teaching the class. PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
6. This episode has been seen by Nick - Nick has seen this episode. PRESENT PERFECT
7. A dollar was borrowed by Nicole - Nicole borrowed a dollar. PAST SIMPLE
 NOTES
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How to express
uncertainty
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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Day17
The present subjunctive

FORMAL

used to express a command, suggestion or wish (VERB STAYS NEUTRAL)

1. To be + important, necessary, vital, crucial, recommended, desirable, suggested, demanded,

required, etc.
2. VERBS: suggest, recommend, insist, demand, ask etc.

It is necessary that they be careful.

I recommend that he see a doctor.

The doctor insists that she take it seriously.

NEGATIVE

We don’t usually use it, but it’s possible.

It is vital that he not be late = It is vital that he be on time.

The boss insisted that Phil not be in the meeting = The boss insisted
that Phil be out of this meeting.
WHEN DOES IT COME INTO PLAY?

I suggest leaving a 20% tip. I suggest that he leave a 20% tip.

I suggest booking a room in advance. I suggest that we book a room in advance.
She insists on leaving early. She insists that he leave early.
I recommend being careful tomorrow. It’s recommended that we be careful tomorrow.
It’s a good idea to leave a little earlier to It’s suggested that she leave a little earlier to
make it on time. make it on time.
I WOULD RATHER / I WISH

WHEN WE USE “BE” IT’S ALWAYS “WERE”

verb in the past

I would rather you stayed here.

I wish you were here.
His mother would rather he applied to Harvard.
I wish you studied more.
I WOULD RATHER / I WISH + THE ONE

WHEN WE USE “BE” IT’S ALWAYS “WERE”

I wish/would rather + someone + were + the one + to V

I would rather you were the one to do it.

I would rather she were the one to finally accomplish it.

I wish you were the one to do it.

I wish I were the one to finally say it!
I WISH (past subjunctive)

I wish + someone + Past Perfect

I wish I had painted the walls blue.

She wishes I hadn’t said all of those hurtful things.
I wish I hadn’t eaten so much at dinner.
I wish I had gone to the concert.
I wish I hadn’t agreed.
AS IF / AS THOUGH

… as if + someone + were ...

He tries to order me around as if I were 10 years old.

Do you notice Jane buying stuff as though she were rich?
Jenny flirts with every guy she sees as if she were single.
IT IS TIME

… it is time + someone + V2 ...

The dinner starts at 8PM, it is time you got ready.

It’s so late already, it is time we returned home.
I have a lot to do, it’s time you got your things and left.
Let’s try...
1. (doctor, insist, I, take, medication, every day)
2. (crucial, she, read, the contract, before signing)
3. (require, Joe, not, late, today)
4. (I, demand, she, learn, 5 words, today)
5. (My mom, suggest, Linda, go on vacation)
6. (It’s important // He takes my advice)
7. (vital, he, graduate with good grades)
Let’s try...
1. The doctor insists that I take medication every day.
2. It is crucial that she read the contract before signing.
3. It is required that Joe not be late today.
4. I demand that she learn 5 words today.
5. My mom suggests that Linda go on vacation.
6. It is important that he take my advice.
7. It is vital that he graduate with good grades.
Let’s try...
1. I need to wake up early tomorrow, it is time we ______. (call it a night)
2. Oh my god, I wish my sister ____ here to help me with this. (be)
3. I would rather he _______ to deal with it instead of me. (be the one)
4. He is acting as though nothing ____. (happen)
5. My mother would rather I ______ to Stanford. (apply)
Let’s try...
1. I need to wake up early tomorrow, it is time we called it a night.
2. Oh my god, I wish my sister were here to help me with this.
3. I would rather he were the one to deal with it instead of me.
4. He is acting as though nothing happened.
5. My mother would rather I applied to Stanford.
 NOTES
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SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Day 18
 PAST + PAST

main clause dependent clause

#1. PAST TENSE IN THE MAIN CLAUSE IS ALWAYS FOLLOWED

BY PAST TENSE IN THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

I found out that he was lying.

I didn’t understand what he was saying.

EXCEPTION #1: IF YOUR DEPENDENT CLAUSE TALKS ABOUT A

FACT OR SOMETHING THAT IS STILL TRUE - WE USE PRESENT
TENSE.

We learned today that honesty is important.

People really didn’t know that the Earth is round!
 PAST + PAST

main clause dependent clause

#1. PAST TENSE IN THE MAIN CLAUSE IS ALWAYS FOLLOWED

BY PAST TENSE IN THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

I found out that he was lying.

I didn’t understand what he was saying.

EXCEPTION #2: IF WE ARE COMPARING, YOUR DEPENDENT

CLAUSE CAN BE IN ANY TENSE!

She loved me more than she will ever love anybody else.
I paid for my dog way more than anybody does nowadays.
PAST PERFECT IS ALSO KNOWN AS PAST OF THE PAST. IF YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING
IN A PAST TENSE, THEN YOU WOULD NEED TO GO ONE LAYER DOWN (PAST IN THE PAST), AND
USE PAST PERFECT IN THE SECOND PART OF YOUR SENTENCE.

She said that she had already done her homework.

past

past perfect
#3. WHEN YOU TURN QUOTES INTO REPORTED SPEECH:

She said, “I watch TV every day.”

- What did she say?

- She said that she watched TV every day.
 #3. WHEN YOU TURN QUOTES INTO REPORTED SPEECH:

“I watch TV every day”

“I am watching TV”

“I have watched TV”

“I will watch TV”

“I can watch TV”

“I may watch TV”

 #3. WHEN YOU TURN QUOTES INTO REPORTED SPEECH:

“I watch TV every day” She said that she watched TV every day.

“I am watching TV” She said she was watching TV.

“I have watched TV” She said she had watched TV.

“I will watch TV” She said she would watch TV.

“I can watch TV” She said she could watch TV.

“I may watch TV” She said she might watch TV.

 #3. WHEN YOU TURN QUOTES INTO REPORTED SPEECH:

EXCEPTIONS!

#1: If something was said not too long

ago, and you still find yourself in the
same situation

- What did the teacher just say?

- He said that he wants us to open our books.

#2: IF YOUR DEPENDENT CLAUSE TALKS ABOUT A FACT OR

SOMETHING THAT IS STILL TRUE - WE USE PRESENT TENSE.

She said that she knows Dima.

She will say that she knows Dima.
She is saying that she knows Dima.
1. Rodrigo said, “You owe me $25 for the drinks.”
2. Dima said, “I will lend you money!”
3. Venya said, “I have seen this movie before!”
4. Marina said, “I’m falling asleep.”
1. Rodrigo said that I owed him $25 for the drinks.
2. Dima said that he would lend me money!
3. Venya said that he had seen this movie before!
4. Marina said that she is falling asleep.
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LINKING VERBS
Day 19
These verbs connect the Subject to its “complement”. The main difference between linking verbs
and the verbs that you know is that linking verbs do not perform an action!

appear feel look seem stay

be get prove smell taste
become grow remain sound turn

Kyle is a shopaholic.
It looks interesting!
He appeared to be worried.
The food smells really good!
Sounds good! *
We got tired!
The hot chocolate tasted really good!
How can you tell them apart? You can simply try to change your verb to any form of be (am, is, are,
was, were). If the meaning stays the same, then you’ve got yourself a linking verb:

Mom tasted the sauce first. The sauce tasted really good!

Mom was the sauce??? The sauce was really good!

Don’t think so...

YES!
1. They appeared satisfied with the news. (linking or active)
2. The movie sounds scary! (linking or active)
3. Mom smelled the flowers. (linking or active)
4. Peter sounded excited after hearing the news! (linking or active)
5. Teddy became tired after playing games all day. (linking or active)
6. We just got home! (linking or active)
1. They appeared satisfied with the news. (linking or active)
2. The movie sounds scary! (linking or active)
3. Mom smelled the flowers. (linking or active)
4. Peter sounded excited after hearing the news! (linking or active)
5. Teddy became tired after playing games all day. (linking or active)
6. We just got home! (linking or active)
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Adjectives with
linking verbs
Day 20
LINKING VERBS work well with different adjectives. This way our storytelling can improve and you
can share your stories with more colors!

We felt happy after receiving the good news

Andrew grew tired of listening to the same music all day.

No one seemed pleased with the new boss.

Dima sounded excited after we told him about our plans.

We can also use the linking verb GET to show the transition between one state to another. With this
little trick your English becomes more advanced.

Get + adjective = Get + object + adjective = make

become someone become

As we get older, we get wiser We need to get him drunk.

I’m getting sleepy. Let’s get Dima ready for his meeting.

I knew him before he got rich. I forgot that we needed to get the
house clean!
We can also use the linking verb GET to show the transition between one state to another. With this
little trick your English becomes more advanced.

Get + Verb 3 = for things that we Get + object + Verb 3 = actions that we
do to ourselves organize for others to do

Get dressed please! We need to get the car fixed.

They got married in August. You must get him fired!

Let’s get lit! He knows how to get things done.

1. They ______ last night! (get, really drunk)
2. We are ________ today! (get, our car, clean up)
3. I _________ last week. (get, my car, steal)
1. They got really drunk last night!
2. We are getting our car cleaned up today!
3. I got my car stolen last week.
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Introductory words
and phrases
Day 21
Addition

indeed, The heatwave was besides... What does he have that I don’t
forecast to end soon and, - besides money and good
indeed, it was raining the looks?
very next day.

in fact, I don’t need your help, in as well (as…) I need to buy some chicken as
fact, you can just leave! well as rice!

let alone, He hasn’t even done his not to mention, He can’t stand your dog, not
homework yet, let alone to mention, he doesn’t really
cleaning the house! like you either.

as a matter of fact, He’s never apologized, not only (this) but also This car not only is
as a matter of fact, I (that) economical but also feels
don’t think he ever will. good to drive.
Introduction

such as, I like exotic cars, such including, He has admitted to committing
as, Lamborghini and several crimes, including two
Ferrari. murders.

especially, He won’t come tonight, for instance, In the electronics industry, for
especially if he has no instance, 5K jobs are being
money. lost.

particularly, The new series of like, I prefer natural fabrics like

iphones, particularly the cotton and wool.
XR, hasn’t been selling
that well.
Conflict

however, I don’t eat fish; however, while, While the news has been
tuna isn’t too bad. good so far, there may be days
ahead when it’s bad.

in contrast, The other candidate, in on the other hand, I disagree with your point of
contrast, lacks view, on the other hand, I
experience. understand why you feel this
way.

(and) yet, She has so much work to though (last word), The movie was too long. It had
do, and yet she’s some funny moments though.
watching TV.
Dismissal

either way, We don’t need to look for whatever happens, Whatever happens, we’ll
him, either way, he make the best out of any
would have to come situation.
back.

in any case, In any case, people will in any event, In any event, we’re gonna
believe you over him. play it cool.
 NOTES
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Frequency adverbs
#1
Day 22
Adverbs work with verbs. They help you describe an action, making your speech a lot richer.

Jenny cried hysterically as her car was getting towed.

Also, adverbs can work with adjectives. In this case, they like to stay RIGHT BEHIND the adjective.

Will Smith is a well-known actor.

And, adverbs can work with other adverbs.

Dima drives really fast!

First, let’s look into this common group of adverbs: adverbs of frequency.

Frequency Adverb Example

100% always I always brush my teeth before bed.

90% usually I usually walk to school.

80% normally / I normally get food from the mall.

generally

70% often I often read in bed at night.

50% sometimes I sometimes sing in the shower.

30% occasionally I occasionally go to bed late.

10% seldom I seldom put salt on my food.

5% hardly ever / I hardly ever get angry.

rarely

0% never I never sleep until noon.

 RULES!

● Use adverbs of frequency when discussing how often something happens

● We like to use them for habits or routine - that means we really like them in present simple.
● Use them before the verb/adjective/adverb.
1. I __________ late on Sundays.
a. get up usually
b. get usually up
c. usually get up

2. Dima _______ late for work.

a. never is
b. is never

3. __________ during the summer break?

a. Do you usually travel

b. Usually do you travel
c. Usually you do travel
1. I __________ late on Sundays.
a. get up usually
b. get usually up
c. usually get up

2. Dima _______ late for work.

a. never is
b. is never

3. __________ during the summer break?

a. Do you usually travel

b. Usually do you travel
c. Usually you do travel
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Time adverbs
#2
 Now let’s look at a different group: adverbs of time.

● Already ● First ● Then

● Annually ● Hourly ● Today
● Before ● Just ● Tomorrow
● Daily ● Last ● Tonight
● Early (Earlier) ● Late (Later) ● Yesterday
● Eventually ● Monthly ● Yet
● Ever ● Now ● Weekly
● Finally ● Next ____ ● Yearly
● Soon
 RULES!

● Use adverbs of time to talk about when something happened, happens or will happen.
● Put them in the end (usually).
1. We go out for Chinese food _______.
a. normally
b. weekly
c. perfectly

2. Do you _____ work at your wife’s law firm?

a. still
b. never
c. ever

3. I don’t know about you, but I wanna leave ______ to beat the traffic.

a. sadly
b. later
c. quickly
1. We go out for Chinese food _______.
a. normally
b. weekly
c. perfectly

2. Do you _____ work at your wife’s law firm?

a. still
b. never
c. ever

3. I don’t know about you, but I wanna leave ______ to beat the traffic.

a. sadly
b. later
c. quickly
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English idioms
Day 23
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ADVANCED ADJECTIVES
Day 24
 For your current level, the use of simple adjectives is NOT RECOMMENDED!

afraid / scared terrified great breathtaking

very shy timid perfect flawless

simple basic unusual unique

small petite stubborn adamant

special exceptional good invaluable

sweet thoughtful the best superior

tight constricting happy invigorated

very tired exhausted very happy over-the-moon

very ugly hideous sad unhappy

very beautiful gorgeous very sad devastated

1. He quit his previous job. The new one he got is very good, they pay more.
2. I promised myself that I won’t drink tonight, and every holiday that comes
next.
3. He is a very important worker in our company.
4. He is a very important worker in our company. We won’t find anybody else
like him.
1. He quit his previous job. The new one he got is lucrative
2. I promised myself that I won’t drink tonight, and every subsequent holiday
3. He is an invaluable worker in our company.
4. He is an irreplaceable worker in our company.
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ADVANCED CLAUSES
DAY 25
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

Max just got back from a trip to Africa.

Max is Nikita’s older brother.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

Max just got back from a trip to Africa. Max is Nikita’s older brother.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

Max, who is Nikita’s older brother, just got back from

a trip to Africa.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

The house on the left is up for sale. It belongs

to Nicole.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

The house on the left, which belongs to Nicole, is

up for sale.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

I thanked the climber. He saved

my life.
 The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a
dependent clause, which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a
noun).

I thanked the climber, who

saved my life.
The first thing we’re gonna talk about is adjective clauses. It’s a type of a dependent clause,
which acts like an adjective (a more detailed description of a noun).

They can be NECESSARY (no commas) and

UNNECESSARY (with commas)

The professor who teaches Chemistry is an excellent lecturer.

- We need this adjective clause, because without it, we won’t
know who we’re talking about

Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry, is an excellent

lecturer.
- This adjective clause can easily be deleted. It’s just for
decoration.
 ATTENTION!

We took some children on a picnic. The children, who

wanted to play soccer, ran to the field as soon as we arrived
at the park.
- Commas are telling us that ALL children wanted to play
soccer!

We took some children on a picnic. The children who

wanted to play soccer ran to the field as soon as we arrived
at the park.
- The lack of commas is telling us that ONLY SOME children
wanted to play soccer.
1. John was sick. He looked very pale.
2. He was sitting in the emergency room. It was very crowded.
3. The doctor asked him to lie down. She looked very worried.
4. People, who were wearing red shirts, had to stay all night (all people or
some?)
5. People who had black hoodies on got arrested. (all or some?)
1. John, who looked very pale, was sick.
2. He was sitting in the emergency room, that was very crowded.
3. The doctor, who looked very worried, asked him to lie down.
4. People, who were wearing red shirts, had to stay all night (all people or
some?)
5. People who had black hoodies on got arrested. (all or some?)
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Present Tenses
Day 26
PRESENT TENSES

1. Present Simple
2. Present Progressive
3. Present Perfect
4. Present Perfect Progressive
PRESENT SIMPLE

1. Routine, habits, regular actions.

2. Laws, facts, instructions, personal truth.
3. Emotions and feelings.
4. To tell stories.
PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + V1
PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

He/she/it + V+s
PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

They teach children every summer.

Mike plays basketball twice a week.

PRESENT SIMPLE

+ES
After —o, —y, —s, —sh, —ch, —tch, —x, —z.
PRESENT SIMPLE

She does
He teaches
She watches
He mixes
PRESENT SIMPLE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + do/does (he/she/it) + not + verb

Subject + am/is/are + not + verb

PRESENT SIMPLE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

I don’t think so.

She doesn’t like to drink tea.
They don’t go to restaurants very often.
PRESENT SIMPLE
QUESTIONS

Do/does (he/she/it) + subject + verb ?

PRESENT SIMPLE
QUESTIONS

Do you agree with me?

Does he speak French?

PRESENT SIMPLE
QUESTIONS

How much does it cost?

How long does it take you to get to work?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1. Action is taking place at the current

moment.
2. Long and unfinished action.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Signal words:

Now
Right now
At the moment
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

It is also used to talk about planned future

activity.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Look, he is talking to that cute girl.

I’m sorry I can’t come now. I’m studying for my

exams.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

I am writing this article now.

What time is he coming tomorrow?
John is leaving for LA in 3 days.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Subject + to be (am/is/are) + V+ing

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

I am taking shower and singing.

They are having lunch at the moment.
Don’t call him, he is driving right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

For verbs ending with -e, we take that -e

out:
come — coming
make — making
write — writing
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

For verbs ending with -ie, we take -ie and

replace them with -y:
lie — lying
tie — tying
die — dying
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

If a short verb ends with a vowel and a

consonant, we double the consonant:
swim — swimming
stop — stopping
get — getting
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + to be (am/is/are) + not + V+ing

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Something might have happened, he is not

smiling.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
QUESTIONS

To be (am/is/are) + subject + V+ing?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
QUESTIONS

Are we going to the theatre tomorrow?

What are you going to do this summer?
Are you listening to me?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Present Progressive is used for temporary actions.

For
During
Until
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

He is staying in New York for three months.

He is working as a waiter until he finds a better

job.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Present Progressive is used to talk about

changing actions.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Get
Change
Become
Rise
Fall
Grow
Improve
Begin/start
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Your English is getting better.

The weather is improving.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Present Progressive is also used to express our

irritation.

Signal words: always, constantly, all the time

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

You are always interrupting me!

He is coming late all the time!

PRESENT PERFECT

The main focus of this tense is on right now

and how this past situation is related to right
now.
PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect is used to talk about actions

in the recent past (this morning, this week,
etc.)
PRESENT PERFECT

Already
Yet
Just
Today
This week/month/year
PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect is also used with verbs that

can not be used in Present Perfect
Progressive (state verbs).
PRESENT PERFECT

I am not thirsty, I have just drunk a glass of juice.

PRESENT PERFECT

Subject + have/has (he/she/it) + V3

PRESENT PERFECT

I have just started learning English.

They have already taken the exam.
He has gone to the store.
PRESENT PERFECT

Subject + have/has (he/she/it) + not + V3

PRESENT PERFECT

We haven’t started the concert yet.

He still hasn’t called me.
They haven’t come to me.
PRESENT PERFECT

Have/has (he/she/it) + subject + V3 ?

PRESENT PERFECT

Have you watched this show?

Has he already come?
Have they been to the US?
PRESENT PERFECT

I did it (a simple action in the past).

I have done it (the result, your experience, etc).

PRESENT PERFECT

I know Jane. We have already met.

I don’t want to go to the café, I’ve just eaten.

PRESENT PERFECT

Yet is used in negative sentences and

questions. Yet likes to appear at the end of
the sentence.
PRESENT PERFECT

– Is Jim here?
– No, he hasn’t arrived yet.

Have you been to the new supermarket yet?

PRESENT PERFECT

Today he has visited two galleries.

I’ve been to England but I haven’t been to Scotland.

PRESENT PERFECT

I have read this book twice.

I have eaten in this restaurant many times.

PRESENT PERFECT

– Have you ever seen this movie?

– No, I have never seen this movie before.
PRESENT PERFECT

– Has he ever been abroad?

– No, he hasn’t = No, he has never been abroad.
PRESENT PERFECT

It is (that is) the first/second/third time…

PRESENT PERFECT

It is the first time I have driven a car.

That is the fifth time Bill has called his girlfriend

this evening.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Present Perfect Progressive is used to talk

about action that started in the past, still
going on and will continue in the future.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Signal words:

for a month/for an hour/for 3 years

since yesterday/since 8 o’clock/since 1985
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Subject + have/has + been + V+ing

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

We have been working here since 1989.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Subject + have/has + not + been + V+ing

I haven’t been travelling for a couple years.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Have/has + subject + been + V+ing ?

Have you been working all morning?

Why have you been working all morning?
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Signal words:

lately
recently
quite a while
all day
for
since
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom has been watching TV all day.

It has been raining for 3 hours.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

– How long has she been learning French?

– She has been learning French for seven years.

– Since when have you been learning German?

– I have been learning German since yesterday.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

We are very tired. We have been walking in the

mountains.
Past Tenses
Day 27
PAST TENSES

1. Past Simple
2. Past Progressive
3. Past Perfect
4. Past Perfect Progressive
PAST SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + V2
PAST SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

He liked my photo on Instagram.

They got up and left the room.

PAST SIMPLE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + did + not + V1

PAST SIMPLE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

My parents didn’t give me any allowance when I

was a child.

I didn’t take my umbrella and had to come back.

PAST SIMPLE
QUESTIONS

Did + subject + V1 ?
PAST SIMPLE
QUESTIONS

Did you see the message on the fridge?

Did she call you back yesterday?

 PAST SIMPLE

1. Actions that took place and ended in the past. Signal words:

yesterday
the day before yesterday
last month/year
two days / one week / five years ago
in 1992
at 9 p.m.
PAST SIMPLE

He asked me out two days ago and I agreed.

She didn’t allow me to stay when I visited her last year.

Did you talk to her yesterday?

 PAST SIMPLE

2. Actions that took place one after another.

I opened the door, turned on the light, took my shoes off and then saw
him.

She came out, got into the taxi and went to see her ex-husband.
 PAST SIMPLE

3. Actions that took place in a time frame.

From 1995 to 2000 he worked as a manager.

 PAST SIMPLE

4. Well-known facts about the past.

The World War II began in 1939.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE

Here the action in the past is shown in its process.

Mary was doing her chores at 10 a.m.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + was (I, he, she, it) /were (you, they, we) + V+ing
PAST PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

I was thinking about you all day.

We were talking when he came in.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + was (I, he, she, it) /were (you, they, we) + not +
V+ing
PAST PROGRESSIVE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

It wasn’t raining at night, it was snowing.

We were not playing video games! We were doing

homework! —
PAST PROGRESSIVE
QUESTIONS

Was (I, he, she, it) /were (you, they, we) + subject + V+ing ?
PAST PROGRESSIVE
QUESTIONS

Was she jogging when she fell and broke her arm?

Were you working last weekend?

 PAST PROGRESSIVE

1. Continuous action at a certain point in the past. Signal words:

all night/week
at 5 o’clock yesterday
on Monday
from ... to
PAST PROGRESSIVE

We were cooking dinner at 5 o’clock yesterday.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE

2. A longer action in the past that was interrupted by some short

action in the past. In this case for a longer action we use Past
Progressive, and for a short one — Past Simple.
PAST PROGRESSIVE

I was getting dressed when somebody knocked on the door.

They were discussing something very nervously when John’s

phone rang.
 PAST PROGRESSIVE

3. 2 or more long actions that were happening at the same time in

the past.

My mom was making a sandwich and I was waiting for her.

PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + had + V3
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + had + been + V+ing

PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

They had already talked it through.

I had finished the project by then.

PAST PERFECT
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + had + not + V3

PAST PERFECT
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

She hadn’t said a word yet.

We hadn’t done the work properly.

PAST PERFECT
QUESTIONS

Had + subject + V3 ?
PAST PERFECT
QUESTIONS

Had you booked the apartment in advance?

Had she published her first novel by then?

 PAST PERFECT

1. We use Past Perfect to emphasize that one action happened

before the other in the past. For the first action we use Past
Perfect, and for the second — Past Simple.
PAST PERFECT

I came to pick her up at the office, but she had gone home
already.

When the officers arrived, the burglars had run away.

PAST PERFECT

By 3 o’clock she hadn’t even started to write the essay.

We had collected all of our stuff by the end of the week.

 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

It is used to talk about actions that started in the past and

continued until a certain point in the past.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + had + been + V+ing

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

By the time I woke her up, she had been sleeping for
10 hours!

She had been crying all morning when I came back

home.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + had + not + been + V+ing

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

We hadn’t been talking to each other for a year by the time

we met at the airport.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
QUESTIONS

Had + subject + been + V+ing ?

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Had you been dating Alan for long before he proposed?

Had she been lying about her real name?

 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. A lasting action in the past that happened before another

action in the past. We use the first action in Past Perfect
Continuous, and the second in Past Simple. The signal
words are since and for.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

I had been learning new grammar rules for an hour

before he came and told me we had another homework.
 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

2. An ongoing action in the past that ended up to a certain

point in the past. We often use signal words or phrases like:
by Tuesday, by the end of June, by then.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

By the evening I had been working on a project for 7 hours

without a break!

We had been arguing all night until the early hours. Then
we fell asleep.
Future Tenses
Day 28
FUTURE TENSES

1. Future Simple
2. Future Progressive
3. Future Perfect
4. Future Perfect Progressive
FUTURE SIMPLE

We use Future Simple to talk about some events that

will happen in the future.

I will sing.
I will work.
FUTURE SIMPLE

Subject + will + V1
FUTURE SIMPLE

I will arrange the meeting next Thursday.

FUTURE SIMPLE

I’ll arrange the meeting next Thursday.

FUTURE SIMPLE

will + not = won‘t

I won’t arrange the meeting next Thursday.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Will + subject + V1 ?
FUTURE SIMPLE

Will you arrange the meeting next Thursday?

FUTURE SIMPLE

Shall
FUTURE SIMPLE

1. Future Simple is used to talk about a one time

single action that will take place in the future.

Signal words: tomorrow, next week, next year, soon, some

day, in two days, in a month, in a year.
FUTURE SIMPLE

It will be warm in two days.

FUTURE SIMPLE

2. We use it to talk about regular, repetitive actions in

the future.

I will write you every week.

FUTURE SIMPLE

3. A sequence of actions that will happen one after

another.

We’ll come get you, take a taxi and go to the party.

FUTURE SIMPLE

4. Spontaneous decisions made at the moment of

speech.

Oh! Our fridge is empty. I’ll go and buy some food.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

The focus of Future Progressive is a longer action in

the future.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Subject + will + be + V+ing

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

This time tomorrow I will be reading.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Signal words:

at 2 o’clock
half an hour from now
this time next Friday
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

When I will be talking to my boss, you will be at

home.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Our best player is injured and won’t play in the next

game = The player doesn’t want to play.

Our best player is injured and won’t be playing in the

next game = It’s not personal, the injure is the reason,
it expresses more certainty.
FUTURE PERFECT

Subject + will + have + V3

FUTURE PERFECT

It describes a result in the future in relation to

a specific point in the future.
FUTURE PERFECT

They will have done four tests by the end of the year.

Tomorrow he will have been dead for ten years.

FUTURE PERFECT

Signal words:

by that time
by the end of the month
by the end of the week
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Subject + will + have + been + V+ing

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Exactly 50 years from tonight, I will have been taking

part in this show for 75 years.

I will have been representing the country for four

years at the end of the year.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

It is used to talk about planned actions.

Are you waiting for us? We are coming tonight.

PRESENT SIMPLE

It is used to talk about schedules and programs.

The train arrives at 4 pm.

The store opens at 8 am.
TO BE GOING TO

It is used to express plans and something that you are

certain about in the future. It reflects the speaker's
intention to do something in the future.
TO BE GOING TO

I am going to travel around the world.

I’m going to visit her next Friday.

Zero and first
conditionals
Day 29
CONDITIONALS

Conditional sentence = If-clause (condition) +

main clause (result)
CONDITIONALS

Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL

It is used to talk about facts, general truths,

something that will happen 100% if the
condition is met.
ZERO CONDITIONAL

If + Present Simple, Present Simple.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If it rains, the ground gets wet.

If you take ice out of the freezer, it melts.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you click on this icon, the dialogue box appears.

If I wake up at 6 o’clock, I feel awful.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If = When

When/If it rains, the ground gets wet.

When/If I wake up at 6 o’clock, I feel awful.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you are driving a car, you need to be very

attentive.
ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you have heard an alarm, you should leave the

place immediately.
ZERO CONDITIONAL

In the main clause we can also use modal

verbs like can, may, should, must.
ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you need help, you can always ask me.

If you need help, you should always ask me.
If you need help, you may always ask me.
ZERO CONDITIONAL

If you are driving a car, be very attentive.

If you have heard an alarm, leave the place

immediately.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

We use it when we believe that the

probability of the action is really high. It
refers to the present or the future, and it is a
real and possible action.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

If + Present Simple, Future Simple.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If + will + Present Simple, Future Simple.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

I will pass the exam if I work hard.

You will find a good job if you study well.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If the weather is good, we’ll walk our dogs in the

park.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

If I see him, I will tell him the news.

=
When I see him, I will tell him the news.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

You will get into trouble if you continue hanging

out with her.

If you drink too much coffee, you won’t sleep at

night.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

If she is sleeping, I will wake her up.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If we hurry up, we can catch the last train.

If you finish all your work today, you may have a

day off tomorrow.
FIRST CONDITIONAL

If she wants to get this job, she should be ready to

work hard.

If it rains, you must stay home.

Second, Third and mixed
conditional clauses
Day 30
SECOND CONDITIONAL

It is used to talk about an unlikely or

imaginary situation that can happen in the
present or in the future. The chance that
this action will occur is small, but not
completely impossible.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

If + Past Simple, would + bare infinitive.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

If I were a billionaire, I would buy an island.

If I lived in the countryside, I would walk in the

forest every day.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

I would never do this if I were you.

If I were in a tricky situation, I would take this

opportunity.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

In the if-clause in the second conditional we

only use were both for singular and plural.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

Formal: If I were in your shoes, I would make up with

her and start speaking again.

Informal: If I was in your shoes, I would make up with

her and start speaking again.
SECOND CONDITIONAL

If I had a thousand years to live, I would become an

expert in many areas.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

The third type is called the "unreal past." The

whole essence can be expressed in one phrase:
regrets for the past.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If + Past Perfect (had + V3), would + have + V3.

THIRD CONDITIONAL

If I hadn’t missed the bus, I wouldn’t have been late

for work.

If he had been more diligent, he would have been

promoted a long time ago.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If I had called him that day, we would have solved

this problem = If I’d called him that day, we’d have
solved this problem.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If you had listened carefully, you wouldn’t have made

so many mistakes.

If you hadn’t left your car unlocked, it wouldn’t have

been stolen.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

He wouldn’t have made this discovery if he hadn’t

done precise calculations
.
If I hadn’t taken the wrong way, I wouldn’t have met
you.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If we had hurried up, we could have caught the last

train.

If you had finished all your work, you may have had a
day off.
THIRD CONDITIONAL

If she had wanted to get this job, she should have

been ready to work hard.

If it had rained, you must have stayed home.

MIXED CONDITIONALS

In mixed conditionals one of the parts refers to the

past and another to the present.
MIXED CONDITIONALS

Mixed Conditionals:

● Second Conditional in the if-clause and Third

Conditional in the main clause;
● Third Conditional in the if-clause and Second
Conditional in the main clause.
MIXED CONDITIONALS

If + Second Conditional, Third Conditional

If I were clever enough, I wouldn’t have done this.

MIXED CONDITIONALS

If + Third Conditional, Second Conditional

If I had won that lottery, I would live in France now.