IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like
- Effect of drying and storage of corn seeds
Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky): the primary (Zea mays L.) on postharvest insect pest
control in laboratory scales
obstacles in the maize quality and quantity M Sepe, Salamiah, Y Marsuni et al.
- Foraging ability of maize weevil in several
varieties under dark and light conditions
To cite this article: A Sebayang et al 2023 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1230 012089 Amelia Sebayang, Ayyub Arrahman,
Syahrir Pakki et al.
- Preliminary study of insecticidal effect of
citronella grass essential oil (Cymbopogon
nardus) against post harvest pest
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Sitophilus oryzae
A Kardinan, P Maris and M Rizal
This content was downloaded from IP address 125.167.58.47 on 03/02/2024 at 14:22
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky): the primary obstacles in the
maize quality and quantity
A Sebayang, Rohimatun, Salim, R Rubiana, S Sipi, S W Manwan, A Fattah, A
Arrahman, M Yasin, M S Saenong
National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Organization for Agriculture and
Food, B.J. Habibie Bld., M.H. Thamrin No. 8 St., Jakarta, Indonesia, 10340.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. One of the main obstacles to maize farming is the extensive loss of yields caused by
the investment of the Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during the
storage period. This pest attacks maize kernels in the active larval stage; they burrow, attack, and
hide in seeds. Some research reports that this pest attack can cause damage between 18-20%; in
conditions of high water content, the damage rate can reach 30-40%. In addition to direct
damage, this pest attack can reduce product and nutritional quality, seed weight, and the
percentage of germination, which will reduce market value. Besides being able to cause severe
damage to maize kernels, this pest also attacks several other agricultural products in stockpiles,
such as sorghum, rice, wheat, and processed food products such as pasta and biscuits. This paper
reviews several significant research results on the insect pest Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. In the
future, it is hoped that it will provide helpful information for researchers and academics
everywhere.
1. Introduction
Maize, one of the most important crops in the world, is easy to adapt and cultivate so it can be planted
in any agroecological conditions of the land, such as dry land, paddy fields, swampy land, and tidal land,
with various types of soil and climate [1,2]. The production of maize is utilized as livestock feed and
human food. The nutritional ingredients of maize are 72% starch, 10% protein, and 4% fat, energy
supply 365 Kcal/100 g. Several products of maize as the main ingredient such as flour, sweeteners, oil,
beverages, glue, industrial alcohol, and fuel ethanol [3,4]. The average price of maize has increased,
with an average price update in June 2022 reaching USD 335.71/ton. International maize prices reached
their highest price in April 2022 of USD 348.17/ton and tended to experience a slight decline until June
2022. The tendency for world maize prices to improve in January-June 2022, which rose by 21.53%
compared to the same period in 2021, is an opportunity for Indonesia to export maize [5].
In Indonesia, based on the Ministry of Agriculture and Statistics Indonesia data, the national maize
production area from January to December 2021 is 4.15 million hectares, net production is 15.79 million
tons with a moisture content of 14%. Meanwhile, the annual need for for feed, consumption, and the
food industry totals 14.37 million tons, so by adding 1.43 million tons at the end of December 2020
(carry over) stock, a 2021 maize stock of 2.85 million tons was obtained [5]. The estimated production
results will increase by an average of 9.29% per year and consumption will increase by an average of
4.38% per year [6].
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
Maize contains bioactive components that provide multifunctional physiological effects for the
body, including strengthening the immune system, regulating the rhythm of physical conditions, slowing
down aging, and helping prevent disease. Several bioactive ingredients such as phenolic acids as the
major chemical compound, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin E, and phytosterols [7–9]. In different
maize endosperm, the content of calories, water/ash, total carbohydrate, sugar, total fat, protein, calcium,
iron, magnesium, niacin, potassium, riboflavin, thiamine, sodium, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Zinc will
be different [10,11]. The different amounts of those nutrients will have different reactions and benefits
on the consumer's body. The effort to achieve maize variety with several nutrition adjustment such as
quality protein maize (QPM) several research have been published to reach the goals. Jilo (2022) [12]
mentioned that in developing QPM, both conventional and molecular breeding technique successfully
develop QPM maize for better nutrition compound to enhance the malnutrition especially in developing
countries.
In terms of plant cultivation, the main obstacle to maize farming is the loss of yields due to
infestation of maize weevil or Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during the
storage period, especially in farmers’ storage warehouses [13–16]. This pest has a very large destructive
ability to attack maize kernels in the active larval stage. At this stage, the larvae burrow, attack the seeds,
and hide inside the grain [17]. This pest is commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates where
its food preferences tend to be polyphagous, which can attack several agricultural products in storage
(food stock) such as maize, sorghum, rice, wheat and processed food products, such as pasta and biscuits
[18,19]. In the active vegetative stage of maize plants, this pest can even attack cobs since they are still
in the main crop on varieties with a rudimentary cover of husks [20,21]
This paper is written as a review, which results from a desk study of several important previous
research results on the insect pest S.zeamais. Hopefully, this paper can provide useful information for
researchers and academics.
2. The potential of Sitophilus. zeamais Motsch pests to cause damage
There are three Sitophilus species namely S. granarius, S. oryzae, and S. zeamais. The Sitophilus sp.
will do the infestation inside the kernel [22–24]. The reproductive potential is very large, where a female
insect can lay 150 eggs in the range of 119-120 days. Eggs are laid all over the inside of the kernels but
generally near the maize cob. The maximum number of eggs laid per female insect is 300 eggs and the
eggs hatch into larvae after 5-6 days [25–27]. In a few days, the eggs will hatch into larvae, and the
larvae burrow into the core of the maize kernels. Larvae are stout and dense, legless, white in color, and
have a brown head about 4 mm long. The larval stage is around 25-30 days, while the larval stage is
between 3-4 weeks. After the larval phase ends, the larva turns into a pupa [22,24,28,29]. Pupae are
white with a length of 3-4 mm. The pupal stage lasts 5-8 days, with an average of 6 days. Furthermore,
the will continue to develop to adult. Adults have a life span of 4-5 months when food is available and
approximately 36 days without food. The life cycle is approximately 30-45 days at optimum temperature
conditions of 290C, 70% relative humidity, and 14% seed moisture content. The population grows very
fast if the material stored has a moisture content above 15% [30–32].
Yield losses at each stage of post-harvest handling varied according to the region and production
system. The results showed that the storage stage is the most critical, and this species is the main pest
that cause serious problems, resulting in a drastic reduction in production. In the active vegetative stage
of maize plants, this pest can even attack cobs from when they are still in the plantation (in the field),
especially on varieties with a rudimentary covering of the husks [31–36].
2.1. Economic Entomology
The damage to the products or stored materials has a significant impact on economic value because
these materials are ready for consumption and have cost a lot of money from stages of seedling, tillage,
planting, maintenance, and harvest. In other words, a small amount of damage to the product can result
in a large loss compared to a pest attack on a crop. S. zeamais attacks will reduce the quality and quantity
of materials, such as discoloration, taste, odor, and even disease contamination carried by this species,
2
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
such as aflatoxins. This pest attack can reduce nutritional quality, seed weight, and germination
percentage, reducing market value [37,38]. The attack on maize kernels can drastically reduce weight,
while the decrease in rice is quite mild [39]. Based on the range of damage percentages, the economic
losses from this pest attack are very large when calculated on a national scale [25,30,40].
2.2. Impact of Attack on the Quality of Maize Kernels
Insect host preferences are based on several factors such as varieties, size, color and others. A potential
varieties can suppress the offspring of S. zeamais because lack of nutrient for the adult cause the death
of the insect adult [41,42]. For the chemical compound in the maize, several bases were found to increase
the resistance of the maize such as fibre, phenolic acid, and trypsin inhibitor. However, protein, zinc,
magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, manganese, iron, cobalt, and starch tend to increase the
susceptibility of the S. zemais to infest the maize [43]. The appearance of the seed also determines the
feeding preferences. Based on Groote (2017) [44] both S. zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus have
preference feeding on smaller seed than the larger seed while the adult will prefer the larger seed for the
oviposition. Furthermore, the green color will attract S. zeamais to feed on the seed and caused 56%
weight loss compared to the clear grains (33%). The S. zeamais caused seed damage and weight loss in
Bangladesh with 75.85% quantitative grain damage and 51-85% loses after 6 months storing. This
massive destruction by S. zeamais need an integrated techniques to control and suppress the insect`s
population [45].
The maize kernels quality decreases depending on the severity of the insect feed on the kernel. The
symptoms of the attack are in the form of drilled holes made by insects while feeding and the result of
grinding is in the form of flour, can stick to the granules due to the saliva of the larvae, causing the
quality of the seeds to decrease. Other than that, then the drill hole can be placed for the adult to laying
the eggs by closing the hole using flour from grinding which can stick together due to the gelatinous
substance secreted by female imago [46,47].
2.3. Impact of Attacks and Contamination on Food Safety
Powder is one of the characteristics and traces of attack by S. zeamais in the field. As a result, the food
will be polluted, and the quality will decrease as the moisture content in the seeds increases. This
condition will stimulate harmful microorganisms, which can reduce the quality of food ingredients and
trigger the growth of mycotoxins or other microorganisms in the surrounding environment. Some
harmful microorganisms often found in maize kernels attacked by maize weevils are myxotoxins.
Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi, a group of secondary metabolites produced by
molds that cause toxic responses in humans and animals when consumed. Meanwhile, Aflatoxins are
secondary metabolite compounds, which are always an important problem since their existence is a
serious problem in the food sector throughout the world in particular regions [38,48–50]
Mycotoxins produced by several genera of fungi Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Claviceps or
Alternaria and Penicillium [51–60]. There are hundreds of mycotoxins that affect the environment.
Several mycotoxins that effect to the health are Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol,
Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, and Patulin [54]. The harmful impacts to the human health such as
Carcinogenic, teratogenic, hepatoxic, mutagenic, immunosuppressive effects liver carcinogen
genotoxic, Nephrotoxic, CIT-mediated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, weak genotoxic
effect, reproductive toxicity teratogenic, embryotoxic effects, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, headache, dizziness and fever [51,54,61]. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) can be found in many food and
ingredients that become world health problem because the toxicity caused the cell mutation and trigger
cancer cells. The contamination levels for maize products in Indonesia from 0.3 to 6171 ng g−1 [60]. The
levels of AfB1 contamination found in the maize and peanut products from Indonesia appear to be
similar to contamination levels reported for maize and peanut products from other Southeast Asian
countries [59].
The maize weevil S. zeamais related to mycotoxin contamination which is influenced by
environmental conditions. Mycotoxins can be found when maize was infested with the S. zeamais and
3
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
had Aspergillus flavus inoculum. It should be noted that A.flavus alone does not support mycotoxin
production in maize samples without insects and invasion. The rapid dispersal and growth of mycotoxins
can result from the larvae distributing the fungal spores and increasing the surface area on which the
fungus can develop and produce more mycotoxins. In addition, insect metabolism causes an increase in
temperature and moisture content of the substrate which supports the development of fungi and the
production of mycotoxins [62,63]. High humidity and suitable provides ideal conditions for fungal
proliferation and mycotoxin accumulation. To reduce the path from mycotoxins in the food and feed
chain, it is necessary for dealing with insect pests and fungal contamination [61–64].
Figure 1. Culture and conidial of Aspergillus flavus [65]
Figure 2. Microscopic image of Aspergillus parasiticus [66]
4
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
Figure 3. Microscopic image of Aspergillus nomius [67]
Figure 4. Morphology of Aspergillus pseudotamarii [68]
2.4. Countermeasures
To prevent maize weevil, it is important to teach farmers about the maize post-harvest processing stages
based on the stages in the standard references. The flow or stages are already a selection process to
produce good and quality beans, starting from the stages of harvesting, stripping, and maintaining the
moisture content of the maize kernels. Moisture content is a physical component that significantly
influences the rate of infestation of stored materials. As a result, serious efforts must be given to other
than storage temperature, material quality, air humidity, sorting, and drying. Moisture content also
affects the development of warehouse insect pests, seed age, and mechanical damage. Moisture content
is one of the factors that affect the ability of seeds to maintain their viability within certain limits Several
techniques and technologies have been established to minimize the production loss due to insect
invitation and mycotoxin contamination. Integrated management that can be applied by the farmers such
as using biopolymer films and coatings as packaging incorporating antimicrobial agents provide great
potential for controlling common fungi and mycotoxins and enhancing food quality and safety [69].
Other than that, nitrogen controlled atmosphere could be projected to a large-scale system for grain to
avoid or reduce chemical treatments and control the mycotoxin contaminant [70].
5
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
3. Conclusion
Maize weevil has an impact on food contamination by insect feces and webbing (dead insect body parts),
which results in a decrease in quality, taste, and market value, results in an unpleasant odor, and triggers
the growth of other microorganism contaminants such as mycotoxin fungi, and the most dangerous is
aflatoxin. Several technologies have been developed to control the spread of mycotoxins and the
infestation of S. zeamais. Environmental control with several integrated management will reduce the
production loss and minimize the use of chemical control stuff.
References
[1] Chitsiko R J, Mutanga O, Dube T and Kutywayo D 2022 Review of the current models and
approaches used for maize crop yield forecasting in sub-Saharan Africa, and their potential
use in early warning systems Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C 103199
[2] Dowswell C R, Paliwal R L and Cantrell R P 2019 Maize in the third world (CRC press)
[3] Orhun G E, Onsekiz Ç, Üniversitesi M and Orhun G E 2013 Maize for Life Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.
Eng. 2013 13–6
[4] Ranum P, Peña-Rosas J P and Garcia-Casal M N 2014 Global maize production, utilization, and
consumption Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1312 105–12
[5] Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia Pemerintah Dorong
Peningkatan Produksi Jagung Nasional, Melalui Intensifikasi dan Ekstensifikasi, Khususnya
Perluasan Lahan Baru, Untuk Memenuhi Kebutuhan Nasional dan Ekspor Kementeri. Koord.
Bid. Perekon. Republik Indones.
[6] Saputra D, Erlina Y and Barbara B 2022 Analisis Trend Produksi Dan Konsumsi Jagung Pipilan
Di Indonesia J. Socio Econ. Agric. 17 30–46
[7] Meena K K, Taneja N K, Jain D, Ojha A, Saravanan C and Mudgil D 2022 Bioactive Components
and Health Benefits of Maize-based Fermented Foods: A Review
[8] Elisa D-H, Marcela G-M, Alejandra G-U J and Elena D-H M 2022 The nutraceutical value of
maize (Zea mays L.) landraces and the determinants of its variability: A review J. Cereal Sci.
103 103399
[9] Fini E H, Ayat S and Pahlavan F 2022 Phenolic compounds in the built environment Phenolic
Compd. Synth. Divers. Non-Conventional Ind. Pharm. Ther. Appl.
[10] Adams K R 2022 The Nutritional Content of Five Southwestern US Indigenous Maize ( Zea Mays
L.) Landraces of Varying Endosperm Type 284–302
[11] Galani Y J H, Orfila C and Gong Y Y 2022 A review of micronutrient deficiencies and analysis
of maize contribution to nutrient requirements of women and children in Eastern and Southern
Africa Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62 1568–91
[12] Jilo T 2022 Nutritional benefit and development of quality protein maize (QPM) in Ethiopia
Cereal Res. Commun. 50 559–72
[13] López-Castillo L M, Silva-Fernández S E, Winkler R, Bergvinson D J, Arnason J T and García-
Lara S 2018 Postharvest insect resistance in maize J. Stored Prod. Res. 77 66–76
[14] Khakata S, Mbute F N, Chemining G N, Mwimali M, Karanja J, Harvey J and Mwololo J K 2018
Post-harvest evaluation of selected inbred lines to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais resistance
10 105–14
[15] Midega C A O, Murage A W, Pittchar J O and Khan Z R 2016 Managing storage pests of maize:
Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in western Kenya Crop Prot. 90 142–9
[16] Waktole Sori 2012 Storage pests of maize and their status in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia African J.
Agric. Reseearch 7 4056–60
[17] Danho M, Gaspar C and Haubruge E 2002 The impact of grain quantity on the biology of
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Oviposition, distribution of
eggs, adult emergence, body weight and sex ratio J. Stored Prod. Res. 38 259–66
[18] Hachlafi N E L, Aanniz T, Menyiy N El, Baaboua A El, Omari N El, Balahbib A, Shariati M A,
Zengin G, Fikri-Benbrahim K and Bouyahya A 2021 In vitro and in vivo biological
6
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
investigations of camphene and its mechanism insights: A review Food Rev. Int. 1–28
[19] Xia D, Zheng R, Huang J, Lu S and Tang Q 2022 Identification and functional analysis of
glutathione S-transferases from Sitophilus zeamais in olfactory organ Insects 13 259
[20] Shakirzyanova G S, Romanova L C, Аbdullaeva L K, Babaev B N and Iskandarov T I HYGIENIC
AND TOXICOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF THE
SITOPHILUS WEEVILS AGGREGATION PHEROMONE XIII International Symposium
on the Chemistry of Natural Compounds (ISCNC 2019) p 199
[21] Palaniappan S P and Annadurai K 2018 Organic farming theory & practice (Scientific publishers)
[22] Rita Devi S, Thomas A, Rebijith K B and Ramamurthy V V. 2017 Biology, morphology and
molecular characterization of Sitophilus oryzae and S. zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) J.
Stored Prod. Res. 73 135–41
[23] Hong K-J, Lee W, Park Y-J and Yang J-O 2018 First confirmation of the distribution of rice
weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, in South Korea J. Asia-Pacific Biodivers. 11 69–75
[24] Ojo J A and Omoloye A A 2016 Development and Life History of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) on Cereal Crops ed K Al-Khatib Adv. Agric. 2016 7836379
[25] CABI 2022 Sitophilus oryzae (lesser grain weevil) CABI Compend.
[26] Hagstrum D W and Subramanyam B 2006 Techniques Fundam. Stored-Product Entomol. 23–37
[27] Nonci N and Muis A 2015 Biologi, Gejala Serangan, Dan Pengendalian Hama Bubuk Jagung
Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Biology, Symptomps of Attack
and Management of Corn Weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) J. Litbang Pert 34 61–70
[28] Okosun O O, Allen K C, Glover J P and Reddy G V P 2021 Biology, Ecology, and Management
of Key Sorghum Insect Pests J. Integr. Pest Manag. 12
[29] Guo C, Cui W, Feng X, Zhao J and Lu G 2011 Sorghum Insect Problems and Management F J.
Integr. Plant Biol. 53 178–92
[30] Principal Communication Practitioner K-N D of H Maize Weevil Princ. Commun. Pract.
KwaZulu-Natal Dep. Heal.
[31] Mason L and McDonough M 2011 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Stored Grain and Legume
Insects Stored Prod. Prot. 1–14
[32] Jackson G 2000 Pacific Pests, Pathogens, Weeds & Pesticides - Online Edition Lucid 1–3
[33] Manueke J, Tulung M and Mamahit J M E 2015 Curculionidae ) Pada Beras Dan Jagung Pipilan
Eugenia 21 20–31
[34] Bezabih G, Satheesh N, Workneh Fanta S, Wale M and Atlabachew M 2022 Reducing Postharvest
Loss of Stored Grains Using Plant-Based Biopesticides: A Review of Past Research Efforts
Adv. Agric. 2022
[35] Midega C A O, Murage A W, Pittchar J O and Khan Z R 2016 Managing storage pests of maize:
Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in western Kenya Crop Prot. 90 142–9
[36] Kalsa K K, Subramanyam B, Demissie G, Worku A F and Habtu N G 2019 Major Insect Pests
and their Associated Losses in Quantity and Quality of Farm-Stored Wheat Seed Ethiop. J.
Agric. Sci. 29 71–82
[37] Arrahman A, Mirsam H, Djaenuddin N, Pakki S, Saenong M S and Sebayang A 2022 An in-depth
study on Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pests on corn plants IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science vol 1107 (IOP Publishing) p 12060
[38] Bhusal K and Khanal D 2019 Role of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. on spread of
Aspergillus section flavi in different Nepalese maize varieties Adv. Agric. 2019
[39] Tefera T, Mugo S, Likhayo P and Beyene Y 2011 Resistance of three-way cross experimental
maize hybrids to post-harvest insect pests, the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) and
maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 31 3–12
[40] García-Lara S and Saldivar S O S 2016 Insect Pests Encycl. Food Heal. 432–6
[41] Muzemu S, Chitamba J and Goto S 2013 Screening of stored maize (Zea mays L.) varieties grain
for tolerance against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) Int. J. Plant Res. 3 17–22
7
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
[42] Derera J, Pixley K V, Giga D P and Makanda I 2014 Resistance of maize to the maize weevil: III.
Grain weight loss assessment and implications for breeding J. Stored Prod. Res. 59 24–35
[43] Nwosu L C 2016 Chemical bases for maize grain resistance to infestation and damage by the
maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky J. Stored Prod. Res. 69 41–50
[44] De Groote H, De Groote B, Bruce A Y, Marangu C and Tefera T 2017 Maize storage insects
(Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus) prefer to feed on smaller maize grains and
grains with color, especially green J. Stored Prod. Res. 71 72–80
[45] Alam M J, Ahmed K S, Hossen B, Mozammel H and Hoque A 2019 Storage pests of maize and
their status in Bangladesh J. Biosci. Agric. Res. 20 1724–30
[46] Amelia T H 2018 Kepekaan Berbagai Galur Jagung (Zea Mays) Terhadap Sitophilus Zeamais
Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
[47] Surtikanti 2004 KUMBANG BUBUK Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (COLEOPTERA:
CURCULIONIDAE) DAN STRATEGI PENGENDALIANNYA J. Litbang Pertan. 23 123–
9
[48] Hubert J, Stejskal V, Athanassiou C G and Throne J E 2018 Health hazards associated with
arthropod infestation of stored products Annu. Rev. Entomol. 63 553–73
[49] Khakata S, Mbute F N, George N, Mwimali M, Karanja J and Harvey J 2021 Post-harvest
evaluation of selected inbred lines to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais resistance
[50] Manu N, Opit G P, Osekre E A, Arthur F H, Mbata G, Armstrong P, Danso J K, McNeill S G and
Campbell J F 2019 Moisture content, insect pest infestation and mycotoxin levels of maize in
markets in the northern region of Ghana J. Stored Prod. Res. 80 10–20
[51] Joshi P, Chauysrinule C, Mahakarnchanakul W and Maneeboon T 2022 Multi-mycotoxin
contamination, mold incidence and risk assessment of aflatoxin in maize kernels originating
from Nepal Microbiol. Res. (Pavia). 13 258–77
[52] Greeff-Laubscher M R, Beukes I, Marais G J and Jacobs K 2020 Mycotoxin production by three
different toxigenic fungi genera on formulated abalone feed and the effect of an aquatic
environment on fumonisins Mycology 11 105–17
[53] Perincherry L, Lalak-Kańczugowska J and Stępień Ł 2019 Fusarium-produced mycotoxins in
plant-pathogen interactions Toxins (Basel). 11 664
[54] Omotayo O P, Omotayo A O, Mwanza M and Babalola O O 2019 Prevalence of mycotoxins and
their consequences on human health Toxicol. Res. 35 1–7
[55] Muhialdin B J, Saari N and Meor Hussin A S 2020 Review on the biological detoxification of
mycotoxins using lactic acid bacteria to enhance the sustainability of foods supply Molecules
25 2655
[56] Adeyeye S A O 2020 Aflatoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food: a review Crit. Rev. Food Sci.
Nutr. 60 709–21
[57] Logrieco A, Battilani P, Leggieri M C, Jiang Y, Haesaert G, Lanubile A, Mahuku G, Mesterházy
A, Ortega-Beltran A and Pasti M 2021 Perspectives on global mycotoxin issues and
management from the MycoKey Maize Working Group Plant Dis. 105 525–37
[58] Marpaung D S S, Indriyani A, Fahadha R U, Mardiono I and Haryanto A 2020 Determination of
Aflatoxin Contamination Risk along Maize Distribution Chain (Case study: A Maize
Enterprise in East Lampung) IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science vol
537 (IOP Publishing) p 12039
[59] Trung T, Tabuc C, Bailly S, Querin A, Guerre P and Bailly J 2008 Fungal mycoflora and
contamination of maize from Vietnam with aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 World Mycotoxin
J. 1 87–94
[60] Nugraha A, Khotimah K and Rietjens I M C M 2018 Risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposure
from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver
cancer risk estimation approaches Food Chem. Toxicol. 113 134–44
[61] Juraschek L M, Kappenberg A and Amelung W 2022 Mycotoxins in soil and environment Sci.
Total Environ. 814 152425
8
FSSAT-4 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230 (2023) 012089 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012089
[62] Usseglio V L, Dambolena J S, Martinez M J and Zunino M P 2020 The Role of Fumonisins in the
Biological Interaction between Fusarium verticillioides and Sitophilus zeamais J. Chem. Ecol.
46 1059–68
[63] Riudavets J, Pons M J, Messeguer J and Gabarra R 2018 Effect of CO2 modified atmosphere
packaging on aflatoxin production in maize infested with Sitophilus zeamais J. Stored Prod.
Res. 77 89–91
[64] Ponce M A, Lizarraga S, Bruce A, Kim T N and Morrison III W R 2022 Grain Inoculated with
Different Growth Stages of the Fungus, Aspergillus flavus, Affect the Close-Range Foraging
Behavior by a Primary Stored Product Pest, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Environ. Entomol. 51 927–39
[65] Anon Aspergillus | Mycology | University of Adelaide
[66] PIMCD2012 Proyecto Microbiología Bioimagen: Aspergillus parasiticus. Observación “in vivo”
Aspergillus Parasit. Obs. “in vivo”
[67] Palanisamy M, János V, Sándor K, A. S R, Raghavan A, Rajaraman R, Ilona D, Mihály N T,
Venkatapathy N, Csaba V, Chockaiya M and László K 2009 Mycotic Keratitis Due to
Aspergillus nomius J. Clin. Microbiol. 47 3382–5
[68] Baranyi N, Kocsubé S, Szekeres A, Raghavan A, Narendran V, Vágvölgyi C, Selvam K, YRB S,
Kredics L, Varga J and Palanisamy M 2013 Keratitis caused by Aspergillus pseudotamarii
Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2 91–4
[69] Jafarzadeh S, Hadidi M, Forough M, Nafchi A M and Mousavi Khaneghah A 2022 The control
of fungi and mycotoxins by food active packaging: A review Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1–19
[70] Lorenzo M, Sabrina S, Gianpaola P, Antonio M, Miriam H and Giovanni V 2020 N2 controlled
atmosphere reduces postharvest mycotoxins risk and pests attack on cereal grains
Phytoparasitica 48 555–65
