Matter

Matter - is anything that occupies space and has mass and volume.

- It can be classified based on its :

composition and
properties.
- Classification of matter:
a) pure substance
b) mixture
Pure Substance
A pure substance is homogeneous.

- has a definite composition and a unique set of properties.

- The composition of a pure substance does not vary from one sample to another.
- It also cannot be separated by physical means.
 example: table salt
- has the same composition and properties regardless of origin, whether you
obtained table salt from seawater or commercially available salt sold in grocery
stores.
Mixture
- mixture comprises two or more pure substances combined through physical
means in varying proportions.

- Hence, there are no chemical bonds formed in a mixture.

- For example, when elements X and Y combine to form a mixture, there will be no
chemical bonds between the two elements.

- In addition, each pure substance in a mixture retains its property.

- The components of a can be separated by physical means. The technique used to

separate a mixture depends on the pure substances in a mixture.

 2 classification of mixture (based on the distribution of the components)

1. homogeneous mixtures
2. heterogeneous mixtures
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 Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures
 has uniform composition and  has varying compositions and
properties. properties.

 It only has one phase in which it is  has varying compositions and

hard to visually determine the properties.
mixture's components.  It may have two or more phases
since the individual substance is
visually distinct.
Example: salt solution. Example: oil and water mixture.
 If a salt solution is placed in a glass,  One can easily distinguish which part
its composition and properties will is water and which is oil.
be the same regardless of the area in
the glass where you will get a sample
of the salt solution.

 One cannot visually determine the

salt and water components in a
homogenous mixture since the
mixture has only one phase.

 CLASSIFICATION OF Mixtures based on particle size:

1. Solution - a homogeneous mixture
2. Suspension heterogeneous mixtures
3. colloid

SOLUTION  has two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout

the mixture.
 forms a single phase ( Hence, a homogenous mixture)
 It has the smallest particle size as compared to other types of
mixtures. Particles of a solution are invisible to the naked eye.
 example of a solution:
1. salt-water mixture
2. metal alloys
3. rubbing alcohol - mixture between ethyl or isopropyl
alcohol and water
4. Apple juice is also a solution.
SUSPENSION  has the largest particle size compared to the other types of
mixtures.
 components separate over time due to the influence of gravity.
 The particles are visible to the naked eye.
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  example :
-mixture of soil and water
-mixture of sand and water
COLLOID  has an intermediate particle size compared to solutions and
suspensions.
 particles in a colloid appear to be invisible to the naked eye.
 particles remain suspended in the medium when viewed using
a microscope.
 Examples :
 milk
 paint
 Smoke -solid particles (soot) are dispersed in gas.

Colloidal particles exhibit Brownian movement and cause the Tyndall effect.
 Brownian movement - is the random movement of particles suspended in gas or
liquid.
 Tyndall effect – scattering of light caused by Brownian Movement
- is usually demonstrated by passing a ray of light through a sample
mixture.
- This test could easily identify the mixture as a solution, colloid, or
suspension.
● SOLUTION  When light passes through a given mixture;
 Light will have a narrow path and is not visible.
 Since solutions have the smallest particle size, which the naked eye
cannot see, light is not blocked by the particles of a solution.
● SUSPENSION  When light does not pass through a given mixture
 Since suspensions have the largest particle size, light is blocked by the
particles of a suspension.
● COLLOID  When light passes through a given mixture and the light scatters
- Since colloids have an intermediate particle size, some light particles are
blocked while others are not.
- Among the three types of mixtures, ONLY COLLOIDS EXHIBIT THE
TYNDALL EFFECT.

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 Fig. 9. Light as it passes through a solution, a colloid, and a suspension

Difference between Pure Substances and Mixtures

element - is composed of only one kind of atom.
Compound - is composed of two or more elements combined chemically.
 One way to differentiate mixtures from pure substances is to separate components.
 Pure substances cannot be separated by physical means.
 The components of mixtures can be separated by physical means.
 There are several ways to separate mixtures:
1. physical manipulation - separates the components of varying sizes using a spoon,
scooping material, or picking. Magnets can be used to separate metallic materials
from nonmetallic materials
2. decantation - the large particles of insoluble solids are separated from the liquid
mixture. The mixture is allowed to stand to separate the liquid layer from the solids
that have settled. To decant a mixture, carefully pour off the liquid to leave the solids
behind.
 Chalk in water can be separated using decantation.

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3. Filtration - is the separation of an insoluble solid from a liquid mixture using
semipermeable membrane-like filter paper.
 filtrate -The filtered liquid or the liquid that passed through the filter
paper
 residue - the filtered solid or the solid left at the filtered paper
ex. Preparation of cheese involves filtration of the solid cheese from the
excess dairy using a cheesecloth.

Evaporation - done to separate the mixture's components, whenever a solid is

soluble in a liquid mixture.
- separates the soluble solid from the liquid component of the solution by
evaporating the liquid substance.
- The liquid component is separated from the solid component in a given mixture
by heating the mixture until the liquid evaporates, leaving the solid component.
- Salt from seawater may be isolated using large-scale evaporation.

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Distillation- separates the components of a mixture of liquids based on differences in
boiling point.
- As one component reaches its boiling point, it evaporates from the mixture.
- The gas is then allowed to cool. The component turns to liquid as it condenses and
is collected using a receiving flask.
- The process continues until all the desired components have been separated from
the mixture.
- The component which has the lowest boiling point will be obtained first.
 Water and ethanol can be separated using distillation.
Centrifugation – a process where the centrifuge spins rapidly, and the denser
component is collected at the bottom of the tube

 A centrifuge is a machine used to separate the components based on the

difference in density.
EX. : Components of blood used for laboratory testing are separated using a
centrifuge.

chromatography

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decantation
distillation

decantation
distillation
Physical manipulation

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 The Scientific Method
 The scientific method - is a series of organized steps that are taken to answer a
question or solve a problem.

General steps of the scientific method:

1. Make observations.
 Observation is a way of acquiring information using the five senses—sight, touch,
smell, hearing, and taste.
 2 kinds of observation:
1) qualitative observation - Nonnumerical values
2) quantitative observation - numerical value obtained
from measuring tools such as a ruler, thermometer,
and balance.

2. State the problem - define the problem that you want to solve or know.
- The problem is usually in the form of a question.

3. Collect preliminary data - read about the problem,

- read books or visit reliable websites that are relevant to your problem.
- Analyze the facts and data that you collect, and look for trends or patterns.

4. Formulate a hypothesis.
- After collecting the necessary information, a possible answer derived from
the collected information is formulated.

- A hypothesis - is an educated guess that may lead to a possible solution to

the problem. It is commonly stated as a cause-and-effect relationship
making it testable.

5. Test the hypothesis.

 An experiment is performed to validate the hypothesis.
 An experiment does not prove the hypothesis but rather
supports the hypothesis.

 controlled experiment – also called a FAIR TEST; a type of experiment

implemented in testing the hypothesis
- designed to test if a specific change in the
condition you hypothesize would cause a change
to another condition.

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 - variable - conditions or factors that affect the outcome of an experiment
 2 types of variables:
1. independent variables - the value that is being changed or
manipulated
2. dependent variables - the factor that changes relying on the
change in the independent variable

** 2 setups in an experiment:
used to represent the experimental group and
the control group
 The experimental group is the setup that all possible variables
are held constant except for the variable that is manipulated in
the experiment (independent variable).
 A control group has all similar variables to the experimental
group except for the independent variable.

The change that occurs or the effect of changing the

independent variable will be a change of the dependent
variable.

The results of the dependent variable on the experimental

group and the control group will be compared.

a. DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL - If the dependent variable

increases as the independent variable increases

b. INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL -If the dependent variable

decreases as the independent variable increases (or vice
versa)

6. Collect and analyze data.

 data from the experiment will either support or oppose your hypothesis.
 Data may be qualitative or quantitative.
 Data is usually presented in tables.
 TABLE is primarily used for quantitative data.
 Data is arranged in columns and rows.
 The independent variable is usually shown in the left column while the
dependent variable is in the right column.
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 Column 1 Column 2

Row 1  Dependent Variable 

Independent
Variable
Row 2

A graph - is a visual representation of a table. It is best used to show

trends or how data changes.
 line graph- composed of grid-plotted lines that are used to show a
comparison between two variables.
 bar graph – a type of graph that shows data scaled into bars ,is best
used for comparison.
 pie chart -used to show fixed quantities that have been broken down or
a combination of amounts that sum up to one bigger value.

7. Draw a conclusion.

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