d and f-Block Elements Short Notes

d &f BLOCK ELEMENTS

d-Block Elements

The elements
lying betweens and
p-block elements called
*
are

d-block elements.
In elements, the last is
* ablock
differentiating electron

penultimate shell have

general
accommodated &
they
to

child "inst
-O

configuration
is

The have d-level.

incompletely filled
* transition elements an

Therefore In.
Cd&Ag
all not considered as transition
elements but d-block elements
they
are

four
There metals.
of transition
*
are series

3d series (sctoz), 4dseries (Ytocal

50 series (La and
My toHg) & 6d series
(Ac&Rf (u).
to

General d-block elements:

Properties of
① Electronic
configuration: the

outer orbitals the generalthe despaneonfigurate

of of
(n-1) stands
for which
inner d-orbitals have 1 to 10

electrons & the outrement is orbital

may have 1 2 elections
may
-
 Tables are taken
from NCERT.

2 Atomic Radii

The atomic radio the transition metals lie between s-block

of
*

elements
2
p-block
covalent radii
of
the elements
from right
* to
decreases
left
end when the lice
untill heal the increases
slightly.
 *In the
begining,nucleas
the atomic radius increase
decreases with in

changel
where effect
Zept (effective shielding of
as the a

is small.

midway
electron
the enters the
After as
penalimate
(last but one) shell, the delectron shields out
added the most

electrons.
Hence with
increase in the d-electrons,
screening effect
the increased
increases. This
counter balance nucleas
charge.
As result, the
atomic radiiremain
particularly
a same
after
->

chromium.

* In
general the atomic radic increases down the
group.
Vadrelies Undselies Usdselies.

Density:
3

Density of d-block elements

higher compared
is as

s-block due smaller size.

to to

highest density.
Os <Is
* have the

In
general demily group.
*

increases down the

3d-reies<4d-series <5-dseries
Some
*
important orders
of density.
Fe(NiGG, re<LuLAU,
EeCHg<AU.
 Ionization
3
Energy
The ionization d-block
high e in
*

energies of
an most cases

lie between
3&p-block elements.

The
*

ionization in transition series increases with

increase in atomic
energynumber.any

The ionizationenergeanthanidesatonmuch higher

* thansa

The
interpretation ofvariation in ionisation
enthalpy for
*
an

on
configuration follows:
electronic as
is

The three ionisation

ale:
terms
-
responsible for value
the
of enthalpy
attraction
of
ii) The each electron
towards nucleus,
(ii) Repulsion between the electrons

(ii) The
exchange energy.
The most
important is
exchange energy.
Exchangestate.energy responsible
is
for the stablisation
of
*

energy Exchange energy

is
approximately proportional
the total
of possible pairs of parallel spins
to number

degenerate
in orbitals.
 several set
occupy of degenerateabites
When
* electrons a
the
the lowest state
energy corresponds
possible extent
ofThesinglelossoccupation of arbital
and
parallel
spine (Hund's rule). of exchange energy
increase the

stability-
As the increase, the
ionisation becomes
stability difficult
* more

These
* is no loss
ofexchange energy at
d'configuration.
cut. Muthy Fet2
energy muts
*
Ionization
↓ ↓
↳e!,3d57345 is due to
extrastability
the

half filled es.

Oxidation state
5

Transition elements show

varietyo f
a oxidation

states. important oxidation states

ofbelow. of
Some the 3d-series

are
given
x +
+

3 (u + 30 + 6
+

C0t+2e+3 In ++2

Ti +4
Mn -> 20 7 Ni- 2
+ +

- +

↓ -
> +

5 ke + 20 3( + + 10
+
2
+

Thevarietyof oxidatioto
n seeincgharacterials oftransition
element
I elements, oxidation states
p-block lower
favoured by
* as

the heaviel elements (due to inest

pair effect). The
opposite
is true d-block.
groups of
in

WII
are more stable than cult
eg.
do not show nature.
they oxidizing

Boiling point
6
Melting
and

The
* transition
hard I have low
metals (with
exception of In, cd,
g) are
very
volatility. them mital
In
of value
the
*
any
saw
points
melting anomalous
rises a
to

maximum at as
except for of
Mn&Tc.

and
fall regularly as atomic
the increases.
number

each series indicate

about
of is
The
*
maxima at the middle
thatone
unpaired e-ped-arbital
interaction. particularly favourable
strong
for interatomic

Greater the
number
of valence electrons,
stronger
is the
*

resulting bonding.
*
The metals
of
the second a third series have
atomization than the
greater enthalpies
ofseries corresponding elements the
of first
oxidation states
7

oxidation
highest
The the halides
numbers are shown
by
of Ti, vec as
fluorides.
+7
The +1 oxidation
known.
state is not shown
by in but

MnOzF is

in metal has tribalides exceptFexy &coFy.

Beyond
no

⑰ All Cu* halides all known

except iodide.
the

sa G(ut2 4I->curF2D) 12.

+
+

cut solution
compounds unstable in
*
are and
aqueous
undergo disportionation.
a cu >Cut +h
↓
Hayd
more stable due to
man
negative
The
ability of oxygen high
adationhytateygen
*
stablise the
to

ismorethan thatof free

due to

MnFy whereas M2,07 exist.

eg: ↓
covalent oxide
 Chemical
8
Reactivity
TiOV dilute at
all
passive to non
oxidizing
acids
*

room

*
int and cot ions
solutions.
are
strong oxidizing agents in
aqueous

The congratTitlegrandcut anenging

*
is
agent

acTag, +2nags ·acrtsags Hzlgs.

+

⑨
Magnetic Propertiessubstances can be
clarified fivetomain

types according
their behavious
field
in
magnetic thes
of
-

to

will
discus
five types we
palamagnetism
and
diamagnetism
attracted
Paramagnetic weekly by applied
* substances all

which have
magnetic field, those substances
unpaired
nature
paramagnetic
are
electrons in

*
Diamagnetic substances are
weekly repelled by applied
those in which all the elections
magnetic field, called
-
substances

paired diamagnetic substances.

are are
The
magnetic moment is determined
by number
the
of unpaired
*

calculated
electrons and
2
is
+2 +
B.M.
by using spin-only formula
u
=

u 1.73
=

n1 =
where n is the
number
of unpaired es
u 2.82
=
2
n=

Formation coloured ions.

of
10

colours in the ions are due to

the electronic transitions
from energy higher energy
lower to

and vice versa.

molecules the
ofthe
colours
ligands,
When water are the ions

observed are listed below: -

3
+4
+

Ti
purple blue
-> -

cr+3 -- violet vst- Green

mut3 violet 2
violet
+

-> v ->

Mut2 -> Pink c -

blue

Fet3 yellow Fet

green
->

cots Cot 2-
-
duspink blu
pink
Nith-guen cute blue
-

-
11 Formation
of complex compounds:
The transition metals
form
a
large number
of complex compounds.
12
Catalytic Properties:
The
catalytic properties of d-block elements
is due to their
ability adopt multiple
to oxidation states
and
form complexes.
to

As discussed in
p-block -
vanadium (v) oxide (V20s)
* used in contact
procus of manufacturing
of H2SO4

*
Finely divided iron (Fe) in Mabelle
proces of manufacturing
of N13

Finely hydrogenation of organic compounds.

*
divided Ni in

For
example:
50g-Fe()
-

2 + - Ist 2SO42
catalyst
this action be
An
explanation of catalytic can
gives
as:

2 Fet3 +2I > 2 Fet2 +

I2

Gret2
2-

+ sjoy-> 2Fet3 2504+

interstitial
13 Formation
of compounds
Interstitial
small like
compounds are those which are
formedthewhen
atoms H,C oN are
trapped inside

crystal lattices
of
metals. They are
usually non stoichiometric

and are
typically
neither ionic or covalent.

for
-
example Tic, MuGN, RegH, VH0.56 & TiH.) etc.
 interstitial
properties of compounds -

have
himelting
gh points, higthan
her
i)
of pure
those
They metals

(i) hard, some

They are
very
borides
approaches diamond in
hardners.
iii)
conductivity.
retain metallic
They
(iv)
They are
chemically inest.

Formation
14
Alloy
Alloys may homogeneous
be solutions
solid
some
below:
important alloys and their
composition is written

Brass-
copper-Zinc
Bronze ->
copper-tin
German silver -> Cu, In, Ni

Gunmetal ->
Cu, In, Sn

Bell metal ->

ca, in

stainless steel ->

Fe,Cr, Ni,c

solde ->
P6, Sn

Magnalium Mg
+ Al,
 metals:-
oxides and oxoanions
of
is

(a) Potassium dichromate (k2(ug07)!

4FeCr2O4 +

8N92203 + 702 >

8NA2CrO4 + 2fe,0z 8202.
+

chromite are
Gomair
2N92CWO4 + 2N >
N92C8,07 Na
+

+ 120

yellow solution
orange
(N92CU,07.2120) be
crystallized
can

is soluble than
N92Cr, OF
* more
keCry 07.

NazCU,07 +2kU >

K2Cr, 07 + 2Nal

2CrOG-tan*->Cr,o7+ H20

Crop-+20H ->
acrOw+ H20

1090] I
0

-o I
It
-_

1103pm
chromate ion Dichromate ion

In solution, cro7-acts
oxidizing agent
# acidic as an
 CrgO7+ 144* 2Cr+3
-

->
+65 +
TH20

orange green
it oxidiles:
-
-

35g+be
3Sn
+ 2
- 3snt4 + be-

6 fet2 -> 6fet3 + 6e-

3H2S -> 648+35+6e-

2
SO -
SOn
NO2- NO5
syOn-> SOn- S
+

Potanium (KMnOn):
permagnate
6 -

+4KON +O2--2kMnOn +2420

[
2 MnOg
⑪
3 MnOn+448 > 2MnOn+Mn0z + 2H20

② 2Mnt2+55208+8420--2MnOT+loson+I6Nt
people
513K
2kMnO4 >k2MnO4 + Mn0z +02

purple (greens

low0)
-
-

⑧
Il

o
M
= -

magnate
ion
permagnate
ion
 inon Mut2, Muth&mnt
can be reduced
depending
*

to

E values medium
on
pH of and

Acidic ->MnO+8n*+se-- Mut2+4420(E8 +152V)

Neutral->Mnon+4H*+se-> MnO2+2H20 (E +16aV)=

Basic - MnOnte--Mnoy (E= +0.56V)

Acidified Mon acts

strong oxidizing
& oxidius:
agent
* as

CgOn2- >CO2
Fetz >
3
Fet

NO-> NO5
--
Is
-2- -> S

*
In neutral solutions
or
faintly alkaline

-- 105

so -> sOn2

mutz- muth
 The Inner Transition Elements
(5-Block)
The two series, lanthanide
f-block consists
ofLanthanum) (fasten
elements
following and actinoids
(fourteen
activium).
elements
following
The lanthanoids resemble
* one another more
cloudy than
members
do the transition elements.
of ordinary
The Lanthanoids:

Electronic
configuration.The
. general electronic
configuration
is
osf-The
which
electronic
is the most stable configuratioEn statepresentiment) -

number)
form 4th increasing
the atomic
of
are (n=1 to 14 with

2 Atomic & Ionic size:

As atomic increases
number atomic
the

size decreases due to lanthanoid contraction.

3 oxidation states: -
In lanthanoids +3 oxidation state are

in solution
predominant. 2 & +4 ions or in solid
1

also obtained.
compounds are

Lett
thpgehenpati o n its
is
favoured by
*

of
noble
gas
 ethicots
ceth is a
strong oxidant
having as Hothr.
*

canoxide the waterslowlytherefore

* itis

I
ares

*
Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Na), Tertium (TV) &

Dysprosium (Dy) also exhibit +4 state but

only in oxidius.

of type
the MOz.

** (Ful & Samarium (sm) exhibit both

Europium 20+3
+

states hence Euth can be used as a

reducing agent
4 General characteristics
All the lanthanoids white
silvery
are

metals
softThe
tarnish
and
rapidly in air.
with atomic number,
hardners increases
increasing
being having melting point
Samarium steel hard 1623K.

In
*

general melting point ranges between

1000 to 1200k.

Lanthanoids have metallic structure and

good
conductors
*

are

heat
of anddectricity.
analogies,
Guensin
~

Less cheated
S
with
an Luxe
heated with H20

↳UN
"with with
2773k
a
>Lu(0Hz +H2
Luc
Uses:-
5

thedestingle me
of anthenoids for the productionon
is

of alloy
misch metall consint lanthanoid metal (495%)
Alloy
*

(5%) and traces

of a

5, c, ca and Al.
and iron
of
The mischmetall is led bullets, shell and
moduce
* to

lightes flint.
Mixed oxides lanthanoids
of
*

employed
an as
catalyst in

petroleum and
crackingsimilar
and a
phospors as in television

screens
fluorescing surfaces.
The Actinoids.
The actinoids includes path to
lost.
elements
They are radioactive
having half lifefrom I day to
3 minutes.

Ebonic
configuration. All the actinoids all belived to
have
&

configuration isand
the
electronic variable
occupancy
of54&the 6d subshells.

regular
As much no trend is observed.
But their to state have
configurationof 55" ( 0 t013)
=

as the atomic no increases.

2 Ionic sizes
The size docleans as the atomic number
be
increases.This
may referred as
to actinoid contraction.

soxidation states the gene oxidations,respectively in

Protactinium (Pa), Uranium (U) & Neptunium (Np). but declares

after that

④ General characteristics.

The actinoids all

silvery
in
appearence but display
*
are

structure
irregularity
to
variety of
a dus in metallic radic

reactive metals.
They highly
*
are

The ionization lower than landthanoids in

enthalpies
*
are

general