A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME

(SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

CHACHAGA WATER WORKS, MINNA, NIGER STATE

BY

MAIMUNA ISAH MUHAMMAD

NAS/CHM/18/1090

SUPERVISED BY:

MAL. JIMOH TAJUDEEN

BEING A SIWES REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES, AL-QALAM

UNIVERSITY KATSINA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (B.SC.) IN

CHEMISTRY,

MAY, 2023
1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this SIWES technical report is the product of my own research efforts,

undertaken under the supervision of (MAL. JIMOH TAJUDEEN) and has not been presented

and will not be presented elsewhere for the award of a degree or certificate.

STUDENT’S NAME ______________

MAIMUNA ISAH MUHAMMAD Sign/Date

2
 CERTIFICATION

This SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT has been read and approved as certifying to the
Department of Chemistry for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree (BSc.) CHEMISTRY
Al-Qalam University Katsina.

MAL. JIMOH TAJUDEEN __________________

SIWES SUPERVISOR Sign/Date

3
 APPROVAL PAGE

This SIWES done at chachaga water works by MAIMUNA ISAH MUHAMMAD meets the

requirement governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in chemistry and is

approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

SIWES SUPERVISOR ____________________

Mal. JIMOH TAJUDEEN Sign/Date

SIWES COORDINATOR ____________________

Mal. ABDULRAZAQ TUKUR Sign/Date

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ____________________

DR. A.K. YUSUF Sign/Date

4
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this industrial technical report to Almighty Allah for his unlimited and most

sufficient grace, towards me right from the initial stage of my SIWES period to the

completion. I also dedicate this report to my Parents and siblings for their encouragement and

unconditional support through my life.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Glory to Almighty Allah without whom we are nothing. I am therefore, immensely grateful to

Allah for the strength and ability to write this SIWES report.

I will like to acknowledge the complementary effort of my parents and my siblings for their

support morally and financially towards the completion of this work and also my entire

friends and family for their incessant support.

I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to my Siwes Supervisor, Mal. Abdulrazaq Tukur and

my Industrial based supervisor, Haj. Asabe for their support, guidance and encouragement.

Also I appreciate the entire staff of Kaduna north plant and water works for their kindness

and supports throughout my stay at the organization. I will never conclude this without

thanking the entire Staff and Students of Chemistry Department for their well wishes towards

the success of this SIWES.

May Allah Bless you all Ameen

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page................................................................................................................... I

Declaration................................................................................................................. II

Certification............................................................................................................... III

Approval Page............................................................................................................ IV

Dedication................................................................................................................... V

Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... V1

Table of Contents....................................................................................................... VII

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Brief History of Siwes............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Objectives of Siwes................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Significance of Siwes............................................................................................. 1

1.4 Funding of Siwes................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Brief History and Background of Niger State water and sewage corporation

2.1 objectives of Sewage Water and Sewage Corporation

2.2 Chanchaga Water Works

2.3 Water Treatment and Quality Control Department................... 4

CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................... 5

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3.1 General Knowledge on water................................................................................. 5

3.2 Sources of Water and impurities............................................................................. 5

3.3 Natural Occurring Water......................................................................................... 5

3.4 Main Treatment Process.......................................................................................... 5

3.5 Coagulation............................................................................................................. 5

3.6 Flocculation............................................................................................................. 5

3.7 Sedimentation.......................................................................................................... 5

3.8 Filtration.................................................................................................................. 5

3.9 Disinfection............................................................................................................. 5

3.10 Materials used in the treatment of water............................................................... 5

3.10.1 Laboratory Equipment........................................................................................ 5

3.11 Laboratory Apparatus............................................................................................ 5

3.12 Chlorine Test......................................................................................................... 5

3.13 Turbidity Test........................................................................................................ 5

3.14 pH Test.................................................................................................................. 5

3.15 Jar Test Analysis.................................................................................................... 5

3.16 Alum Jar Test......................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Summary................................................................................................................. 14

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4.2 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 14

4.3 Recommendations................................................................................................... 14

Reference................................................................................................................ 14

Appendix................................................................................................................. 14

I. Plate 1: Description and Location of Kaduna State Plant and Water Works

Kaduna North Plant.

II. Plate 2: Sedimentation.

III. Plate 3: Filtration.

IV. Plate 4: Ph Meter.

V. Plate 5: Turbidity Meter.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

The Student Working Experience Scheme Industrial (SIWES) is an acceptable skill training

program introduced in 1973 to solve the problem of inadequate practical skills and prepare

students for employment in industries after graduation.

Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was established by industrial training

fund (ITF) in 1973 to solve the challenges faced by employers by Nigerian graduates of

tertiary institutions. These Nigerian graduates lack some adequate practical skills which are

necessary for effective service upon employment. The scheme usually takes the duration of

three (3) or six (6) months for students in polytechnics universities respectively. The scheme

exposes students to industrial based skills necessary for smooth transition from the classroom

to the world of work.

SIWES is a programme that was established in 1974 by National University Commission

(NUC) which is aimed at exposing students and bridging the gap between theoretical aspects

required in tertiary institutions and the practical aspects in the establishment applied. The

programme was initiated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

ITF was established in 1971 by decree no. 47 of October, 1971 as the Federal Government

policy of transforming the economy of the nation from its predominant dependence of foreign

expertise to a state of self-reliance through the training development of Nigerians that would

be competent enough to perform the specialised skills required to manage the essential sector

of the economy.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The objectives of SIWES among others include:

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 I. To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions to acquire the

basic Industrial skills and experiences that are relevant to their course of study.

II. To prepare student for work situation they are likely to encounter after graduation.

III. To make transition to the world of work easier hence, enhancing students contact for

Subsequent job placement after graduation.

IV. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real

work situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual practice.

V. To enlist and strengthen employers involvement in entire educational process of

preparing university graduates for employment

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF SIWES

I. It strengthens links between employees, students and industrial training fund

II. It used to inculcate the work attitude in the minds of students

III. It expose students for industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after

graduation

IV. It promotes and encourage the acquisition of skills in various organisation and

industries

1.4 FUNDING OF SIWES

Consequently, the SIWES programme is a compulsory graduation requirement for all

Nigerian university students offering certain coursesIt is funded by the Federal

Government and jointly coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the

National Universities Commission (NUC).

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 BRIEF HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF NIGER STATE WATER AND

SEWAGE CORPORATION

Niger State was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was divided into Niger

State and Sokoo State, by the military President, General Murtala Ramat Mohammed. The

provision of public potable water supply commenced in the then old North Western State,

way back in 1949 with the construction and commissioning of the BOSSO DAM and the

associated BOSSO package water treatment plant. Services were carried out by staff of the

water section of the public works ministry. This was followed a short while by the

construction of the KAINJI HYDRO ELECTRICITY DAM Project from 1965 to 1968,

which saw the commissioning of the NEW BUSSA water supply scheme. With rapidly

expanding population explosion and emerging Layouts and settlements sprawling up the

1990’s saw huge infrastructure investments that saw the emergence of: The Old Paiko 3,000

cu.m/day capacity WTP in Chanchaga, The IMPRESIT 40,000 cu.m/day capacity WTP in

Minna – constructed with financing from the African Development Bank (AfDB), followed

by the Bi-water 40,000 cu.m/day capacity WTP in Minna, followed by the construction from

1990 – 1995 of over 56 Biwater small towns and rural patent water tower across several

towns and areas of the State (the majority of them are presently broken down and not

operational, requiring huge investment for their rehabilitation and resuscitation).

Niger State water Board (NSWB) was created at the time of the state creation via

Edict No 6 of 1976 (The Niger State Water Board Edict, as the parastatal of the state

government responsible for the exploitation of water resources for the provision of potable

public water services in the state. The water Board is currently in transition with the recent

signing on 12th February 2020 of the WASH Policy courtesy of the on-going USAID/E-

12
WASH Program intervention, by the State Executive Council and His Excellency the

Executive Governor Engr. Abubakar Sani Bello. The Niger State House of Assembly passed

the Niger State Water Law on 24th March 2020 and the full commercialization of the Utility is

expected when the water Law is assented to and signed by His Excellency the Executive

Governor and the institutional arrangement put in place.

Niger State Water and Sewage Corporation has five water treatment plants, namely:

Chanchaga water works, Kontagora, Bida, Suleja, and New Bussa treatment plant.

Chanchaga water works is the biggest among them and situated in the state capital

chanchaga,Minna. The chanchaga Water Works comprises of three plant namely: Paiko,

Biwater and Impresit treatment plant. The source of water for the works in Tagwai dam

which is about 15 kilometers away from intake of the works and has total storage capacity of

28.3 × 106 m3.

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF NIGER STATE SEWAGE WATER AND SEWAGE

CORPORATION

1. The objectives of Niger State Water and Sewage Corporation are listed below:

2. To be a World class water and Sewage utility that delivers efficient and sustainable

services in the urban areas of Niger State

3. To provide services to customers by maximizing resources

4. To provide safe water and Sewage services for public well-being through effective use of

resources

2.2 CHANCHAGA WATER WORKS

The chanchaga Water Works comprises of three plants namely: Paiko, Biwater and Impresit

treatment plants. The Paiko treatment plant was the, first to be constructed in 1953 by

Costain, followed Biwater treatment plant in 1978 by Costain which was later upgraded by

Biwater in 1986 and lastly the Impresit treatment plant in 1992 by Impresit. The Works is

13
made up of the following departments namel : Administration, Account, Water Treatment

and Quality control, Mechanical. Civil and Electrical. The departments are headed by HOD’s,

while the works is headed by Area Manager

2.3 WATER TREATMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

Water treatment and Quality Control Department, it covers water treatment processes and the

laboratory. Department is made up or the HOD’s, Chemical Supervisors, Chemical

Attenders, Store Officer and Laboratory Scientists, with responsibilities summarized into two

main categories:

 Water Treatment and Process Control

 Water Qualm Analysis

2.3.1 Water Treatment and Process Control

It involves treating the water by addition of chemical solutions through screening, mixing,

coagulation, flocculation. Sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, storage and distribution.

These also involves routine monitoring of the overall treatment processes, analysis of the

water samples at the source (raw water), flocculator, sedimentation, filtration and lastly at the

taps. The samples were analyzed for pH, turbidity, conductivity. IDS, temperature, free

chlorine to determine the effectiveness of the treatment processes. Jar test as an important

part of process control is carried out to determine the optimum coagulant dosage.

Visual observation is the the most important component of any system of process

control, in a highly automated plant. For instance a rainstorm may be observed in the

headwaters of the river feeding a run-of-the-river plant. It will be known that turbid water

will be arriving at the plant after a certain approximate length or time. Plant records can be

consulted in the interval to determine the likely water quality to be expected in terms of

turbidity, PH, temperature and color and the dosage of coagulants found appropriate for such

14
water on previous occasions, before the turbid water arrives at the intake point and

measurements of actual water quality parameters on the day can begin.

2.3.2 Water Quality Analysis

Water quality at chanchaga water works, from distributing systems, taps is evaluated at the

laboratory through physical, Chemical and microbial parameters. The purpose of water

quality evaluation is to make sure that water to be use is safe to human health or environment.

In Nigeria, the quality is evaluated using Nigeria Industrial Standard ( NIS: NSDWQ)

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON WATER

Water is the most abundant and most useful natural compound. It is known to be that clear

colourless, odourless, and tasteless liquid when pure, that occurs as rain, snow, and ice. Water

Forms rivers, lakes, and seas and it is essential for all the living beings.

3.2 SOURCES OF WATER AND IMPURITIES

The Main sources of water fall in two groups;

I. Surface water: this is water present on the earth surface which may be rain water,

river water, lake water and sea water.

II. Underground water: this is a part of rain water which falls on the earth surface

percolates into the earth and continues its journey till it meets a hard rock where it be

stored or come in the form of a spring.

3.3 NATURALLY OCCURING WATER

I. Water takes up impurities from the ground or soil with which it comes into contact.

II. Water becomes impure when it picks up colour and taste from substances in contact

with its environment, sewage or industrial wastes.

16
III. Water contains organic impurities due to decomposition of plants and animals

remains and presence of some microorganisms.

3.4 MAIN TREATMENT PROCESS

Impurities can be added in water by air borne contamination, industrial discharge and by

animal wastes. Thus, surface water sources polluted by man and nature contain suspended

and dissolved organic (plant or animal origin) and inorganic (mineral) material, and

biological forms such as Bacteria and Planktons.

3.5 COAGULATION

The term coagulation describes the effect produced when certain chemicals are added to raw

water containing slowly settling and non-settling particles. Treatment chemicals such as

aluminium sulphate, hydrated lime, chlorine etc are added to the water and are mixed rapidly

in the flash mixer located at the basin. The mixing of the coagulant usually aluminium

sulphate the raw water to be treated is commonly referred to as flash mixing.

3.6 FLOCCULATION

Flocculation is a process that causes the suspended solids to coalesce. There is a slow stirring

that causes the gathering together of small, coagulated particles (microflocs) into larger,

settle-able particles (macroflocs). During the flocculation stage, there is contact between the

particles to promote their gathering together into formation of flocs and the flocs formation is

controlled by the rate of effective collision which occurs between the coagulant particles.

3.7 SEDIMENTATION

The purpose of the sedimentation process is to remove suspended solid particles that are

denser than water and to reduce the load on the filters. Sedimentation is accomplished by

decreasing the velocity of the water being treated below the point where it cannot transport

17
settled materials thus allowing gravitational force to remove particle held in suspension. As

the water settles undisturbed, these particles will slowly begin to settle to the bottom of the

basin.

3.8 FILTRATION

Filtration is the process of passing water through material such as sand beds, coal, or other

granular substances like gravels to remove flocs and particulate impurities in the water being

treated. The process of separating a suspended solid such as precipitate for 2m the liquid is

called filtration. The water from the basin move through the settler to the filter bed where it

undergoes filtration before it moves the reservoir.

The filtration chamber has five different valves namely,

I. Inlet valve

II. Up wash valve

III. Outlet valve

IV. Outwash valve

V. AIRVALVE

3.9 DISINFECTION (POST CHLORINATION)

This process is carried out to prevent infection of the treated water from disease causing

organism (pathogens) such as microorganisms, bacteria etc by using some chemicals called

disinfectants before sending the water to the reservoir for distribution. Disinfection is the

treated process used to destroy these pathogens.

The process of this disinfection is known as chlorination which usually performs the final

treatment process.

3.10 Materials used in the treatment of water

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 III.10.1 Laboratory Equipment

I. pH meter

pH meter is an electrical instrument used for measuring hydrogen ion concentration of

solutions and mixtures. In microbiology lab, it is used for

maintaining pH of the medium and diluents. The pH meter must be standardized with buffer

solutions before operation.

II. Turbidity meter

The turbidity of raw water reveals the clarity of water thus, turbidity meter is used to

ascertain the rate of water acceptance whether is within the permissible range or not.

III. Flocculator Machine

Two types of mechanical flocculators are commonly installed, horizontal paddle

wheel types and vertical flocculators. Both types can provide satisfactory performance;

however, the vertical flocculators usually require less maintenance since they eliminate

submerged bearings and packing's. Vertical flocculators can be of propeller, paddle, or

turbine types.

3.11 Laboratory apparatus

I. Beakers

Beakers are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are also

used to catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations.

II. Graduated Cylinders

Graduated cylinders are for measurement of an amount of liquid. The volume of liquid can

be estimated to the nearest 0.1 ml with practice.

III. Stop watch

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This is used in accurate timing of the flocculator machine during water analysis in revolution

per minute (RPM).

IV. Pipette

This instrument has a major role in water treatment process which is involve in measuring the

adequate amount of liquid solution to be added in water.

3.12 Chlorine test

AIM

To determine the amount of residual chlorine that is enough for disinfection.

MATERIALS AND REAGENTS

I. A colour comparator

II. Test tubes

III. Treated water sample

IV. Distilled water

V. O-toluidine reagent and

VI. Chlorine disk

PROCEDURE

The test tube was rinsed with distilled water or with the sample to be measured in the

absence of distilled water, and then it was filled with the clear water from the

reservoir. 3 drops of the O-toluidine reagent was added into the already filled test tube

containing the water sample that causes a colour change to yellowish in the presence

of total chlorine it is then shake to mix uniformly.

3.13 TURBIDITY TEST

Aim

20
To determine the clarity, cloudiness, and transparency of drinking water and sand

filter water.

Objectives:-

To avoid the spread of disease

To know the purity level of water

To know the level of dissolved particles remaining after the water passes through the

sand filter.

MATERIALS USED

I. Turbidity bottle

II. Measuring cylinder (100ml)

III. Water wash bottle

Equipment

Turbidity meter

Reagent

Distilled water

Others

Tissue paper

Procedure of turbidity analysis

The turbidity meter was switched on using a power button, 0.00 NTU standard was

inserted into the sample cell and covered. The zero button was then used to adjust the

readings on the screen to 0.00. The 0.00 NTU standard was then removed from the

sample cell. Then the standardized button was then used to adjust the reading on the

screen to 10.00. An empty turbidity bottle was filled with sample and covered then the

bottle was transferred into the sample cell and covered. Read button was pressed, and

then the turbidity appears on the screen. The reading was recorded under the result.

21
3.14 pH TEST

AIM

To determine the degree of acidity or alkalinity of given water samples.

MATERIALS USED

I. Distilled water

II. Test tubes

III. Water samples

IV. pH meter

PROCEDURE

The pH meter was first connected to power source and switch on.The pH meter was

standardised with the buffer solution of known pH. The electrodes wash and dried.

The electrode was dipped in another buffer solution of known pH. The pH meter

should give exactly the same reading equivalent to the pH of the buffer solution, this

means that the pH meter has been standardized.

After washing and drying, the electrode was dipped in the water sample and the

reading from pH meter was recorded.

3.15 JAR TEST ANALYSIS

AIM

To determine the amount of aluminium sulphate to be added to treat water in the plant

MATERIALS USED

I. Conical flask

II. Distilled water

III. Measuring cylinder

IV. Water samples

V. Beakers

22
 VI. Stop watch

VII. 20% alum concentration

VIII. Pipette

3.16 ALUM JAR TEST

The alum jar test is one of the most important test in the laboratory. It is an analysis of

the entire processes from the mixing chamber down to the sedimentation basin. And

the aim of conducting this test; is to determine the amount or number of bags of alum

to be used on the production per day. The apparatus used for the test are;

a) 1000ml measuring cylinder

b) Five 1000ml beakers

c) Measuring Cylinder

d) 10ml pipette

e) Test tube

f) Stop watch

g) Turbidity meter

h) Alum concentration (15 % - 20 % concentration in raining season and 5 % - 10 %

concentration in dry season

i) Comparator and its dicks

j) A flocculation machine.

PROCEDURE

The procedures are:

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a) The beakers were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and dried.

b) The raw water was filled to 1000 ml point mark of the measuring

Cylinder and transferred into the 1000 ml beakers.

c) The raw water turbidity was tested as explained in (3.4.3.1) so as to

Know the turbidity which helped in determining the volume of alum

Concentration used.

d) The pipette was used to measure the alum concentration (0.2,

0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ml) and added into the six beakers respectively

Containing the raw water

e) The beakers containing the solution were then placed into the flocculator and the

stirrer dipped into the beaker.

f) The flocculator was switched on, and allowed a 2min fast stirring to enhance the

homogenous mixture of the water sample and the Alum and aslow stirring for 30

minutes to enhance coagulation and the formation of flux. After the 30 minute the

flocculator was switch off and stirrers were then pulled out from the beakersand the

solution were let to attain a 30minutes settling time.

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25
CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 SUMMARY

This report is prepared on the basis of a three month industrial work experience at Kaduna

state plant and water works Kaduna State. The report covers different function of water

treatment analysis, among them are the stages involved in water treatment, chemical used in

the treatment plant, laboratory analysis which includes the Daily jar test, ph test, chlorine test.

26
4.2 CONCLUSION

Siwes in my case have achieved more than its aims and objectives. I was opportune to

learned and acquired more skills like the basic principles in handling and maintaining some

equipments found in the plant as well as the practical skills of jar test (chlorine residual pH

test and turbidity test etc)

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4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

I. There is a need for replacement of some of the equipments in the Kaduna

north treatment plant so that students in the tertiary institutions, who are

eligible for SIWES, will be technical academicians and scientifically updated

II. Institutions should be able to partner with most of these establishment/

industries in order to make it easier for their intending students to secure a

SIWES placement to ensure an effective starting and ending as well.

III. The dislodged water and backwashed water should not be channelled back to

the river because it affects the aquatic life in the river. It should be

recycled.

IV. Provision of safety equipment such as face mask, goggles, laboratory coats

and hand gloves should be provided for the staff and IT students.

28
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Bas, W., Anzalone, G.C, & Joshua M.P. (2014). Open source mobile water

Quality testing platform. Journal of water, sanitation and hygiene for

Development. 4: 532 – 537.

Ballester, F., &Sunyer, J. (2000). Drinking water and gastrointestinal disease,

Need of better understand and an improvement in public health

Surveillance.Journal of Epidemiol Community Health. 54: 3-5.

Cantor, K.P. (2008). Chlorinated water and cancer: Is there a link? Health and

Journal of water resources.Vol 1, 23-25.

Lee, L.K., & Nielsen, E.G. (2005). The extent and costs of groundwater

Contamination by agriculture.Journal Soil Water Conservation,

4: 243-248.

Mann, A.G., Tam, C.C., Lodrigues, L.C., & Higgins, C.D. (2007). The

Association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal

Illness.Journal of BMC public health. 7: 1 – 7.

Samuel, D., Faust, O.M. (2009). Chemistry of water treatment.2nd edition.

Ann Arbor Publishing press, Chelsea 22 – 34.

Selleck, R.E., & Collins, H.F. (2008).The significance of disinfection.

Journal of Environmental microbial. 34 33 – 43.

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Veslind, P.A. (2011). Capillary suction time as a fundamental measure of

Sludge removal. Journal of WPCF. 60: 220 – 1988.

WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.(2009). Drinking-water Control.

In Small Community Supplies. World Health Organization, Geneva.

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31
Appendix;

Plate 1: Description and Location of Kaduna State Plant and Water Works Kaduna North Plant

Plate 2: Sedimentation

Plate 3: Filtration

Plate 4: pH meter

32
 Plate 5: Turbidity meter

Plate 6: Flocculator Machine

33