COSH REVIEWER

AGENTS OF INJURY 2. Lack of education and training

3. Lack of trained personnel
• Machines/Equipment 4. Weak enforcement of OSH standards
• Hand Tools 5. Lack of OSH facilities
• Materials/Objects 6. Needs to reinforce information.
IMPORTANCE OF COSH 7. No reliable data due to low rate of compliance,
absence of strict penalties, and fragmented
• Prevention of death, injury and ill health to BWC administration.
those at work and those affected by work
activities. EMPLOYERS/WORKERS ARE OBLIGED TO:
• Social Obligation – to protect workers and
properties.
• Fiscal Obligation
o Profitability – business must make
money in order to survive.
o Growth – it must expand.
o Continuity – any
interruption/disruption of a business
operation will affect its probability &
productivity.
• Employee Involvement • Legal Obligation – stay out of trouble and do only
• Responsibility what we have to.
• Worksite Analysis
• Comprehensive Survey TYPES OF WORKPLACES
• Safety And Health Inspection • Hazardous
• Additional Worksite Analysis • Highly Hazardous
• Hazard Prevention & Control • Non-Hazardous
• Controlling the Hazard
• Hazard Prevention Planning Classification of Workplaces
• Safety & Health Training • Low Risk – less exposure to safety and health
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13 hazards.
• Medium Risk – moderate exposure to safety
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in and health hazards if no preventive or control
the Construction Industry measures.
• High Risk – presence of hazards affects not only
• Ensuring the protection and welfare of workers
the workers but also the persons outside the
employed in the construction industry,
establishment.
protection and welfare of the general public
within and around the immediate vicinity of any WILLFUL – failure ore refusal to comply with OSH
construction worksite as well as a harmonious standards or compliance shall be penalized.
employer-employee relationship.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Section 4. Coverage
• Direct – unguarded machines, falling/flying
• The issuance shall apply to all operations and objects, slippery floors, etc.
undertakings in the construction industry and • Physical – noise, vibration, extreme pressure,
its subdivisions, namely, general building etc.
construction, general engineering construction
• Chemical – gas, vapor, dust, fumes, mists
and special trade construction, based on the
• Biological – bacteria, virus, fungi
classification code of the Philippine Contractors
• Ergonomic
Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction
Industry of the Philippines (CIAP). HEAD PROTECTION (COLORS)
WHITE – for engineers, managers, supervisors, and
foremen.
BLUE – for electricians, carpenters, technical operators
RED – firefighters
GREEN – safety officers
GRAY – site visitors
YELLOW – laborers and earth moving operator.
BROWN – welders and workers with high heat
application.
• Safety Hardhat
• Face shield
• Welding helmet
7 MAIN PROBLEMS OF OSH • Welding mask

1. Low priority EYE PROTECTION

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• Safety goggles w/ side shields RISK RATINGS
• Safety goggles
• Immediately Dangerous – stop the process and
• Welding helmet
implement controls. (RED)
• Face shield
• High Risk – investigate the process and
EAR PROTECTION implement controls immediately. (ORANGE)
• Medium Risk – keep the process going;
• Ear plug however, a control plan must be developed and
• Earmuffs implement as soon as possible. (LIGHT ORANGE)
• Canal Caps • Low Risk – keep the process going; but monitor
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION regularly. (YELLOW)
• Very Low Risk – keep monitoring the process.
• Filtration respirator (WHITE)
• Air-purifying respirator
• Air-supplying respirator
HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
• Heat resistant
• Chemical resistant
• High voltage
• Abrasion resistant
TORSO AND FALL PROTECTION

• Safety belts
• Safety harness
• Vests
• Jackets
• Aprons Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help
• Coveralls determine which risk is the most serious and thus which
• Full-body suits to control first.
Any violation of the OSH standards and other laws must
HIRAC/RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS – process of be considered as immediately dangerous.
identifying workplace hazards, evaluating risks to
workers’ safety & health & control the relevant hazards.
Risk Analysis is a vital part of the safety management in
Risk Assessment – term used to describe the overall the undertaking of any project.
process or method.
Risk Identification needs to be a collaborative effort
from all stakeholders in the project. It is often done
through brain storming sessions.
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS
Qualitative Risk Assessment – allows more nimble and
responsive decision making. It is not dependent on the
quality of data that is inputted as it relies of the
judgement and experience of management.
Quantitative Risk Assessment – create more realistic and
safety targets assuming the information inputted is of a
high quality.
RISK RESPONSE
CATEGORIES OF HAZARDS
Avoidance – risks that can severely negatively impact a
• Safety Hazards – something that has potential to project.
cause injury (fire, use of machine, electricity,
etc.) Mitigation – reducing the impact of the risk occurring.
• Health Hazards – any agent or activity posing
Transference – transferring the impact of the risk to a
potential to health (chemical, physical,
third party.
biological, ergonomics).
PURPOSE OF MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Acceptance – some problems you can’t solve.
• Primary – prevention of illness.
• Secondary – early detection of work-related Identifying and analyzing risk is just the first step in
health problems and determining its cause. making your workplace a safer place.

MONITORING STRATEGIES GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION

• Ambient Monitoring • Avoiding Risks
• Biological Monitoring • Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided
• Health Surveillance • Combating the risks at source
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• Adapting the work to the individual • Induced – key structural members are
• Adapting to technical progress weakened or removed, causing the whole part
• Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous of the structure to collapse.
• Developing a coherent overall prevention policy
METHODS OF DEMOLITION
• Giving collective protective measures priority
over individual protective measures • Manual – use of handheld tools
• Giving appropriate instruction to employees • Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires
and chain, power shear, etc.
FALL PROTECTION • Explosives – use of explosive

FALL HAZARDS
• Falls from elevation – scaffolds, ladders, roof,
elevated workplaces, floor openings, and
leading edges.
• Fall on the same level – slipping and tripping
hazards.
• Being struck by falling objects – improperly
stored, disposed, and mishandled at elevation.
FALL PREVENTION METHODS
• Providing proper access to elevated work area
• Protecting unguarded openings and leading
edges
• Practicing good housekeeping
Guardrail – a barrier erected to prevent employees from HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMOLITION:
falling to lower levels.
• Falls
SURFACE OPENING PROTECTION • Being hit/trapped/crushed by objects
• Manual handling
• Floor openings
• Hazardous substances and dangerous goods
• Floor holes • Noise and vibration
• Sky lights and other openings • Electric shock
FALL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS • Equipment

• Prevent people from falling EXCAVATION SAFETY

• Work Positioning Systems – support and
suspend the user while being transported. Excavation is always important part of the construction
• Travel Restriction Systems – prevent user from works & mining.
reaching an area where free-fall could occur.
FALL ARREST SYSTEMS
• Protect you after you fall by stopping the fall
before you hit the surface below.
• ELEMENTS OF A FAS:
o Anchorage/Anchor Point – secure point
of attachment for lanyards, lifelines or
deceleration devices capable of
withstanding the devices capable of
withstanding the anticipated forces
applied during a fall.
o Lifeline – is an independent length of
synthetic fiber or steel wire rope
attached to a point of anchorage. Used EXCAVATIO SAFETY PRINCIPLES
to guide a fall arrest device.
o Lanyard – use to secure a safety belt or Soil Mechanics
full body harness. • SOIL is defined as any materials removed from
o Shock absorber – slows and cushions the ground to form a hole.
the fall, reducing the force of stopping
the fall. Soil Classification

• Stable Rock – natural solid mineral matter that

DEMOLITION SAFETY can be excavated with vertical sides and remain
DEMOLITION TECHNIQUE: intact while exposed.
• Type A – cohesive soil with unconfined
• Sequential – gradual reduction of height in compressive strength of 144 kPa or greater.
reverse order to its construction. (clay)
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• Type B – cohesive soil unconfined compressive • Supported Scaffolds – platforms supported by
strength greater than 48 kPa but less than 144 legs, outrigger beams, brackets, etc.
kPa. (silt) • Suspended Scaffolds – contains one or more
• Type C – cohesive soil with unconfined platforms suspended by ropes or other non-
compressive strength of 48 kPa or less. (gravel) rigid means from an overhead structure.
Types of Soil Collapse SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
• Side wall shear Specific Requirements
• Slough-in
• Timber/Bamboo Scaffolds – limited to a height
• Rotation
of 6m from the ground to the base.
• General zone of exposure
• Manufactured Scaffolds – more than 6m in
• Spoil pile slide
height.
METHODS OF EXCAVATION PROTECTION • Site Fabricated Supported Scaffolds – exceeding
6m in height or a working load of 150 kg/sqm.
• Sloping • Suspended Scaffolds – shall be designed and
• Benching inspected by a structural engineer if site is
• Shoring/Timbering fabricated.
• Sheet Piles • Fall protection equipment – required when
• Concrete Piles working in a height of 2m. (10m fall arrest
• Micro Piles equipment)
• Diaphragm
• Dewatering Systems Design and Stability
Scaffold Erection
OSH REQUIREMENTS Frame Scaffolds
Mobile Scaffolds
• Train workers Tube and Coupler Scaffold
• PPE Scaffold Height
• Protection systems Wall Ties and Anchorage
• Location of excavated materials and equipment
• Public protections and traffic control
• Provision for access/egress SAFETY CONSIDERATION COMMON TO SCAFFOLD
• Provision for barricades • Fitting and Accessories
• Experienced supervisors • Erection and Dismantling
• Site inspection • Platform
• Working Distance
• Safe Access
LADDER SAFETY
• Used as a work platform only when in use of
small hand tools.
• Shall be sufficient length and be place such that
the worker will not stretch.
• Shall be removed and tagged unsafe or
destroyed if damaged.
• Positioned at 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
5 RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
1. Select the right ladder
2. Inspect the ladder before using
3. Setup the ladder with care
4. Climb and descend ladders cautiously
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY 5. Use safe practices when working on a ladder.
Scaffold refers to a temporary or movable platform
supported on the ground or suspended.
HAZARDS IN THE USE OF SCAFFOLDING:
• Fall of person from height
• Fall of materials and objects
• Collapse of scaffold
• Overloading of scaffold
• Safe access not provided
• Electrocution
CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDS
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MACHINE SAFETY
Prevention of accidents when working with machines
OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS w/c can result in crushed hands, severed fingers,
blindness, and death.
• Pump Jacks
IMPORTANCE OF MACHINE SAFETY
Prevents:
• Severe accidents
• Loss of life or serious injury
• Loss of production/cost of machine downtime
• Equipment damage and repairs
• Ladder Jacks • Possible litigation

• Aerial Lifts

HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTIONS

• Rotating – on axis or center
• Reciprocating – back and forth movement of a
machine part.
• Traversing – continuous straight-line motion of a
machine.
• Cutting
• Punching
• Shearing – applying power to a slide or knife in
order to trim metal
• Bending
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4. Store tools in safe place.

Machine Guarding – anything that protect the operator

against direct contact with the moving parts of the
machine.

HAND TOOLS

• Hack Saws – adjust and tighten saw blades.

• Files – to file
• Wrenches
• Screwdrivers
• Pliers
IMPACT TOOLS
Refers to a variety of hammers and related tools
SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY used to drive items such as nails into materials by
the use of manual or powered tools.
• Electrical
• Mechanical PORTABLE POWER SAFETY
• Thermal
General Precautions
• Potential
LOCK-OUT/TAG-OUT SYSTEM (LOTO) • Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
• Never yank the cord of hose
The standard for the control of hazardous energy • Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil,
sources which covers maintenance of machines in and sharp edges.
which the unexpected startup of machines or • Disconnect tools when not using them.
release of stored energy could cause injury to • Secure work with clamps or vise.
employees. • Keep good footing and maintain good
• Lockout Device – to hold an energy isolating balance when operating power tools.
device in safe position and prevents the • Maintain tools with care.
energizing of an equipment. • Remove and tag do not use all damaged
o Plug locks portable power tools.
o Ball valve Group of Power Tools
o Gate valve
o Group lockout hasp • Electric tools
o Electrical • Pneumatic (air-powered) tools
o Blanks • Internal combustion
• Tagout Device – warning device; to indicate that • Explosive (powder actuated)
the isolating device and the equipment being
controlled cannot be operated until the tag is HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS
removed. All jacks must have a stop indicator, and the stop limit
LOTO PROCEDURE: must not be exceeded.

• NOTIFY
• IDENTIFY
• SHUT DOWN
• ISOLATE
• LOCK OUT
• VERIFY

HAND AND POWER TOOLS SAFETY

4 BASIC SAFE WORK PRACTICES:
1. Select the right tool.
2. Use tools properly and safely.
3. Keep tools in good condition.