ETHICS AND RESEARCH Foundations are from writings of Edmund
QUANTITATIVE STUDY Husserl( German philosopher –father of
Numbers phenomenology)
Statistical test Experiences can be bracketed or detached to each
individual
Survey (cross-sectional)
2. Interpretive
Conceptual or theoretical framework
Foundations are from the writings of Martin
QUALITATIVE STUDY
Heidegger(German philosopher
Narrative text
Impossible to detach oneself to other individuals
Working framework
experiences
Flexible components
3. Ethnography
Can change
Immerse self to community
Confounding variable- variable outside the study that shows different
Do participant observation
relationship
Regression Analysis – controls confounding variable Concept of culture(not statistic changing
Theoretical/ Conceptual framework
For Quantitative study POST COLONIALISM
Working Framework - Experiences of colonization
- Beliefs and races pf colonialism still seen in contemporary world
For Qualitative study
- Power imbalance are seen
Results can change
- Scholars do their best to decolonize ways of thinking of post
colonialism
EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY DESIGN
Feudalism
1. Case Control
Decolonization- exposed information unconsciously
studying rare diseases
Mary Seacole- Jamaican nurse who contributed during war
ex: comparing of a person with disease and a person
with no disease COMODIFICATION OF CULTURE
2. Cohort studies -significance is lost
Following group of individuals
Continuous collection and monitoring of data PARADIGM
Lengthy Thomas Kuhn (Harvard Scholar)
Doing follow- ups Ways of looking into the world
3. Cross-sectional Why existing theories cannot cover all anomalies/ new
Survey phenomenon
Analyze data from different statistics/ analysis in one Book Title: The structure of Scientific revolutions
point Paradigm shift:
Snapshot of a particular phenomenon Ex: Cupernicus believed that the earth is the
Ex: Want to know kidney disease from 2010 and you center of the solar system while Galileo believed
check same source of record that the sun is the center of the solar system. With
4. RTC (Randomized Control Trial) diff ideas the church did not allow Galileo as he is
Gold standard spreading the info to people.
Cause and effect
Ex: Effect of vaccine in certain age group ETHICAL ISSUES
5. Meta-analysis 1. Confidentiality
Combination of results of different studies identifiable characteristics
Overall effect identity can be traced since characteristics were
Similarities of data mentioned
2. Anonymity
6.Systemic Review Cannot trace identity of participants
No quantitative data Even researchers cannot identify the participants
Has variables identity
ANALYZATION OF: Both protects identity
QUALITATIVE STUDY 1. Equality
1. Framework Analysis Same set of resources
2. Thematic Analysis- no existing framework 2. Equity
QUANTITATIVE STUDY Consider different socioeconomic status
1. SPSS(Statistical Package for social Sciences Knowing individual differences
Needs subscription fees to access
Difficult to access 1. Misinformation
2. Jamovi Accidentally/ Unconsciously sharing of wrong
Open access information
Computer Sciences were the ones using since they are 2. Disinformation
already not using SPSS Intentional/Deliberate sharing of wrong information
3. LEARNING SOFTWARE
a. Chat GPT Universal Health Care Act
b. Coursera- platform/ open discussion - Centralized healthcare act
PHENOMENOLOGY
1. Descriptive
