Title: Surface and Underground Traversing Laboratory Exercise Manual
Objective: The objective of this laboratory exercise is to provide students with practical
experience in conducting traversing surveys both on the surface and underground.
Through hands-on activities, students will learn the procedures for establishing traverse
networks, measuring distances and angles, and calculating coordinates of traverse
points in different surveying environments.
Materials: For Surface Traversing:
1. Total station or theodolite with EDM capabilities
2. Surveying prism or reflector
3. Measuring tape or range pole
4. Field notebook and pen
5. Calculator
6. Surveying markers (flags, stakes, etc.)
7. Graph paper or coordinate plane simulation software (optional)
8. Safety gear (as required by the surveying environment)
For Underground Traversing:
1. Mine surveying equipment (e.g., underground theodolite)
2. Mine surveying tools (e.g., plumb bob, tape measure)
3. Field notebook and pen
4. Calculator
5. Safety gear (hard hats, safety boots, etc.)
Preparation:
Set up a suitable area for conducting surface traversing exercises with multiple
reference points.
Arrange access to an underground mine or simulated underground environment
for underground traversing exercises.
Ensure all surveying instruments are calibrated and in working condition.
Prepare reference point coordinates for surface traversing and establish control
points underground if necessary.
Procedure:
1. Introduction (15 minutes):
Provide an overview of surface and underground traversing and their significance
in surveying, mapping, and mining.
Explain the objectives of the laboratory exercise and the importance of accurate
data collection and analysis.
2. Surface Traversing (90 minutes):
Divide students into groups and assign each group a traverse route on the
surface.
Instruct students to set up the total station or theodolite at the starting point and
establish control points along the traverse route.
Guide students in measuring distances and angles between traverse points,
recording data in their field notebooks.
Emphasize the importance of maintaining proper instrument setup, leveling, and
data recording procedures.
3. Data Analysis (60 minutes):
Instruct students to calculate the coordinates of traverse points using traverse
computations, such as the compass rule or Bowditch rule.
Assist students in performing necessary calculations and checking for errors or
inconsistencies in the data.
Encourage students to discuss their findings and collaborate on problem-solving
tasks.
4. Underground Traversing (120 minutes):
Arrange for students to access an underground mine or simulated underground
environment.
Provide guidance on using mine surveying equipment and tools to establish
traverse networks underground.
Instruct students to measure distances and angles between traverse points using
underground surveying techniques.
Ensure students adhere to safety protocols and procedures while working
underground.
5. Data Analysis and Integration (60 minutes):
Assist students in analyzing data collected from both surface and underground
traversing exercises.
Guide students in integrating surface and underground survey data to establish a
comprehensive traverse network.
Encourage students to identify and discuss any challenges or differences
encountered in surface and underground surveying.
6. Presentation and Discussion (30 minutes):
Have each group present their traverse data, including calculated coordinates
and any observations or insights gained from the exercises.
Lead a discussion on the importance of traverse surveys in various industries and
the challenges posed by different surveying environments.
7. Conclusion (15 minutes):
Summarize the key concepts and learning outcomes of the laboratory exercise.
Encourage students to reflect on their experience and consider the practical
applications of surface and underground traversing in surveying and related
fields.
Safety Considerations:
Prioritize safety during both surface and underground traversing exercises,
ensuring students wear appropriate safety gear and follow established safety
protocols.
Conduct safety briefings before entering underground environments and ensure
students are aware of potential hazards and emergency procedures.
Notes for Instructors:
Provide guidance and support to students throughout the laboratory exercise,
especially during data collection and analysis.
Encourage active participation and collaboration among students to enhance
learning outcomes.
Adapt the exercise based on the available resources and safety considerations,
ensuring students gain practical experience in both surface and underground
traversing.
