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CHAPTER 9
THE MOLE CONCEPT

In this chapter we shall describe the chemist's ideas of measuring the amount of
substances. Then, based upon these ideas, Avogadro Number will be introduced, to show
the chemist's way of counting atoms and molecules. We shall also describe the unit
amount of substance - the mole or gram molecule which represents both the number of
particles and the mass in grams in calculations based on chemical equations.

9.1 Measurement of the Amount of Substance

In every day life and in your school laboratory, you will notice that the amount of some
substances are measured by mass, some by volume and some by number, depending
upon the more convenient way to measure.
When carbon is burnt in oxygen, carbon dioxide is formed. The chemical
equation for this reaction is
C (s) + O2(g) = CO2(g)
This equation shows that each atom of carbon combines with one molecule of
oxygen forming one molecule of carbon dioxide. One molecule of oxygen consists of
two atoms of oxygen and one molecule of carbon dioxide consists of one atom of carbon
and two atoms of oxygen.
Chemists usually measure the amount of atoms and molecules in terms of
numbers.

9.2 The Amount of Substances and the Number of Atoms or Molecules

Let us study the numbers and the masses of atoms. (Relative masses are taken as the
nearest whole number.)
The relative mass of one atom of H is 1.
The relative mass of one atom of C is 12.
The relative mass of one atom of O is 16.
The relative mass of one atom of Mg is 24.
The relative mass of one molecule of H2 is 2.
The atoms and the molecules in the above examples are not equal in mass,
but they are equal in numbers, because there is one atom or one molecule in each
example.
Therefore, to compare the amounts of atoms and molecules it is more convenient
to compare their number rather than their mass. It is inconvenient to compare the atoms
 106

and the molecules in terms of mass, because the atoms of different elements have
different masses.

9.3 The Amount of Substance from the Chemist's Point of View

We have learned that all substances are composed of atoms or molecules. When chemists
see a pile of any substance, they see, in their mind's eye, that the pile of the substance is
nothing but a collection of atoms or molecules.
For chemists, therefore :
(1) The amount of a substance is related to the number of particles (atoms,
molecules, etc.) present in the substance.
(2) One way of comparing the amounts of different substances is to compare the
number of particles present in each of the substances.

9.4 Measurement of the Amount of Substance in terms of Number of Atoms

Since atoms and molecules are extremely small, we cannot count them one by one to
compare their numbers. It is possible, however; to compare different sets of equal
numbers of particles. Chemist's choice for the equal number of particles in a set is as
follows:
The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.
It is assumed that the number of atoms in 1 g of hydrogen is L.
The Mass of L atoms of H is 1 g.
The relative atomic mass of carbon is 12.
One C atom is 12 times heavier than 1 atom of hydrogen.
The Mass of L atoms of C is 12 g.
The relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16.
One O atom is 16 times heavier than 1 atom of hydrogen.
The Mass of L atoms of O it 16 g.
The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.
One Mg atom is 24 times heavier than 1 atom of hydrogen.
The Mass of L atoms of Mg is 24g.
But 1, 12, 16 and 24 are the relative atomic masses of H, C, O and Mg
respectively.
Therefore, 1 g of H, 12 g of C, 16 g of O and 24 g of Mg are the relative atomic
masses of the respective element expressed in grams.
(a) What is the conclusion you can draw from the above facts?
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If the relevant conclusion still eludes you, try to answer the following questions
(b) and (c) then try to answer the question (a) again.
(b) What is the number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in grams of each
element?
(c) What is the relation between the numbers of atoms present in the relative atomic
mass in grams of each element?
Since the number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in grams of each
element is L, it can be concluded that :
The number of atoms present in the relative
atomic mass in grams is the same for all
elements.

9.5 Measurement of the Amount of Substance in terms of Number of Molecules

The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.
It is assumed that the number of atoms in 1 g of hydrogen is L.
 The Mass of L atoms of H is 1 g.
One molecule of hydrogen consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen.
The relative molecular mass of hydrogen is 2.
One molecule of H2 is 2 times heavier than 1 atom of H.
 The Mass of L molecules of H2 is 2 g.
The relative molecular mass of H2O is 18.
One molecule of H2O is 18 times heavier than 1 atom of H.
The Mass of L molecules of H2O is 18 g.
In the same way it can be shown that there will be L molecules in the .relative
molecular mass in grams of every molecular substance.
Therefore, we can say in general that :
The number of molecules present in the relative molecular mass in
grams is the same for all elements and compounds, i.e., the
molecular mass in grams of all elements and compounds contain
the same number of molecules.

9.6 The Avogadro Number or the Avogadro Constant (L)*

As described above, the number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in grams is
the same for all elements. By experimental investigation it was found that the numerical
 108

value of this number is 6.02x1023. This number is known as the Avogadro Number and
is represented by the symbol L.
L = 6.02 x 1023
Since the Avogadro Number is constant for all elements, it is also called the
Avogadro Constant and may be defined by referring to the atomic mass in grams of any
element. However, since 12C has been chosen as the reference element, Avogadro
Number or Constant is defined by referring to 12C as follows:
The Avogadro Number or Constant is
the number of carbon atoms present in
exactly 12 g of 12C.
Chemists have chosen the Avogadro Number as the standard for measuring the
amount of atoms and molecules.
Remember that the Avogadro Number is related to the relative atomic mass in
grams or the relative molecular mass in grams.
The relative atomic mass in grams of any element contains 6.02 x 10 23 atoms, the
number being equal to the Avogadro Number. The relative molecular mass in grams of
any element or compound contains 6.02 x 10 23 molecule, the number being equal to the'
Avogadro Number.
We shall see below that we can count the number of atoms and molecules by
weighing out multiples or fractions of the relative atomic masses or the relative
molecular masses.
* The numerical value of the Avogadro's Number was first determined by Loschmidt and
is now represented by the letter L to honour him.

9.7 Counting the Number of Atoms and Molecules by Weighing

The exact relative atomic mass in grams of Mg is 24.3 g.
 24.3 g of magnesium contains 6.02 x 1023 magnesium atoms.
In order to get 6.02 x 1023 atom of magnesium, we can just weigh out exactly
24.3 g of magnesium using a balance.
Or, if we want 6.02 x 1023 atom of magnesium, we can just weigh out 24.3 g = 12.15g
2 2
of magnesium using a balance.
In the same way, if we want 2 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms of magnesium, we can weigh
out 2x 24.3 g of magnesium using a balance.
This is the chemist's way of counting the required numbers of atoms by the
weighing the fractions or the multiples of the relative atomic masses in grams. The
chemist can count the number of molecules by weighing in the same way.
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Now, there are 6.02 x 1023 molecules in 32 g or the relative molecular mass in
grams of oxygen.
Hence, to obtain 6.02 x 1023 molecules of oxygen, we must weigh out 32 g of
oxygen.
Or, if we want 6.02 x 1023 molecules of oxygen, we must weigh out 32 g = 16g of
2 2
oxygen.
From the above illustrations, we can see that to obtain the required numbers of
atoms or molecules of substances, we have to weigh out multiples or fractions of the
relative atomic or molecular masses in grams of the substances which contain the
required numbers of atoms or molecules.

9.8 The Unit Amount of a Substance - The Mole

For chemists, the amount of a substance means the number of particles present in the
substance. The standard measure is the Avogadro Number which is the number of. atoms
in the relative atomic mass in grams of 12C. The unit amount of a substance is, therefore,
the amount of the substance which contains the Avogadro Number of its particles. This
unit amount of a substance is called the mole.
Thus, the mole is defined as follows :
One mole of a substance is the amount of that substance which contains the same
number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) as there are atoms in 12 g of 12C.

The difference between one mole of atoms and one mole of molecules
Let us take oxygen as an example. One mole of oxygen atoms (O) contains the Avogadro
Number of the oxygen atoms. Since the relative atomic mass of O atom is 16, one mole
of O atoms, that is the Avogadro Number of O atoms, weighs 16 g.
Similarly, one mole of oxygen molecules contains the Avogadro Number of the
oxygen molecules. However, since two atoms of oxygen combine to form one oxygen
molecule, the relative molecular mass of oxygen is 2 x 16 = 32. Therefore, one mole of
oxygen molecules (O2), that is the Avogadro Number of oxygen molecules, weighs 32
g.
As shown above, one mole of atoms and one mole of molecules of the same
element contain equal numbers of particles. But one mole of atoms and one mole of
molecules are different in mass.
Thus, it is required to specify clearly what kind of particle is being considered in
the calculation of one mole of a substance such as :
One mole of oxygen atoms (O)
(or)
One mole of oxygen molecules (O2)
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9.9 Correlation of the Number of Particles with their Masses by Mole Unit
The mole represent the Avogadro Number of particles (atoms or molecules) as well as
the total mass of these particles which is equal to relative atomic mass in grams or
relative molecular mass in grams of the substance.
In this way the mole correlates the reacting number of atoms and molecules in a
chemical equation with the actual masses in grams of the reacting substances. The actual
masses in grams of the reacting substance must be weighed in a balance.
By using the mole units we can predict the masses of the reactants and the
products that take part in a chemical reaction which is expressed by a chemical equation.
This can be illustrated by the following example.
Example:
When magnesium and sulphur are heated together, they react to form magnesium
sulphide. What weight of sulphur is required to react with exactly 6 g of magnisum to
form magnesium sulphide?
The chemical equation for this reaction is
Mg (s) + S (s) = MgS (s)
From the above chemical equation we can see that each atom of Mg reacts with 1
atom of S to form MgS.
In what mole ratio do Mg atoms react with S atoms?
The above chemical equation points out that Mg atoms and S atoms react in equal
numbers to form MgS.
Therefore, L number of Mg atoms will react with L number of S atoms to form
MgS.
Since L number of atoms is 1 mole of atoms, 1 mole of Mg atoms will react with
1 mole of S atoms to form MgS.
How many atoms are there in 6 g of Mg?
Since the relative atomic mass of Mg is 24, 1 mole (L numbers) of Mg atoms
weighs 24 g.
24 g of Mg contains 1 mole (L number) of Mg atoms
6 g ……. ……… ……… …….. ……… ?
= 6 = 0.25 mole of Mg atoms
24

How many moles of S atoms react with 0.25 mole of Mg?

As we have already mentioned above, 1 mole of Mg atoms reacts with 1 mole of
S atoms.
Therefore, 0.25 mole of Mg atoms will react with 0.25 mole of. S atoms.
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What is the mass of 0.25 mole of S atoms?

Since the relative atomic mass of S is 32, 1 mole (L numbers) of S atoms weighs
32 g.
Therefore, 0.25 mole (0.25 L numbers) of S atoms weighs 0.25 x 32 g = 8 g.
In this way we can predict that 8 g of S is required to react with 6 g of Mg to
form MgS.
This is the resoning followed in calculating the masses of the reactants and the
products in a chemical equation. The main idea is :
(1) To find mole ratio of the reacting substances from the corresponding chemical
equation.
(2) To find the weight ratio of the reacting substances from their mole ratio.,

Reacting masses of substances in chemical equations

From the above examples, it is clear that each symbol or formula of a substance
represents one mole of the substance.
Thus, a symbol represents one mole of atoms and a formula represents one mole
of molecules in a molecular substance. In a non-molecular substance a formula represents
one mole of particles as represented by the formula.
Formula = (a) 1 mole of molecules in a molecular substance
(b) 1 mole of particles represented by the formula in a non-
molecular substance.

9.10 Calculation from Chemical Equations

In actual practice not all the steps shown above are required. The calculation is illustrated
below.
Example: To find the weight ofproduct from the weight of a reactant
When a piece of magnesium is burnt in air, 8 g of oxygen is used up. How many
grams of magnesium oxide will be formed? (Mg = 24, O = 16)
Step 1 Calculation
Convert 8 g of oxygen into mole. 1 mol of O2 = 32 g
The relative atomic mass of O = 16 Since 32 g of O2 = 1 mol
 The relative molecular mass of  8 g of O2 = 8 = 0.25 mol of O2
32
O2 is 32.
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Step 2
Write down the balanced equation and 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) = 2MgO (s)
the mole ratio of the reactants and 0.25 mol = ?
the products.
Step 3
Calculate the mole of MgO formed From the equation, 2 moles of Mg
from 0.25 mole of O2 and 1 mole of O2 gave rise to 2
moles of MgO.
 0.25 mole of O2 … … … 2 x 0.25
= 0.5 mol of MgO
Step 4
Convert 0.5 mole of MgO into The relative formula mass of
mass in grams. MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
Mg = 24 and O = 16  1 mol of MgO = 40 g
0.5 mol of MgO = 0.5 x 40 g
= 20 g
 20 g of MgO is formed from 8 g of O2

9.11 The Volume of One Mole of a Gas - The Molar Volume

In this section we shall describe the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas.
Measurement of the amount of gases
Gases are comparatively light and difficult to handle so it is inconvenient to weigh a gas
on a balance. Therefore they are usually measured by volume.
The volume, temperature and pressure of a gas
The volume of a given mass of gas changes with the change in temperature or pressure of
the gas. It is therefore, important to specify the temperature and the pressure at which the
volume of the gas is measured.
The density of a gas
The density of a gas usually expressed in grams per dm 3.The density of a gas is obtained,
therefore, by dividing the mass by the volume.
Mathematical expression is :

The mass of the gas in grams

The density of a gas =
The volume of the gas in
dm3
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Since the density of a gas depends upon the volume which varies with
temperature and pressure, the density of a gas also varies with temperature and pressure.
For easy reference and for convenience the densities of gases are measured under
certain standard condition of temperature and pressure.
The standard temperature is 0 °C,
The standard pressure is 760 mm Hg
They are referred to as STP meaning Standard Temperature and Pressure.
The volume of one mole of a gas at STP
The volume of one mole of a gas at STP in dm 3, can be calculated by dividing the
relative mass of one mole of the gas by its density.
The volume of one mole Relative mass of one mole of a gas
=
of a gas at STP The density of the gas
One mole of the gas can be calculated from the formula of the gas and its relative
atomic mass.
The density of the gas is determined by experiment.
As an example, let us determine the volume at STP occupied by one mole of
hydrogen.
The formula of hydrogen = H2
The relative atomic mass of H = 1.008
The relative molecular mass of H2 = 2 x 1.008 = 2.016
One mole of H2 = 2.016 g
The density of hydrogen at STP = 0.098 g dm-3 (found by experiment)

 The volume of one mole Relative mass of one mole of H2

=
of H2 at STP The density of the gas

2.016 g
= 0.098 g dm-3 = 22.4 dm3

 The volume of one mole of H2 at STP = 22.4 dm3

The volume at STP of one mole of all gases
By finding out the volume at STP of one mole of oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, carbon
dioxide, etc., as you have done in your experimental chemistry book, it is found that the
volume occupied by one mole of any gas is equal to 22.4 dm 3 at STP. This volume is
known as the molar volume of the gas.
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One mole of any gas occupies a volume

of 22.4 dm3 at STP and this volume is
called the molar volume of the gas.
In Section 9.5, we have learned that the molecular mass in grams (or mole) of all
elements and compounds contain the same number of molecules. Since the mole of all
gaseous elements or compounds occupy the same volume (22.4 dm 3) at STP, it follows
that at STP one mole of gases occupies the same volume and contain the same number of
molecules.
This fact is extended and summarized in Avogadro's Theory or Law which is
stated as follows:
At the same temperature and pressure
equal volumes of all gases contain the
same number of molecules.
The correlation of mass and volume by molar volume
By using the data that one mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 dm 3 at STP, we can
convert the mass in grams of a gas to volume at STP and the volume of a gas at STP to
mass in grams.
Example: To find the volume of 8 g of oxygen at STP
Calculation The formula of oxygen gas = O2
The relative atomic mass of O = 16
The relative molecular mass of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32
One mole of O2 32 g
Mole of oxygen in 8 g of oxygen = = 0.25 mol

Since, 1 mol of O2 occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP

 0.25 mol of O2 …… ……. ….. 22.4 x 0.25 = 5.6 dm3 at STP
Example : To find the mass in grams of 2.8 dm3 of sulphur dioxide at STP.
Calculation The formula of sulphur dioxide = SO2
The relative atomic masses are; S = 32 and O = 16
One mole of SO2 = 32 + 2 (16) = 32 + 32 = 64 g
Molar volume of gas at STP = 22.4 dm3
22.4 dm3 at STP weighs 64 g
2.8
2.8 dm3 .... ... ... 64 x = 8g
1 22.4
3
2.8 dm (STP) of SO2 weighs 8 g.
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Calculation of the volume of a gas from a chemical equation

Example : 3 g of pure carbon is completely burnt in oxygen.
Find the volume of carbon dioxide formed at STP.
Calculation C + O2 = CO2
1 mol 1 mol
1 mol of C = 12 g
3 g of C = 3g = 0.25 mol of C
12g
1 mol of C gives rise to 1 mol of CO2
 0.25 mol of C ... ... ... 0.25 mol of CO2
But 1 mol of CO2 occupies a volume of 22.4 dm3 at STP
0.25 mol of CO2 ... ... ... 22.4 x 0.25 = 5.6 dm3 at STP
1 1

9.12 Determination of the Relative Molecular Mass of a Gas from its Molar
Volume
The relative molecular mass of a gas can be experimentally found out by different
methods. Some of these methods will be described in the later courses. In this section we
shall describe how the relative molecular mass of a gas can be found out from its molar
volume which can be determined by experiment. The procedure is as follows:
(1) The mass of a known volume of a gas at STP is experimentally determined.
(2) From these experimental results, the mass occupied by 22.4 dm 3 of the gas at
STP is calculated.
(3) The calculated mass is equal to one mole of the gas and thus the numerical value
of the calculated mass corresponds to the molecular mass of gas. We shall
illustrate the procedure with an example in the following paragraphs.
By an experiment it was found that the volume of 1.4 dm 3 of oxygen gas at STP
weighed 2 g.

1.4 dm3 of oxygen gas at STP weighs 2 g

22.4 dm3 ... ... ... 2 x 22.4 = 32 g
1 1.4

One mole of oxygen gas = 32 g

The relative molecular mass of oxygen = 32
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How can we say that an oxygen molecule consists of two atoms of oxygen?
In Chapter 5 and 7 it has been described that each oxygen molecule consists of two atoms
of oxygen. We can prove this in many ways and some of the methods will be described
in the later courses. One such method will be described below.
The relative molecular mass divided by the relative atomic mass will give the
number of atoms in the oxygen molecule.
For example, the relative molecular mass of oxygen as found out from its molar
volume is 32.
The relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16.
32
The number of oxygen atoms present in an oxygen molecule = 16 = 2.
One molecule of oxygen consists of 2 atoms of oxygen.
In the same way the relative molecular masses of hydrogen, nitrogen and chlorine
can be found out from their molar volumes as described above. By diving the relative
molecular mass by the respective relative atomic mass, we can find the number of atoms
present in one molecule of the gas.
The results indicate that one molecule of these gases consists of two atoms of the
element.
Based upon these experimental results, we can now fully understand why the
formula of oxygen is written as O2, hydrogen as H2, nitrogen as N2 and chlorine as Cl2.

SUMMARY

In this chapter, the measurement of the amount of substances in terms of number

of atoms has been presented. The number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in
grams is the same for all elements. The number of molecules present in the relative
molecular mass in grams is the same for all elements and compounds, i.e, the molecular
mass in grams of all elements and compounds contain the same number of molecules. By
experimental investigation, it was found that the numerical value of this number is 6.02
x 1023. This number is known as the Avogadro’s Number and is expressed by the
symbol, L .The Avogadro’s Number is constant for all elements, it is also called the
Avogadro’s Constant and may be defined by referring to the atomic mass in grams of
any element. However, since 12C has been chosen as the reference element, Avogadro’s
Number or Constant is defined by referring to 12C as follows: The Avogadro’s number or
constant is the number of carbon atom present in exactly 12 g of 12C .One mole of a
substance which contains the same number of particles ( atoms, molecules etc ) is there
are atoms in 12 g of 12C .One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 dm 3 at STP
and this volume is called the molar volume of the gas. Avogadro’s theory or law may be
defined as “ At the same temperature and pressure equal volume of all gases contain the
same number of molecules.” .

Questions and Problems

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1. Relative atomic masses of H= 1, Na = 23, Ca = 40, K = 39, Fe = 56, respectively.

By assuming that in 1 g of hydrogen L numbers of hydrogen atoms are present,
prove that the same number of atoms are present in the relative atomic mass in
grams of the above elements.
2. H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32. Reason out that the same number of molecules are
present in the relative molecular mass of H2, N2, O2, H2O and H2S gases.
3. Explain by an example how chemists can count the atoms by weighing. What is
the mass of each of the following?
(a) 1 mole of sulphur atoms.
(b) 0.5 mole of carbon atoms.
(c) 0.25 mole of calcium atoms.
(d) 1 mole of oxygen atoms.
(e) 1 mole of oxygen molecules.
(f) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms.
(g) 0.5 mole of nitrogen molecules.
(h) 0.25 mole of magnesium atoms.
(i) 0.2 mole of water molecules.
(j) 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules.
(k) 0.125 mole of sulphur dioxide molecules.
4. Convert the mass of each of the following to mole.
(a) 32 g of oxygen atoms
(b) 32 g of oxygen molecules.
(c) 28 g of nitrogen atoms.
(d) 14 g of nitrogen molecules.
(e) 6 g of magnesium atoms.
(f) 17 g of sulphur atoms.
(g) 7 g of iron atoms.
(h) 11 g of carbon dioxide molecules.
(i) 3 g of water molecules.
(j) 8 g of sulphur dioxide molecules.
5. Calculate the mass of each of the following. Use the relative atomic masses given
in the table of relative atomic masses.
(a) How many grams of potassium will contain the same number of atoms as 3
g of magnesium ?
(b) How many grams of carbon will contain the same number of atoms as 6 g
of magnesium?
(c) How many grams of oxygen, O2 will contain the same number of molecules
as 10 g of bromine, Br2?
(d) How many grams of copper will contain the same number of atoms as 8 g
of sulphur?
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(e) How many grams of aluminium will contain the same number of atoms as
there are molecules in 3 g of water?
6. Use the relative atomic masses given in the table.
(a) How many moles of nitrogen, N2 have the same number of particles as in 12
g of carbon?
(b) How many moles of magnesium have the same number of particles a as in
56 g of nitrogen, N2?
(c) How many moles of sulphur have the same number of particles as in 4 g of
oxygen, O2?
(d) How many moles of calcium have the same number of atoms as in 6 g of
magnesium?
(e) How many moles of lithium have the same number of atoms as in 8 g of
iron?
7. Give the equivalent in the moles for each of the following.
(a) 3.2 dm3 of nitrogen at STP.
(b) 5.5 dm3 of carbon dioxide at STP.
(c) 11.2 dm3 of oxygen at STP.
(d) 1.6 dm3 of chlorine at STP.
(e) 1.4 dm3 of hydrogen at STP.
(f) 44.8 dm3 of sulphur dioxide at STP.
8. What is the volume in dm3 at STP of each of the following?
(a) oxygen, O2 0.5 mole (e) carbon dioxide 0.4 mole
(b) nitrogen N2 0.2 mole (f) sulphur dioxide 0.5 mole
(c) chlorine, Cl2 0.4 mole (g) water vapour 0.9 mole
(d) hydrogen, H2 0.75 mole (h) carbon dioxide 3 moles
3
9. What is the volume in dm at STP of each of the following?
(a) 11 g of carbon dioxide (d) 35.5 g of chlorine
(b) 8 g of oxygen (e) 6.4 g of sulphur dioxide
(c) 7 g of nitrogen (f) 4.5 g of water vapour
10. What is the mass of each of the following?
(a) 5.6 dm3 of carbon dioxide at STP.
(b) 2.8 dm3 of oxygen at STP.
(c) 11.2 dm3 of nitrogen at STP.
(d) 4.48 dm3 of chlorine at STP.
(e) 44.8 dm3 of sulphur dioxide at STP.
(f) 2240 dm3 of water vapour at STP.

11. 6 g of pure carbon is completely burnt in oxygen. The chemical equation for this
reaction is :
C (s) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g)
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(a) How many moles of carbon dioxide are formed?

(b) How many grams of carbon dioxide are formed?
(c) What is the volume in dm3 at STP of carbon dioxide that forms in the
reaction?
(d) How many moles of oxygen are used up?
(e) How many grams of oxygen are used up?
(f) How many dm3 at STP of oxygen are used up?
12. A piece of pure sulphur is completely burnt in oxygen and 16 g of sulphur
dioxide is formed. The chemical equation is :
S (s) + O2 (g) = SO2 (g)
(a) What is the volume at STP of SO2 formed in the reaction?
(b) How many grams of sulphur are used up in the reaction?,
13. By an experiment it was found that the mass of 5.6 dm 3 at STP of oxygen is 8 g.
(a) What is the relative molecular mass of oxygen?
(b) Prove that one molecule of oxygen contains 2 atoms of oxygen.
14. The mass of 6 g of ozone gas occupied the volume of 2.8 dm3 at STP.
(a) What is the relative molecular mass of ozone gas?
(b) How many atoms of oxygen are present in a molecule of ozone?
15. The volume of 3.2 dm3 of nitrogen at STP weighs 4 g. What is the relative
molecular mass of nitrogen and how many atoms of nitrogen are present in one
molecule of nitrogen? (N =14)
16. The density of chlorine gas is 3.17 g dm -3. What is the relative molecular mass of
chlorine and how many atoms of chlorine are present in one molecule?
17. A gas consists of two elements carbon and hydrogen. The composition by weight
of carbon and hydrogen is 6:0.5. The volume of 5.6 dm 3 of the gas at STP weighs
6.5 g.
(a) Find the empirical formula of the gas
(b) Find the relative molecular mass of the gas.
(c) Find the molecular formula of the gas.
18. Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
(a) The number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in gram is the
same for all elements.
(b) One molecule of H2O is 18 times lighter than 1 atom of H.
(c) The Avogadro Number or Constant is the number of carbon atom present in
12 g of 12C.
(d) One mole of oxygen atoms and one mole of oxygen molecules are similar in
mass.
(e) The density of a gas usually expressed in grams per dm3.
19. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or words or symbol or unit or number.
(a) The relative mass of one atom of carbon is ..................
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(b) The Avogadro Number can be represented by the symbol, L which is

equivalent to ..................
(c) The volume of one mole of any gas at STP is ..................
(d) The mole ratio of Mg and S atom in the formation of MgS is ..................
(e) One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 dm3 at STP and this volume
of the gas is called .................. of the gas.
20. Select the correct word or words given in the bracket.
(a) One carbon atom is (10, 12,14) times heavier than l atom of hydrogen.
(b) The number of atoms present in the relative atomic mass in grams is
(different, the same, equal) for all elements.
(c) The Avogadro Number or Constant is the number of carbon atoms present
in exactly (12 g, 22 g, 32 g) of 12C.
(d) The volume of one mole of hydrogen at STP is (12.2 dm 3, 22.4 dm3, 32.4
dm3).
(e) At the same temperature and pressure (similar, different, equal) volumes of
all gases contain the same number of molecules.
21. Match each of the items given in list A with the appropriate item given in list B.
List A List B
(a) Carbon burns in oxygen (i) 2 atoms of oxygen
(b) One mole of any gas (ii) carbon dioxide is formed.
occupies a volume of
22.4 dm3 at STP.
(c) One molecule of oxygen (iii) 2 times heavier than 1
atom of H.
(d) The standard temperature (iv) this volume is called the
and pressure molar gas volume
(e) One molecule of H2 (v) 0°C and 760 mmHg

22. Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.

(a) 18 g of liquid water occupies 22.4 dm 3 at STP.
(b) One molecule of hydrogen consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen. Therefore ,the
relative molcular mass of hydrogen is 2.
(c) If all gases have the same number of molecules, the number of moles are also
The same.
(d) The synbol H represents one molecule of hydrogen.
(e) The mass of oxygen is 16 amu in a molecule of CO2 .
(f) The relative mass of one molecule of hydrogen is 1.
(g) One molecule of oxygen consists of 2 atoms of oxygen.
(h) One molecule of any gas at 0oC and 760 mm Hg occupies a volume of
22.4 dm3 .
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(i) The numerical value of Avogadro’s number is 6.02 x 10 23 .

23. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or words or symbol or unit or number.
(a) One mole of H2 contains ………. atoms.
(b) The mass of one mole of H atom is ………. .
(c) L is the symbol of Avogadro number and its numerical value is ………. .
(d) One mole of any gas occupies ……… dm3 at STP.
(e) The relative molecular mass of water is 18. Therefore, 18g of water
contains ……. number of water molecules .
(f) A group of particle containing 6.02 x 1023 is designated as ……… .
(g) 22.4 dm3 of hydrogen gas at STP contains ……. mass of hydrogen.
(h) Number of mole of 4g of hydrogen atom is …….. .
(i) The standard conditions for temperature and pressure chosen is ……… .
24. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is meant by the term STP ?
(b) What is relative molecular mass of Na2CO3 ? (Na =23. C = 12, O = 16 )
(c) How many molecules are there in 1g of hydrogen ? ( H = 1 )
(d) Find the density of oxygen at STP ? ( O = 16 )
(e) How many hydrogen atoms in 1 mole of hydrogen molecules ?
(H=1)
(f) What is the volume of 1gm of hydrogen at STP ?
(g) What is the mass of the carbon atom in one molecule of CO 2 ?
( C = 12, O =16)
(h) What is the mass of 0.5 moles of water ? ( H = 1, O – 16 )
(i) How many atoms are there in 5 moles of oxygen ? ( O = 16 )
(j) How many moles are there in 8 g of oxygen gas ? ( O = 16 )

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