OSPREY : MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES -: 123 The-Australian Army 4 at War 1899-1975 Text by JOHN LAFFIN Colour plates by MIKE CHAPPELL 6 edition by MoscowHorrorMEN-AT-ARMS SERIES EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROW Lhe Austrahan Army at War 1899-1975 Text by JOHN LAFFIN Colour plates by MIKE CHAPPELL OSPREY PUBLISHING LONDONPublished in 1982 by Osprey Publishing Ltd Member company of the George Philip Group 12-14 Long Acre, London WC2E gLP © Copyright 1982 Osprey Publishing Ltd Reprinted September 1982 ‘This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. ISBN 0 85045 418 2 Filmset in Great Britain Printed in Hong KongThe Seeds of Legend The British public got their first look at Australian troops in 1897 when 37 men of the New South Wales Lancers attended Queen Victoria’s Dia- mond Jubilee. Officers from Britain and all over the Empire were impressed with the lancers’ horsemanship, which won them two of the five gold medals awarded for competition in tourna- ments among regular, territorial and colonial mounted troops from throughout the Empire. ‘The British people were to get many further views of the Australians, on parade or through the newspapers and later by means of film and television. They have had a brief military history, by world standards, but they have taken part in nine wars and, British troops apart, they have fought in more countries than the soldiers of any other nation. Friend and foe alike have assessed them as men-at-arms perhaps cqualled but never surpassed. In many ways they are certainly different. Australian soldiers of all wars’ since 1914-18 have been called ‘Anzacs’ from the initial letters of Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. (In Army slang there is also an ‘Anzac button’ ~ a nail used in place of a button; and ‘Anzac stew’, an urn of hot water in which floats one bacon rind!) C. E. W. Bean, the Australian official historian of the First World War, gave the word Anzac its most expressive meaning: it stood, he said, for ‘reckless valour and a good cause, for enterprise, resourcefulness, fidelity, comradeship and mateship’. The word ‘Digger’ has a much stronger con- nection with Australian soldiers than with New Zealanders, though it was probably in use in 1916 among both Australians and New Zealanders, and it was common in 1917. Bean said that the word evolved from the professional gum-diggers Lhe Australian Army at Var 1899-1975 of New Zealand. Many old soldiers believed that it came about as a natural result of their trench- digging in France and Flanders; others claim that some West Australian soldiers, gold-diggers in civil life, started the word on its way. At onc time it was the slang expression for a plodder ~ an apt term for an infantryman. Arar photograph of Lt. Harry Morant, ‘The Breaker’, taken in Adelaide shortly before he sailed for South Africa with the Second Contingent of the South Australian Mounted Rifles. After this tour of duty Morant went to England, but returned to South Africa to join the Bush Veldt Carbineers; and it was while serving with this unit that he is alleged to have murd- ered Boer prisoners, the ‘crime’ for which he was condemned by a blatantly unsound court martial, and executed by firing squad in Pretoria on 27 February 1902. The recent and critically acclaimed feature film ‘Breaker Morant’, starring Edward Woodward, is a fairly accurate account of Morant’s second tour of duty.South Africa 1899-1902 At the beginning of 1899 any future for the Australians as soldiers seemed remote; but Aus- tralians were soon watching with interest the growing tension between Britain and the South African Republic. As carly as July 1899 the government of Queensland offered a contingent of 250 mounted infantry with machine guns, should war be declared. On 28 September, anticipating the inevitable, the various State military commandants met in Melbourne and decided to raise a joint all-arms contingent of 2,500 men, of whom more than half would be mounted. War was declared on 11 October. The War Office accepted the Australian offer as a gesture of Imperial unity rather than as a serious military contribution; and the War Minister, Lord Landsdowne, wanted changes of Men of the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, 1899. The Ikhake jacket, trimmed with red braid and with red shoulder straps, is worn with pale Bedford cord breeches, ankle boots with four-buckle knee-length leather gaiters, and a Khali slouch hat decorated with a red puggarce and emu feathers. A-canteen is slung on the right hip, a folded haversack on the left, beneath the leather waist belt and bandolier. The long socket bayonet for the Martini-Henry riffe is frogged on the left hip. emphasis. In a cable he said: ‘Units should consist of 124 men, and may be infantry, mounted in- fantry or cavalry... . Infantry most, cavalry least serviceable.’ Considering that so many Australians were born to the saddle and accustomed to riding in conditions very similar to those in South Africa, Landsdowne’s qualification was short-sighted. Most ‘Citizen Bushmen’ contingents were equip- ped by public subscription and, though un- trained, were officered by men with previous military experience. ‘The standards sct for enlistment for service in the South African War were published in the press and in the State gazettes: “Men to be good shots and proficient swordsmen, of superior physique, not under 5 foot 6 inches or 34 inches chest; good riders and bushmen, accustomed to find their way about in strange countr’ In the end all Australian infantry was mounted, providing the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Roberts, with nearly double the number of mounted troops previously at his disposal; this, enabled the wide flanking movements which were the determining factor in the relief of Kimberley and the advance on Bloemfontein and Pretoria.The first notable action in which the Austra- lians were engaged was fought soon after the arrival of the Queensland Mounted Infantry late in 1899. On New Year’s Day 1900 they took part in an attack on Boer positions at Sunnyside Stalking the Boers in the same way that the Boers had stalked and outwitted the British, the Queens- Sergeant-Major of the NSW Mounted Rifles; note the ments unique sword frog arrangement, and ef. Plate landers advanced on three sides in an outflanking movement, captured the laager and took 40 prisoners. It was an unheard-of feat. The first real Australian battle honour was the fight near Brakfontein on Elands River. In mid- 5Australian sniper in a trench at Gallipoli, with his ‘spotter’ ‘close by. The periscope rifle was invented at ‘Anzac’ by L/Cpl. W. Beech of the 2nd Bn. The conditions in the trenches made any standard uniform impossible, Some men wore waistbelt ammunition pouches, others bandoliers. Steel helmets were not general issue at that time. The heat in the trenches was intense; note the apathetic listlessness of the seated soldiers. (Australian War Memorial) sing on July 1900 Col. Hore was posted at a cr the river to keep it secure and open. He occupied five acres and his ‘garrison’ consisted of 100 men of the Queensland Mounted Infantry (Maj Tunbridge), 100 of New South Wales Bushmen Capt. Thomas) and 50 Victorian Bushmen (Capt. Ham) The Australian post was on a flat plain near a boulder-covered hill which commanded not only the Australians but the nearest point of the river, half a mile away. By August up to 4,000 Boers with nine field guns surrounded the Australians’ acres. On 4 August the Boer guns fired 1,500 shells into the defensive perimeter, killing five men and wounding 27. The horses suffered terribly; of the 1,540 in camp, 1,379 were lost. By night the Australians used timber from smashed wagons to roof their trenches; they brought water from the river, and relieved their forward posts. During the darkness the Boers used a ‘pom-pom’ quick-firer which irritated the Australians, Licut. Amant, a young Queens- lander, took 25 men, raided the Boer post, killed the crew and wrecked the gun. It was an act that was to become typical of Australian soldiers The Boers blocked two British relief forces, and their leader, Delarey, sent in a message inviting Hore to surrender or be blown to pieces. Hore replied that even if he personally wanted to surrender he was in command of Australians who would cut his throat if he did. The Aus- tralians dominated the battlefied at night. Theywiped out several gun crews by creeping close and firing at the flashes. Boers who tried to infiltrate were outplayed at their own game; Australian forward scouts and listening posts of two or three men killed and routed far stronger enemy patrols. Even by day the Australians, without permission, went out stalking snipers. The morning of 16 August was oddly quiet at Elands River. Reconnaissance patrols found that the Boers had abandoned their posts; even the guns had been taken away. Later that day a relief force led by Lord Kitchener rode into Elands River. Kitchener told the defenders: "You have had a hot time but have made a remarkable defence. Only Colonials could have held out and survived in such impossible circum- stances.’ Great praise came from a Boer historian. ‘For the first time in the war we were fighting men who used our own tactics against us. They were Australian volunteers and... we could not take their positions. They were the only troops who could scout into our lines at night and Kill our sentries, while killing or capturing our The Australians were formidable scouts. . opponents.’ On 1 January 1901 the Federation of Australian States came into effect; that is, for the first time there was a nation rather than a country called Australia. This changed the status of the various State contingents; welded together, they were designated Australian Commonwealth Horse At the time of Federation the various State forces comprised Permanent troops (paid and full- time), Militia (paid and part-time) and Volun- teers (unpaid and part-time). The permanent forces consisted largely of administrative staff and garrison artillery. The States and the Commonwealth together contributed 57 contingents totalling 16,175 men, including 838 officers, to serve in the Boer War. More than 500 were killed or died of illness, and six Victoria Crosses were awarded. Australia had shown its capacity to provide willing and en- thusiastic soldiers; the mounted men in par- ticular were noted for their dash, initiative courage and they left a lasting impression on some British leaders. The Commander-in-Chief, Lord Roberts, so admired the organisation and effi- ciency of the New South Wales Field Ambulance nd Corps that he recommended it as a pattern for the British Army. An officer of the Corps, Capt. Neville Howse, was the first Australian to win the Victoria Gross — at Vradesort in July 1900 While many Australians had been busy in South Africa, a smaller party — 460 volunteers — had been sent to China in 1901 to fight the Boxer rebels. Victorian members of the contin- gent served at Tientsin and the NSW contingent at Peking Capt. Phil Fry of the roch Australian Light Horse (Western Australia) in a Gallipoli trench. Mounted action was out of the question at Gallipoli, so there is nothing noticeably ‘cavalry’ about the uniform. Fry wears a leather belt set, but ebbing was more common, This popular officer was killed a successful charge at Hill 6o\on 29 August 1915. (Bill Connell Golleetion) me Ameee ioe tPre-1gig Training Co-ordination of a national defence effort had been one of the reasons for Federation, and one of the first actions of the new Commonwealth Parliament was to create a national Department of Defence. On 1 March 1gor all the various State forces came under the department’s control and its soldiers under the command of the first GOG, Maj. Gen. Sir Edward Hutton. His aim was to make the new Army uniquely Australian in character and outlook. Mounted troops were divided into two cate- gories. The first comprised horsemen trained to scout, skirmish, and reconnoitre and also to fight on foot — Light Horse. The second group were infantry soldiers provided with individual four-legged transport - Mounted Infantry. The Mounted Service Manual published in 1902 was explicit about these units’ roles: 1, Light Horse are required to a. Fight on foot both in the offensive and defensive. Drawi self an of a Gallipoli infantryman by David Barker, him- ac in 1915+ AT THE LANDING, AND HERE EVER Si Drawn in Blue and Red Pesci! by DAVID BARKER b. To perform the duties classed under ‘In- formation’ viz. reconnoitring and screen- ing. c. Afford protection from surprise for all bodies of troops both halted and on the march. 2. Mounted infantry are required to perform only the duties pertaining to infantry and are temporarily provided with increased means of mobility. From the beginning it was seen as important that the mounted soldier should be associated with the civil community. In 1909 Lord Kitchener was invited to assess progress and to comment on the new Army’s ‘adequacy’. Kitchener, though generally impressed, made many suggestions, including a citizen army of 80,000. He also recommended a Royal Military College, and this came into being in 1911 at Duntroon, Canberra. It was to provide Australia with its own trained headquarters staff and area officers for both the regular and citizen armies. The first commandant was Brig. Gen. William Bridges. Duntroon had 147 cadets when Bridges left in May 1914, and by the end of the year 71 of them were on active service; of these, 17 lost their lives at Gallipoli and 34 were wounded. Bridges was to die there with the cadets he had trained. Kitchener's report had inspired the Defence Act of 1go9, and a programme of universal military training was decreed in 1911. Also at Kitchener's suggestion, a small arms factory was opened in 1912 at Lithgow, west of Sydney, and most small arms carried by Australian troops since then have been made at Lithgow. By 1914 the emphasis, in quality at least, was on cavalry, and in that year Australia had 23 regiments of Light Horse, a total of 9,000 super- lative riders of all ranks. A regiment of Light Horse had four squadrons, each under a major, at full strength. Throughout Australia there was a serious approach to military training, almost as if war was expected.The Diggers 1914-18 When Australia heard the news of Britain's declaration of war against Germany in August 1914 the Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher, pledged Australia’s support — ‘to the last man and the last shilling’. Fisher’s confidence that Australians would support him was justified. The recruiting of the initial force of 20,000 men was a triumph of, staff organisation and individual ardour. The first major decision was whether the required forces would come from the existing militia units or whether an entirely new army would be formed for the duration of hostilities. The provisions of the Kitchener Report were still being implemented and by 1914 90 per cent of the militia of 43,000 were boys of 19-21 years of age. Nobody was happy about sending a ‘boys’ army’ overseas. So an army was raised to become a parallel organisation to the existing Australian Military Forces, with its own rates of pay, establishment and_ seniori' list. The Com- mander, Maj. Gen. Bridges, had firm views about its designation. ‘I want a name that will sound well when they call us by our initials. That’s how they will speak of us.’ In this way the Australian Imperial Force (ATF) was written into history. Into the staging camps of cach State hurried young men — though one in five was over the age of gr — from town and country alike: clerks, bankers, solicitors and shop assistants, drovers, shearers and boundary riders. General Bridges formed them into a Light Horse Brigade and the 1st Infantry Division. These men left for Egypt on 1 November 1914. Meanwhile a force of 2,000 had landed on New Britain and accepted the surrender of German New Guinea. These troops, the Australian Naval and Military Expedition Force (ANMEF), remained there throughout the war. ‘The 1st Australian Division commenced its training in Cairo and was joined in January 1915 by the end Light Horse Brigade. Brig. Gen. Harry Chauvel, commander of the rst Light Horse Brigade, took over all the horsemen, and implanted discipline and bearing. Infantry and cavalry alike were issued with the Lithgow-made S Order of Battle Australian Imperial Force 1914-18 1st Division 1st Bae.: 1st, and, 3rd, 4th Bns and Bde. 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Bns. ‘3rd Bée,: gth, 10th, rth, r2th Bos and Division | 5th Bde.: 17th, 18th, rgth, 20th Bns. | Gtk Bde. : 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 2qth Bs. | 7th Bde.: a5th, 26th, 27th, 28th Bns. rd Division oth Bde.: 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th Bns. roth Bde. + 37th, 38th, ggth, 4oth Bns. 11th Bde. : 41st, 42nd, 4grd, 44th Bs. 4th Division ah Bde.: 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th Bns. rath Bde. 45th, 46th, 47th, 48th Bns. 13th Bde. 49th, soth, 51st, sand Bns. 5th Division r4th Bde.: 3rd, 54th, 55th, 56th Bns. 57th, 58th, 59th, both Bns. . agth, goth, 31st, gand Bns. Each division had its own field artillery, wrench mortar battery, machine gun bn., engineer bns., pioneer bn., signals, medical, veterinary and ordnance units, pay section, mounted troops, cyclist company, supply column and ammunition park. Light Horse Bdes. 1st Bae. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Rgts. 2nd Bde. 5th, 6th, 7th Regts. grd Bae. 8th, gth, roth Rgts. ih Bde,: 4th, vith, 12th Rets. 5th Bde.: 14th, 15th Rgts: ‘The Light Horse had their own machine gun squadrons, field ambulances and veterinary sections. Australian Corps units Artillery, heavy artillery, heavy trench mortar battery, tunnelling companies, railway operating companies, mechanical transport companies. Camel Corps with supporting units. ©its for crentment at Anzac Cove, without getting himself ried from his rifle. Bayonets were almost invariably kept Excdac Anrac: base ares did nov exit, in the normal sense, tnd danger was everspresent. (Australian War Memori Mk III SMLE, with its 17-inch bayonet. It was to prove its rugged worth from the sands of Palestine to the mud of Flanders. After consultation with the governments of Australia and New Zealand, Kitchener formed the antipodean contingents into an improvised Australian and New Zealand Army Corps; the initials of this formation, stamped onto stores as ANZAC, became the most famous word in Australian and New Zealand army history. Its commander was Lieut. General Sir William Birdwood The AIF’s first major operation was the land- ing at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. The object was to take control of the Dardanelles, the narrow strait linking the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea’ Command of the expedition was given to Gen Sir Ian Hamilton, who faced a daunting task ’s Damn the Dardanelles, Osprey, 1980 See the present writ 10 The Gallipoli peninsula has four sets of beaches —at Bulair at the neck, Suvla Bay, Ari Burnu and at the tip, Helles, Its mountainous spine is scarred with deep ravines and gullies The Australians and New Zealanders were sent in to a dawn landing at Ari Burnu, but the first assault force, the Australian 3rd Brigade, was landed a mile too far north, at what was soon known as Anzac Cove. A Turkish flare went up and soon a hail of bullets was spattcring the shallows and striking sparks from stones on the beach. The boats grounded and the Australians jumped over the gunwales and splashed to the beach. Some were hit; others went in out of their depth and were dragged under by their heavy kit. ‘The troops faced almost perpendicular cliffs under which companies and platoons were jumbled in confusion. Junior officers quickly rallied the troops and within minutes a rough line of about six companies was clawing its way up the slopes. Some men moved far and fast. By 7am a young officer and two men had climbed three ridges and were looking down on the object of the whole operation, the Narrows, only three and a half miles away. Another party was halfway up Chunuk Bair, a dominating peak around which 50,000 men would be killed during the campaign. ‘As much furious fighting occurred on 25 April in the wild country around Anzac Cove as in any battle in history. No front line existed, and men landing later in the day were just as vulnerable to enemy bullets as men in the gullies inland. ‘Their first bayonet rush carried the Australians to a hill known as Baby 700, but incessant enemy fire made the position untenable. By nightfall the Anzacs held a position about two miles long by three-quarters of a mile deep. On Hamilton's orders they burrowed, hacked and tunnelled into the scaward slopes of the ridges. For three days after the landing the fighting was savage, with wave after wave of Turks making frontal attacks on the Anzac lines. By 1 May reinforcements were required. The only available forces were the Light Horse regi- ments in Egypt. Despite the value of the Light Horse in the defence of Egypt, the enthusiasm of the brigades to fight, even without their beloved horses, finally influenced Hamilton to employ the Light Horsemen in a dismounted réle, but theyserved intact in their regimental and brigade groups The only grenades the Anzacs had were jam tins filled with explosive, nails, stones, pieces of glass and shell shards, so they became adept at catching the Turkish ‘cricket-ball’ grenades and throwing them back. On the night of 18-19 May the Turks put 42,000 men into a massive attack on the Anzac position, where Gen. Birdwood had only 12,500 front line men. They killed thousands of Turks in the attack, and the first hour was sheer slaughter. At daybreak the Turkish officers gave up all efforts to lead, and drove their men into the Anzac fire. Australian reserves came pushing into the line, even offering to pay other men to make room for a place on the parapet. Later in, the campaign Anzacs offered as much as £5 for the ‘privilege’ of getting an unofficial place in a bayonet charge. When the Turks broke off the action at midday they had lost 10,000 men ; 5,000 of these, dead and wounded, lay in the open in No Man’s Land. The Australians’ physical appearance im- pressed all visitors to Anzac. Compton Macke zie, the novelist, then on HQ staff, wrote: ‘They were glorious young men. Their almost complete nudity, their tallncss and majestic simplicity of line, their rose-brown flesh burnt by the sun and purged of all grossness by the ordeal through which they were passing, all these united to create something as near to absolute beauty as I shall hope ever to sce in this world.’ But even ‘glorious young men’ are mortal. In fighting at Lone Pine, in August, six Australian battalions lost 80 officers and 2,197 men, Batta- lions of the 1st Brigade lost most heavily, and few witnesses of outstanding bravery remained. Con- sequently, of the seven Victoria Crosses awarded after this fight, four went to a reinforcing bat- talion, the 7th. In that fierce month two Light Horse units, the 8th and roth, were practically wiped out Nowhere on the peninsula could the British and French make any significant progress; and eventually evacuation became inevitable. At Anzac Cove it was brilliantly planned by Lieut. Col. Brudenell White of the Anzac Staff. More than 83,000 men with horses, guns and some supplies were moved out in the period ro-19 December, with only two soldiers wounded in the final stages of the evacuation. The Australians left behind 7,594 killed; Gallipoli had cost them an additional 19,367 wounded The Light Horse were reinforced and re- organised: during 1916-1918 they fought 36 battles between the Suez Canal Zone and Damascus, in Syria, as well as many small actions. The Australian horsemen were men of resolution and resource, accustomed to respon- sibility, and equally to strong sunshine and dusty roads. They chafed under collective discip- line, but every man was self-disciplined. For this reason the Light Horse never wasted a bullets one historian has claimed that the Light Horse- One of the most famous soldiers of the 1st AIF was Pte. John Simpson Kirkpatrick of grd Australian Field Ambulance. At great risk he used ey, ‘Murphy’, to evacuate wound- ‘ed down the steep, exposed slopes to beach dressing stations; ‘and he was eventually killed during one of these missions of ‘mercy, on 19 May 1915. He is commemorated in a sculpture by W. Leslie Bowles. (Australian War Memorial)A characteristic group of Australians on a General Service wagon passing through a French village near Amiens in To1l-17, Note the formation sign painted on the side of the wagon bed just behind the front wheel ~ cf. Plate H. (Aus tralian War Memorial) men probably fired fewer wild shots than any other combatants of the war. The 150 tired young veterans of the ggth had battle of Romani, fought on 3-5 August 1916. Chauvel knew that the Turks, striking for the Suez Canal, could not afford to leave the little tableland of Romani menacing their flank. He had only about 1,600 dismounted rifles against a much larger enemy force, and his thin line covered three and a half miles. ‘Allah! Allah! Finish Australi the Turks yelled as they attacked. But the Light Horsemen held firm against infantry, machine gun and artillery attack for 24 hours. At dawn next morning Chauvel counter-attacked with his out- Finish Australia! numbered, exhausted and thirsty troopers, and swept the Turks before him. By midnight on 5 August the Turks had suffered 5,350 casualties and another 4,000 had been taker Battle of Romani was the decisive engagement of prisoner. The the Sinai-Palestine campaign; before Romani, British strategy and tactics were defensive, the stand of the rst and 2nd Light Horse Brigades ersed the situation. The Turks never regained the initiative. rev ‘An even more spectacular action took place during the battle of Beersheba. The conflict had reached the point where Chauvel had to be in possession before nightfall on 31 October 1917 or give the Turks a chance to reinforce their garrison. He sent the 4th Light Horse Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Grant, in a hell-for-leather charge against infantry in prepared positions. The 4th and t2th L.H. Regiments formed up in three lines from 300 to 500 yards apart, with bayonets in hand in licu of sabres. The Turks opened fire on the galloping horsemen but few were hit. The lines of troopers cleared the first Turkish trenches at a bound and charged the main line, four feet wide and ten feet deep. The whole operation took about an hour; 38 Turkish officers and 700 other ranks were captured, as well as nine field-guns, three machine guns and great quantities of supplies and transport. SomeLight Horse brigades later issued with swords so that charges could be more effectively driven home. The news of Grant's charge swept through Palestine, and Gen. Allenby later spoke of the Light Horse as ‘the spirit’ of his army Spirit was also needed on the Western Front. On 14 July 1916 the three divisions of the 1 Anzac Corps ~ the 1st, 2nd and 4th — were concentrated in the area west of the Amiens-Doullens road. The flank of the British Fourth Army, engaged in the great Somme battles, was held up by the stubborn German defence of a key village, Poziéres. Lieut. Gen. H. B. Walker was ordered to take Poziéres with the 1st Australian Division, and the battle began on 23 July on a one-mile front, with two brigades forward and one in reserve. The Diggers went in close behind their own artillery fire. An officer of the 6th Field Artillery brought a gun to within 200 yards of an important German trench and devastated the defenders with 115 rounds at point-blank range. Throughout the ruins of Poziéres that morning the Australians played a grim sport — ‘rating’ They rolled phosphorus bombs into cellars and dugouts to flush out snipers and machine gun- ners. Terrified, the Germans then fled, only to be chased and bayoneted or shot. Then the Aus- tralians would squat on another doorstep, to have a quiet smoke and wait for other victims Another sport was ‘prospecting’ — looking for trouble or prisoners just for the fun of it. Right from the beginning the Australians adopted their own peculiar attitude to shellfire By common unspoken agreement they ignored it. No matter what duty they happened to be engaged on, they stood upright and walked casually through the barrage; they refused to crawl and often did not turn their heads. The fighting at Poziéres was ferocious. In a 13-hour battle on 26 July the men of the 17th Battalion threw 15,000 grenades. No front trench could be maintained for more than a before bombardment filled it in. So great nage in the 24th Battalion that months after- wards, even when the battalion’s positions had been obliterated, their course could be traced by half-buried bodies with the red and white patches of the battalion showing on their arms. were as the car- Ina single tour Capt. Albert Jacka, VC, MC and Bar. This officer was awarded the Supreme decoration for gallantry at Anzac when serving with the 14th Bn.; it was generally believed in the AIF that he merited a second VC for an action in France. (Australian War Memorial) said they were under a greater stress than during the whole of the Gallipoli campaign. Having captured the ridge, one of the only two advances on the whole of the British front, they had to hold . Shelling so pulverised the front that Lieut. Gol. Ray Leane, bringing up his 48th Battalion, could not even find the front-line garrison’s trenches. Leane was the most famous fighting commander of the first AIF. A stern, virile man with a keen sense of duty and honour, Leane had so many relatives in his battalion that the AIF knew it as the ‘Joan of Arc Battalion’ (Made of All-Leanes . . .) ‘The 4th Division bore the brunt of the German counter-attack for nine days, yet in six successive night attacks they brought the British line to within striking distance of the key point of Mouquet Farm. The three divisions’ final casualty figures for Poziéres were: 1st Division, 7,700; and Division, 8,100; 4th Division, 7,100. This was a‘A surgeon captain attending a wounded man in an Aus: tralian Advanced Dressing Station during the fighting at Hill 60, Ypres, on 26 August 1917. (Australian War Memorial) rate of onc man in three. It has been said that Poziéres Ridge is densely with Australian sacrifice than any place on earth’. Australian divisions were almost constantly in the line in France and Belgium, Alll five took part in the Passchendacle (Ypres) Offensive of October-November 1917; at one time four An: divisions attacked side by side, the only occasion on which that has ever happened. An officer of the 3rd Machine Gun Company wrote one of the most famous orders of the war, while commanding a section at Messines, a par- ngerous place on the Ypres front. ‘more sown ticularly da It ran: Special Orders No. 1 Section 13/3/18 (x) This position will be held, and the Section will remain here until relieved. 4 2) The enemy cannot be allowed to interfere with this programme (3) If the Section cannot remain here alive it will remain here dead, but in any case it will remain here. (4) Should any man through shell shock or other cause attempt to surrender, he will remain here dead. Should all guns be blown out the Section will use Mills Grenades and other novelties. (6) Finally, the position, as stated, will be held F. P. Bethune, Lt. O/C No. 1 Section. The Australians’ most successful operation was the capture of Mont St Quentin, the ‘Gibral- tar of the Somme’, 30 August~3 September 1918. Ina copybook operation, Gen. Sir John Monash captured the German bastion in what was pos- sibly the finest single feat of the war. His bat- machine (5) talions overcame scores of well-sitedgun nests on a long, gradual slope through the initiative of section leaders backed by individual dash. Mont St Quentin, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, was ‘a supreme object lesson of that indivi- dual intelligence and character which have made the Australian soldier what he is’. But this reputation was won at great price. Of the 332,000 Australian troops who embarked to fight in the distant theatres of the First World War, 212,773 became casualties, including 53,993 killed or died of wounds or gas. Australian casualties, in proportion to the number of troops embarked for overseas service, were the highest of any country engaged in the war. This was because the great majority of the Australians were front-line soldiers. Only 140,000 Diggers were discharged fit. The Young’ Diggers—1939-45 In the first year after demobilisation, 1920, the Australian militia numbered 100,000 ~ all com- pulsorily enlisted men born in 1899, 1900 and 1go1. There was a cadre of 3,150 permanent officers and men, about 150 more than in 1914. Because of motorisation some changes were dramatic; in 1937 four Light Horse regiments became machine gun regiments, equipped with Vickers .g03s and a strange variety of trucks (But they kept their emu plumes!) By 1938 the permanent army had shrunk to 2,795 and the citizen army to 42,895, but in the wake of war scares in Europe it shot up to 70,000 in March 1939 and to 80,000 by the outbreak of war, September 1939. Australia entered the war with problems entirely different from those of the First World War. Two land forces were required, one for service overseas and one for home defence ‘Accordingly, a second AIF was raised by volun tary enlistment for service abroad, and by com- pulsory service a militia force was created for home defence. Following the 1st AIF tradition (1st, and, grd, 4th and 5th Divisions) the 2nd AIF commenced with the 6th Division and followed with the 7th, 8th and gth. The 6th, 7th and gth were sent to the Middle East and later to the Pacific. The 8th went to Malaya, on Japan’s entry into the war, and was captured there. Each of a division’s three infantry brigades at the beginning of the war had four battalions, not three as in the new British Army. Because of this and other differences between British and Aus- tralian organisation the establishment of the 6th Division was 16,528, which was 3,336 more than that of a British division, Tt was necessary to organise a division in which quotas of all arms were provided by cach State. This was done by following closely the organisa- tion of the 1st Division of the rst AIF. Thus the 16th Brigade, like the st Brigade of 1914, con- sisted of four battalions raised in New South Wales, the 2nd/ist, 2nd/and, and/grd and 2nd/ 4th. The prefix 2/ distinguished them from the ‘ordinary’ 1st, and, grd and 4th Battalions, which were among the NSW battalions of the militia which had inherited Battle Honours of the corresponding units of the old AIF. Even in units Sir John Monash, the able commander of the AIF in France, bestows a decoration on a soldier, whose side view clearly ‘shows the voluminous cut of the Australian tunic. Its skirt pocket usually bulged with ammunition, grenades, and a ‘wideassortment of unofficial kit, (Australian War Memorial) i 5A tableau of uniforms in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra. From left to right: Infantryman in desert uniform, with a neck-cloth added to the peaked cap; the pith-helmet lered, but was unpopular with Australians. Left centre is a lieutenant of Light Horse, and behind him a mounted trooper in full marching order. At right is a cavalry staff officer, with scarlet armband. where no corresponding unit existed in the rst AIF, in anti-tank regiments, the prefix 2/ was used to avoid confusion with militia units Beyond the system of numbering and the coloured shoulder patch no effec the AIF and the home militia army, with unhappy results that lasted to the end of the war. So high was the prestige of the volunteer AIF that a desire to qualify for mem- bership in its brotherhood and to march on Anzac Day was a strong motive for enlistment ive link was established between 16 Pay was not a major incentive. At the b of the war an unmarried private received five shillings a day, with an additional two shil a day deferred pay after embarkation. An tional three shillings a day was paid to married men, and one shilling for each child. The AIF men often referred to the militia derisively as ‘Chocolate Soldiers’ or ‘Chokos’, but the militia- men proved their mettle in helping to turn the Japanese tide of invasion in New Guinea, at Milne Bay and in the Owen Stanley Ranges. Each AIF battalion had a headquarters com- pany of six platoons (signals, mortai pioneer, anti-aircraft and transport and admini- strative) and four rifle companies each of three platoons, each of three sections. Every section carrier,had a Bren light machine gun, a 2 in. mortar and, depending on the war area, a Boys anti-tank rifle. The mortar platoon was armed with two 3 in. mortars, and the carrier platoon with ten Universal carricrs armed with Brens. Another innovation was the division’s mech- anised carrier regiment, equipped with 48 car riers and 96 light tanks; the carriers were armed with a Bren and a Boys, the tanks with a heavy and a medium machine gun. Artillery regiments consisted of two 12-gun batteries of 25-pdrs. The division also had an anti-tank regiment, equipped with 2-pdrs. ‘To carry its heavy equipment, stores and ammunition each division had 3,163 vehicles. The standard small-arm of the Australian soldier during the Second World War was the No. 1 Mk III* SMLE; this differed from the earlier version in that the magazine cut-off, long range dial sights and windage equipment on the rearsight were omitted. Later in the war the long bayonet gave way to the spike bayonet. The lighter-weight No. 5 jungle carbine version was also issued to some extent in the Pacific. The 6th Division reached the Middle Bast early in 1941. Its officers had been well chosen from the regular officer corps and the militia, and its senior officers had been outstanding leaders in the Australian Corps in France in 1918. The Commander-in-Chicf was Gen. Sir Thomas Blamey. The 6th had been in training for nearly a year when it was sent against the Italians in Libya. The Australians fought their first battle at Bardia on 3 January 1941. The men were heavily clad with greatcoats and leather jerkins, over their uniforms, and laden with weapons, tools, ammunition, grenades and three days’ rations. In an astonishingly successful action the division captured 40,000 Italians, 960 guns, 130 tanks, 700 trucks and huge quantities of war material. In this first British victory of the Second World War, the 6th Division lost 130 men killed and 326 wounded. Later that month the division captured Tobruk and a further 27,000 prisoners for a loss to themselves of 49 killed. In six weeks they chased the Italian Army 740 miles across Egypt and Libya, and broke it. The gth Division and a brigade of the 7th garrisoned Tobruk — to begin one of the great military defence sagas and to inflict on the Germans their first land defeat of the war. Under Maj. Gen. Leslie Morshead the Australians held the coastal fortress against all that Rommel could throw against them. ‘The last unit out was the 2/13th Battalion, evacuated 242 days after the siege began. The Australians lost 1,000 men during the siege but took more than 2,000 prisoners ~ a large number for a besieged garrison to capture. The 6th Division, meanwhile, had bei action in Greece and Crete. A ‘scratch army’ of Greeks, Australians, British and New Zealand troops fought bitterly against a massive German armoured onslaught supported by dive-bombers, but were driven back. Evacuated to Grete, 6,500 Australians and 7,700 New Zealanders fought several separate battles, this time against German paratroops and glider-bor n in ¢ soldiers, in a de nce ‘The Australian War Memorial tableau includes this came leer of the rst (Anzac) Bn., Imperial Camel Corps, formed in Egypt in 19165in all, four battalions were raised. The uniform differed from that of the Light Horse in that puttees replaced leggings, and ostrich plumes were not issue. The shoulder parch was a red triangle. 7which began on 19 May 1941. On 27 May, at Suda Bay, the 2/27th Battalion (Lieut. Col. 'T. G. Walker), helped by men of the New Zealand Maori Battalion, made a bayonet charge of 600 yards. It demoralised the Germans and sent them running: In a broadcast over Radio Berlin, ol. Erhard Loehter said: ‘Our boys thought the Australians would not take a bayonet charge seriously because they smiled so broadly we are no longer deceived by these obliging grim- aces.” The campaign ended with a long, arduous evacuation march across Crete by thousands of mixed troops. Throughout 27-28 May a spirited rearguard action was fought from Suda to Sfakia, where many men were taken off. While the Royal Navy carried out its desperately dangerous evacuation the highly disciplined 2/7th Battalion gallantly held the beach peri- meter, and had to be left behind. More than 3,000 Australians were captured in Grete; but the German casualties were so heavy that they never again attempted a major airborne operation With British fortunes at a low ebb, it was decided to invade Syria and L banon, held by Australians of the Imperial Camel Corps near Rafah, Palestine, in January 1918. The cameleers, nearly all of them former Light Horse troopers, were used for long-range desert patrols and raids, some of them spectacular. Order of Battle Second A.LF. 1939-45 6th Division 16th Bde. 2/1st, 2/2nd, 2/3rd Bns. 17th Bde. 2/5th, 2/6th, 2/7th Bns. 19th Bde. : 2/4th, 2/8th, 2/t1th Bns. 7th Division 18th Bde. : 2/gth, 2/1st, 2/12th Bns. 1st Bde. : 2[14th, 2/16th, 2/27th Bns. 25th Bde. : 2)a5th, 2/31st, 2/33rd Bns. 8th Division 2end Bde.: 2/18th, 2/19th, 2/20th Bns. 25rd Bde ist, 2/2and, 2/4oth Bns, 27th Bde. : 2/26th, 2/29th, 2/30th Bns. gth Division oth Bde, 2/13th, 2/15th, 2/17th Bns. ogth Bde. 2(28th, 2/32nd, 2/43rd Bns. 26th Bde, : 2/2grd, 2/24th, 2/48th Bns. Each division had its own cavalry (armour), artillery, engineers, signals, service corps, medical corps and provost company. Non-divisional units: eight Independent Companies and 11 Commando Squadrons. 1 Australian Corps Troops: 2/1st, 2/2nd, 2/3rd, 2/4th Machine Gun Bns. 2/18t, 2/2nd, 2/3rd, 2/4th Pioneer Bns. htthe pro-German Vichy French commander, Gen. Dentz, with 28,000 French and African troops and about 10,000 Lebanese and Syrians. The British GOG could spare only two brigades of Australians — the ist and 25th Brigades of the jth Division; the 5th Indian Brigade; and some Free French troops. The field commander was Lieut. Gen. J. D. Lavarack. Among the many steps taken to conceal the invasion plan was an order to the Australians within sight of the enemy not to wear their slouch hats; they had to wear caps, pith helmets or steel helmets. Any indication of the feared Australians preparing for action, it was believed, would stir the enemy into a frenzy of activity: the reputation of the Light Horsemen who had fought in this area in the First World War was still vividly remembered. The invasion began on 8 June, in summer heat and among harsh, rocky hills much more easily defended than captured. But it was also good country for Australian unorthodoxy and daring. The 2/31st Battalion (Lieut. Col. S. H. Porter) made an arduous night journey in trucks along the winding road to Jezzine, which they captured next evening in a dashing attack. Commanders encountered places where the use of tracked vehicles on a narrow path was impossible. In this emergency the Kelly Gang (named after Australia’s most notorious bush- ranger) came into being. It comprised 40 horse- men, mostly former Light Horsemen, and it performed valuable patrolling service in the hill regions of Lebanon and Syria. Some units of the 6th Division, notably the 2/3rd Battalion, were sent to reinforce the 7th Division brigades. The 2/3rd, in a fine attack, scaled rocky hills overlooking Damascus and captured several forts from the French Foreign Legion. A detached company cut the Beirut- Damascus road, then climbed up the sheer face of a gorge and took a fort. Another 2/3rd com- pany, in a daring night attack, even captured the daunting and dominating mountain of Jebel Mazar. By such spirited actions the Australians forced the surrender of Damascus on 21 June. Dentz sought an armistice, and fighting ceased on 12 July. The hard-fought campaign had cost the Australians 1,600 casualties, including 416 killed, Sgt. Tom Derrick, VC, DOM, of 2/48th Bn.; note that he also wears the Africa Star with 8th ~ Derrick won his DOM at Tel-el-Eisa, Libya, in July 1942, and his VC for extraordinary gallantry at Satelherg, New Guinea, on 23 November 1943. Later commissioned, he declined to accept, a training appointment, and was killed in action in Borneo in 1944. The details of and AIF uniform are clearly seen here: the buttons bearing the map of Australia, the ‘rising sun’ ‘collar badge, the ‘Australia’ shoulder title, and the ‘colour Patch? at the top of the sleeve. This shoulder patch displays ail the elements of design: the T-shape, identifying the 9th Division and referring to its service in Tobruk; the light grey outer rim or base, signifying the and AIF; the light blue inner rim, indicating the division’s 26th Brigade; and the white centre, identifying the 2/48ch Bn. (Australian War Memorial) ‘The Australian Army’s service in the Middle East ended spectacularly with the th Division, under Gen. Morshead, acting as the spearhead of Gen. Montgomery's offensive at El Alamein on 23 October 1942. On the right of the battle line, astride the coastal road on which the major pursuit must follow any breakthrough, the gth had the vital réle. The official British report on the battle stated: ‘The gth Australian Division put up a magnificent effort. They fought them- selves and the enemy to a standstill, till flesh and blood could stand no more. Then they went on fighting.’ In fact, they fought for 12 days. In later years Field Marshal Montgomery told the 19Four typical ‘Digger’ faces: left to right: « soldier of 2/3rd Field Go., Royal Australian Engineers in the desert, his hat decorated with a band of Italian Breda machine gun ammu- ia; a soldier in Libya js steel helmet (unpopular, and worn only when unavoidable) covered with hessian; a cheerful Pioneer in North Africa; and Cpl. F. R. Smith, 2/gtst Bn., on the Kokoda Trail in Papua-New Guinea, 1943, Smith is armed with a Thompson gun, wears jungle green, and has his chinstrap up over the brim of his hat, converting it to ‘stetson’ shape. (Australian War Memorial) present writer that his plan ‘depended’ on the Australians ‘crumbling’ the Germans holding the strongest part of the Axis linc. The gth’s losses between 23 October and 4 November were 2,694, including 620 dead. For the whole period of the Alamein operations losses were 5,809, including 1,225 dead. Meanwhile the 6th and 7th Divisions had returned to Australia to fight in the Pacific campaign. Since the Japanese had taken Singa- pore Australia was vulnerable, and the seasoned AIF units were needed in the New Guinea jungles. Gen. Blamey was recalled to command the Australian Military Forces (AMF), which were a mixture of ATF and militia units. The first and greatest jungle operation was the Battle for the Kokoda Trail, which crossed the 20 high, mountainous spine of Papua-New Guinea Sometimes called the Battle of the Ranges, it lasted seven months, resulted in defeat for the Japanese Army, and ended the myth of Japanese infantry invincibility. Lightly-defended New Britain and New Ire- land had fallen quickly. In New Guinea the Japanese objective was the capital, Port Moresby, the supply link with Australia, Until the 6th and 7th Divisions could be brought in, the defenc of Papua-New Guinea depended on militia battalions. With some outstanding exceptions, these units had low morale. A formation known as ‘Maroubra Force’ com- manded by Licut. Col. W. T. Owen was trying to stem the Japanese thrust. The striking unit of this ‘force’ consisted of one grossly understrength battalion, the 39th, formed of a few hundred militiamen stiffened by AIT reinforcements. Their average age was 18. If the Japanese could break them and take Kokoda airfield, the only means by which the defenders could receive adequate reinforcement and supplies, they would be in Port Moresby before the ATF could arrive.The battle was to be fought in jungles, swamps and mountains and in a dreadful climate. The whole Owen Stanley Range, which reaches a height of 13,000 feet, is a maze of ridges, spurs, leys and rivers. Much fighting took place on a one front — the width of the track. Many Australians were killed or wounded by snipers who tied themselves into position high up in trees, and waited to pick off an officer or NCO. For this reason the Australians abandoned badges of rank and nobody was addressed by rank; even senior officers were known by a codename, so that a CO might be ‘Dick’ or ‘Curly’. After several aggressive rearguard actions Col. Owen's battered battalion was forced back When the leading Japanese troops met opposition they deployed and engaged while support troops moved in with machine guns and mortars. To defend the vital position of Kokoda Col. Owen had about 80 men in all, including 60 young infantrymen. ‘That night, 26 August, 500 Japanese attacked. In this first pitched battle on Papuan soil at- tackers and defenders became mingled in the ¥ confused fighting. Col. Owen was mortally wounded in an ambush, and for several days the goth fought a gallant rearguard action under Maj. Alan Cameron. With malaria and dysentery adding to their casualties, the battalion was in poor shape by the time it reached Isurava. Here what was left of Maroubra Force was taken over by an AIF veteran officer, Lieut. Col. Ralph Honner, who had been ordered hurriedly to the crumbling front. Honner decided on a stand at Isurava. He had only a few hundred men and his largest weapons were gin. mortars firing a 1olb shell, Pressing him were three battalions of a Japanese regiment, with another full regiment coming up fast. Supporting them were a moun- tain artillery battalion and two-engincer units about 4,000 in all. Despite these odds, for two weeks the Aus- tralians fought the Japanese hand-to-hand in a series of ambushes and raids. One group of 39th sick and wounded were on their way down the trail to Moresby when, hearing that the battalion was fighting to survive, they disobeyed orders, turned round and hurried back into acInfantrymen of the 2/17th Bn., gth Division, photographed at Tobruk in r94r serving a captured Italian 73mm gun; the Self-styled ‘Bush Artillery’ proved highly effective during the siege. (Australian War Memorial) On 28 August Maj. Gen. Horii, the Japanese commander, launched a full-scale offensive. Five battalions of Japanese, shouting their ‘Ba war-cry je frontal attacks on Australian positions. Horii did not then know it but he was too late to win the campaign. He was now facing the ATF. The 150 tired, young veterans of the ggth had left Isurava the day before the battle, fighting their way out down the trail. The Japanese were now up against the first AIF battalion to reach the battle ~ the 2/14th, soon joined by part of the 2/16th, both of the 21st Brigade. On go August, General Horii concentrated his battalions in a narrow valley for a decisive blow against the still heavily-outnumbered Australians. On the entire 350-yard Australian front he laid down a storm nzai” of artillery shells, mortar bombs and continuous machine gun fire; then wave after wave of infantry went in, The vetcran Australians beat back cvery assault. One platoon repulsed 11 attacks, each of 100 or more men. This platoon, losing its commander and all NCOs, was then led by a private soldier, with other privates acting as NCOs. The Australians held Isurava for four days before Japanese weight became too great. The Australian commander, Brig. Potts, could not challenge Horii’s control of the upper spurs and ridges without weakening the defence of the main track, the Australians’ lifeline and the way to Moresby. The 2/igth and 2/16th Battalions made a slow, deliberate withdrawal. A bloody bayonet charge checked the Japanese, but their outflanking movements isolated parties of Aus- tralians, and those captured were killed on the spot. At Tora Creek an ever-thinning line of Aus-tralians killed 170 Japanese and kept their line intact before withdrawing to Imita Ridge, the last defensible point of the Owen Stanleys, Here they held while the Japanese dug in on the facing ridge, Iorabaiwa. Horii had a chance to smash through, but again he was too late. ‘The three battalions of a fresh AIF brigade, the 25th (Brig. Eather), relieved the exhausted arst Bri- gade. Eather was ordered to die on Tmita Ridge rather than withdraw. While the Japanese were striking for Port Moresby, a linked action was developing at Milne Bay 200 miles to the east, where the 7th Infantry Brigade, militia, and 18th Infantry Brigade, AIF — both under Maj. Gen. C. A. Clowes — were defending vital airfields. By 7 September, after much patrol fighting, the Japanese had lost the battle and at least 1,000 dead, mostly élite marine assault troops. Milne Bay was the first clear-cut land victory against the Japanese anywhere in the war. In the Owen Stanleys the 25th Brigade, using the Australian-made Owen gun — a light sub- machine gun for close-quarter fighting — soon dominated the valley between Imita and lora- baiwa ridges. For the first time the Australians had artillery — two 25-pdrs dragged painfully up the tracks. On 26 September General Horii began a withdrawal. From Kokoda the Aus- tralian infantry pushed on steadily. At Gorari on 11 November the 2/25th and 2/g1st battalions made fierce bayonet charges, killing 580 enemy in fighting that lasted five days. Ten weeks later the last bitter phase of the battle was fought at Buna, Sanananda and Gona in a vast morass of swamp, mud and devastated jungle. The Australians fought many jungle campaigns over the next go months in New Guinea, Borneo, New Britain, the Solomen Islands and other parts of the Pacific; they made amphibious combat landings at Salamaua, Tarakan, Wewak, Labuan, Brunei and Balikpapan. The fighting was necessarily borne by the infantry; armour was little use in swamp and jungle, and artillery had a limited réle. When the war ended the Australian Army had lost 18,713 men killed in action. Korea, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam In keeping with Australian tradition, demobilisa- tion began immediately the war against Japan ended and within a year was almost completed. ‘Three battalions were raised for service with the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces in Japan. An armoured car squadron and an ‘Australian general hospital were also sent. In 1948 the three battalions were redesignated the Ist, and and 3rd Battalions, Australian Regiment. They became the Royal Australian Regiment (RAR) the following year. These three battalions were the nucleus of Australia’s post-1945 army and its first regular ficld force for immediate action in a national emergency. To augment this force the Citizens Military Force (CMF), with its roots in the old pre-1939 militia, was re-formed in 1948. National service waining was introduced in 1951 and continued for eight years. In 1950 North Korean troops crossed into South Korea, which appealed to the United Nations for help. Australia was one of the first member-states to promise aid. The grd Battalion RAR, then in Japan, was in action by September of that year. One of the most spectacular Australian vic- tories was at Sariwon, ‘the Aldershot of North Korea’. It was clear that a conventional attempt to capture this stronghold would be bloody and probably abortive; so two company commanders of the grd Battalion, Majors G. M. Thirlwell and 1. B. Ferguson, worked a bluff. They mounted a tank with an interpreter and had themselves driven towards the enemy. They told the North Koreans that they were surrounded and heavily outnumbered and suggested that they surrender. After tense hesitation 1,982 enemy surrendered with quantities of anti-tank guns, machine guns and mortars. The grd Battalion could also fight conven- tionally; in one action on 22/23 October 1950 they made a bayonet charge in which they killed 270 North Korcans and captured 2g9, at a cost to themselves of seven wounded. 23