WOLLO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE NURSING

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS PREVENTION OF MOTHER

TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN VISITING
ALAMATA GENERAL HOSPITAL ANTENATAL CARE UNIT NORTHERN
ETHIOPIA, 2017 GC.

BY: 1.ABDI SHAFI

2. MERSHA ABERA

3. MILKESSA ABDISELAM

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO WOLLO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY,
DEPARTMENT OF COMPRHENSIVE NURSING IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN
NURSING

June, 2017
DESSIE, ETHIOPIA

1
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS PREVENTION OF MOTHER
TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN VISITING
ALAMATA GENERAL HOSPITAL ANC UNIT NORTHERN ETHIOPIA, 2017 GC.

Principal investigators: 1.ABDI SHAFI ID NO:

2. MERSHA ABERA ID NO: 2068/06

3. MILKESSA ABDISELAM ID NO:

ADVISOR
Mr. Delelegn Tsegaye (BSC, MSC)

June, 2017
DESSIE, ETHIOPIA

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thank our GOD and then, we would like to express the deepest
appreciation and gratitude to Wollo University and Alamata administrative office and staff
members for their support.
We also would like to acknowledge Wollo university college of Medicine and healthy Science
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Comprehensive Nursing for every arrangement
made for our research. Our special thanks go to our advisor, Mr.Delelegn Tsegaye for his
valuable time and guidance.

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ABBREVIATION/ACRONYMY

AGH; Alamata General Hospital

ANC: Ante Natal Care

ART: Antiretroviral Treatment

CPT: current procedures terminology

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus

MOH: Ministry of Health

MCH: Maternal and child health

MTCT: Mother to Child Transmission

PCR: Polymerase Action Reaction

PLWHIV: People Living With HIV/AIDS

PMTCT: Prevention of mother to child transmission

WHO: World Health Organization

WU: Wollo University

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................3
ABBREVIATION/ACRONYMY........................................................................................................................4
List of tables................................................................................................................................................5
List of figures...............................................................................................................................................6
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................8
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................8
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM................................................................................................................9
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO: LITRATURE REVIE.............................................................................................................11
2.1. Knowledge of mothers towards prevention of mother to chaild transmation of HIV....................12
2.2. Attitud of mothers towards preventioon of mother to chaild transmation ofHIV..........................13
2.3. Practice of mothers towards prevention of mother to chaild transmation of HIV.........................14
CHAPTER THREE: OBJECTIVE.....................................................................................................................15
3.1. General objective............................................................................................................................15
3.2. Specific objective............................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR: METHOETHODS AND MATERIALS...................................................................................16
4.1. STUDY AREA AND PERIOD...............................................................................................................16
4.2. Study Design...................................................................................................................................17
4.3. Population......................................................................................................................................17
4.3.1. Source population....................................................................................................................17
4.3.2. Study population......................................................................................................................17
4.3 Inclusion criteria..............................................................................................................................17
4.4 Exclusion criteria..............................................................................................................................17
4.5 Study Variables................................................................................................................................17
4.6 Operational Definitions....................................................................................................................18
4.7 Sample size and sampling technique...............................................................................................18
4.7.1 Sample size...............................................................................................................................18
4.8.2 Sampling technique..................................................................................................................19
4.9 Data Collection Techniques.............................................................................................................19
4.10 Data Quality Control......................................................................................................................20

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 4.11 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation..................................................................................20
4.11 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................................20
4.12 Dissemination of the findings........................................................................................................20
4.13 Strength and limitation of the study..............................................................................................21
Strength of the study..............................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER FIVE: RESULT..............................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................33
Conclusions...........................................................................................................................................33
Recommendations.................................................................................................................................33
ANNEX:.....................................................................................................................................................34
Annex 1: References..............................................................................................................................34
Annex 2: Informed Consent Form..........................................................................................................37
ANNEX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE....................................................................................................................38

List of tables
Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of the Ante Natal Care Attendants in Alamata
General Hospital 2017GC (25)

Table 2: Outcome of major events in the ANC-PMTCT service among pregnant women in
Alamta General Hospital 2017GC... (32)
Table 3: Knowledge of women mothers on MTCT of HIV/AIDS in Alamata General Hospital
2017 GC... (29)
Table 4: Attitude of pregnant mothers on MTCT of HIV/AIDS in Alamata General Hospital
2017GC... (31)

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List of figures
FIGURE 1 religion distribution of respondents in Alamata General Hospital march 2017
GC... (26)

FIGURE 2 Knowledge of pregnant mothers on MTCT of HIV among pregnant mothers

attending ANC clinic of Alamata General Hospital, 2017GC... (27)

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ABSTRACT
Background: HIV/AIDS is currently a major public health problem in Ethiopia and mother to
child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for 90% of childhood HIV infections. The
transmission of HIV from infected mothers to babies could occur during antenatal period, as well
as during delivery and breastfeeding (postnatal period).
Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of pregnant women towards
PMTCT of in the Alamata General Hospital from February to march 2017 G.C
Methods: A Hospital based cross sectional study design was conducted from February to March,
2017GC on pregnant woman who attended antenatal care unit at Alamata general hospital. The
study participant has been included all pregnant women who came during data collection period
(convenient sampling technique), data was collected through interview with a structured
questioners and the data has been cheeked for completeness, cleared and analyzed using manual
scientific calculator and prepared tally sheet, finally the data was presented by text, table’s pie

8
chart, and graphs and figures, presented in the form of percentage and proportions interpretation
of the study was done on valuable information.

Results: A total of 173 pregnant women who came to antenatal care were included in this study.
Of which majority of the pregnant mothers who came to antenatal care, it is about 97.2%were
responded to the questionnaire. Most 59 (34.1%) of the women were within the age group of 25-
29 years The majority 159(92.0%) mothers knew about prevention of mother-to-child
transmission of HIV and the majority 159(91.9%) had good attitude towards it. About150
(86.7%) of the respondents knew that antiretroviral drugs given for sero-positive pregnant
mothers could reduce the risk of HIV transmission. About170 (98.3%) of mothers have been
tested for HIV/AIDS

CONCLUSION: As study reported, generally, most of the participants have good knowledge,
attitude and practice towards PMTCT of HIV AIDS among pregnant mothers. Health workers
and mass media have made a remarkable contribution in ensuring there is a high level of
awareness of MTCT and PMTCT of HIV in Alamata General Hospital.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Prevention of mother-to child transmission (PMTCT, also known as prevention of vertical
transmission), refers to intervention to prevent an HIV-positive mother to her infant during
pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding. Mother-to-child remains a major public health
problem. Recent scientific developments have led to feasible and effective interventions to
reduce the Risk of MTCT in resource-poor settings. Because many PMTCT programs are only as
good as the existing services into which they are integrated, these interventions rely heavily on
functioning Maternal and child health (MCH) clinics.
The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is the greatest challenge to
Human kind in the 21st century AIDS was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by human
Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which was isolated in USA by the end of 1983 There are two

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Types,namelyHIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more common, infects people worldwide and
Causes AIDS.HIV-2 though less aggressive and found mainly in West Africa causes a similar
Illness (1)
In 2009, around 400,000 children below 15yrs became infected with HIV (1) .Almost all of
MTCT infections occurred in Sub Saharan Africa, and more than 90% are as a result of
Mother-to-child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labor/delivery, and breastfeeding.
Transmission during pregnancy is about 5 – 10%, during labor and delivery is 10 – 20% and
During breastfeeding is 10 – 15 %( 2) without interventions, there is a 20-45% chance that a
Baby born to an HIV-infected mother will become infected (3).
Following the launch of the Global e-MTCT plan in 2011, Ethiopia has launched the accelerated
plan of PMTCT in 2012 focusing on site expansion, quality improvement, demand creation and
use of more efficient PMTCT regimen [4].In light of the global and country commitments to the
elimination of new pediatric infections and new evidence, Ethiopia has examined its PMTCT
program goals and implementation experience to make optimal programmatic choices [5].

Although Ethiopia’s experience with option “A” implementation is limited, it had decided to
make a rapid switch from option A to Option B+ approach, because of the substantial clinical
1and programmatic advantage of option B+ [5].It had developed and launched the operational
plan for the implementation of Option B+ in 2013 to contribute to the national elimination plan
[5].The plan follows a phased roll out strategy to implement option B+ in all existing and new
PMTCT facilities by the end of December 2013.Through this approach Ethiopia was aiming at
scaling up PMTCT, in order to achieve the goals of the national e-MTCT plan [5].
A range of factors within the health care setting emerged that affected women’s experiences in
PMTCT service these related primarily to inadequate counseling at the time of diagnosis,
Perceptions of mandatory testing, real and perceived breaches of confidentiality and suboptimal
Health worker–client interactions such as health workers’ discriminatory attitudes and behavior
Probably reflect societal attitudes, long waiting times and cost of transport to the health
Facility [6]

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1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Despite improvements in PMTCT services over the years, MTCT of HIV infections is high
especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2009 alone around 400,000 children less than 15yrs became
infected with HIV and 1.3 million children and adults died of AIDS. Almost all of these
infections occur in sub Saharan Africa, and more than 90% are as a result of mother-to-child
transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labor/delivery, and breastfeeding (7).
Studies done in Uganda and Tanzania on awareness and knowledge about HIV and PMTCT
among pregnant women, in southwestern Tanzania shows a low level of knowledge MTCT
during Pregnancy and moderate knowledge on the risk of breastfeeding and MTCT (8)
Ethiopia has one of the largest populations infected with HIV with approximately 1.5 million
people are living with the virus. According to UNICEF, 120,000 of those infected are children
under the age of five, although some authorities estimate closer to 250,000 children 530,000
women, ages 15 and older are living with HIV(9)
Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is the most common mode of

11
Transmission which can occur before during and after delivery. Transmission is rare
During early pregnancy, relatively frequent in late pregnancy and during delivery.
MTCT of HIV is an overwhelming source of HIV infections in young children and is also the
cause of high infant mortality rates. It is approximated that 20% - 30% of women attending
prenatal care in South Africa are HIV-positive. In the absence of intense prevention of MTCT,
probably 25% -35% of babies born to HIV-positive mothers will be infected. The proper
management of pregnant mothers can save a third of the babies during prenatal care, labor and
the puerperal care. However little information is available on mother's knowledge about PMTCT
and their attitude towards PMTCT services. It is therefore important that knowledge, attitudes
and practice of women regarding PMTCT of HIV infection be explored to reduce the high infant
Mortality rate and the incidence of MTCT of HIV infections, in order to develop preventive
programs on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS at Alamata General Hospital

1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude and practice about HIV
MTCT among pregnant women. Knowledge of the interventions of PMTCT is important, so that
pregnant women can be aware and through motivation they can have a positive attitude towards
PMTCT.
This study was assessed to increase knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women on
PMTCT of HIV infections at Alamata General Hospital. Basic knowledge about HIV and its
prevention strategies as well as the attitude and of mothers in accessing PMTCT services are
vital to the success of the programmed.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITRATURE REVIE
The World Health Organization estimates that over 1.5 million children worldwide have been
Infected with HIV through MTCT (10)
Estimates by UNAIDS/WHO 2008 shows that the percentage of women infected with HIV
Globally has been roughly the same over the last several years. Half of the adults aged 15 years
or above living with HIV are women and most are in sub-Saharan Africa where the ratio
Between women and men is 3 to 1. The High number of HIV infected children in sub-Saharan
Africa reflects the estimates that about 60% of HIV infected adults are women and that
Women in Africa tend to have more children than elsewhere in the world (23).
According to EDHS 2011 national survey, the highest HIV prevalence was found in this age
group (29-34 years) directing a focus on this segment of the population that is highly fertile for
HIV prevention programmers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia This implies improvement in women’s
educational status enables them to have better knowledge on PMTCT that decreases infant
mortality and improve their health. Women who had ANC follow up during their last pregnancy
show significant association with knowledge on PMTCT of HIV in the multivariate analysis. In
2011 EDHS, only 34% of pregnant mothers had ANC follow up [9).

2.1. Knowledge
In Lagos, Nigeria Ekaneem studied on knowledge and acceptability of HIV voluntary
Counseling and testing in pregnancy as a strategy for PMTCT of HIV among women attending

13
ANC at two health facilities.
The study revealed that 89.9% had good knowledge of the modes of HIV transmission but
Knowledge of specific aspects of PMTCT was poor. Forty one percent were not aware of the
Association between breast milk and HIV transmission and awareness of ARV drugs among
The study group was poor (11)
In another study done in Tanzania at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) on
Testing a PMTCT infant feeding counseling program where mothers were given brochures to
Take and read at home with the objective of improving PMTCT counseling and infant feeding
Knowledge and practices of HIV+ and HIV- mothers it was shown that the program increased
Knowledge, practices (21).
In an analysis done in Uganda and Tanzania to analyze awareness and knowledge about HIV
And prevention of mother to child transmission and preventive measures in different
Populations, of 410 clients of ANC and outpatients who were interviewed in southwestern
Tanzania 67% had knowledge on MTCT during pregnancy and 78% knew the association
Between breastfeeding and MTCT (22)
Inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, MTCT and its prevention and a bad attitude towards
HIV prevention information and services are major setback to success of PMTCT program
efforts. Information gathered will help to identify existing knowledge gaps that pregnant women
acquire after being counseled. The information can be implemented by private and
In Ethiopia, as in any Sub-Saharan African country, the problem of mother to child HIV
transmission is one of a widespread problem that breaks inter generational link. The 2004 HIV
prevalence is higher among women (5.0%) than men (3.8%) and is higher in urban (12.6%) than
in rural (2.6%) population (MOH, 2004) and also on children under 15. Ethiopia’s population is
young with 44 percent under 15 years. The prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women
in Ethiopia was found to be 17.8%, 17.5% and 15.1% in 2004, 2005 and 2006 respectively
yielding an average of 16.8%. In urban Ethiopia the average prevalence of HIV among pregnant
women is estimated to be 13% (13).
in Addis Ababa Ethiopia all of the respondents heard about HIV/AIDS. Among these, 92.0% of
the pregnant mothers knew about transmission of HIV from infected mother to her child the
study done in Addis Ababa at Tikur Anbessa and Zewuditu memorial hospitals which was 89.9%
and 76.8% respectively [13].

14
In Lagos, Nigeria Ekaneem studied on knowledge and acceptability of HIV voluntary
Counseling and testing in pregnancy as a strategy for PMTCT of HIV among women attending
ANC at two health facilities
The study revealed that 89.9% had good knowledge of the modes of HIV transmission but
Knowledge of specific aspects of PMTCT was poor. Forty one percent were not aware of the
Association between breast milk and HIV transmission and awareness of ARV drugs among
The study group was poor (11, 13).
It was shown in rural Nigeria that among women attending ANC all were aware of HIV/AIDS
Despite their level of education, 90% were aware that HIV infection could co-exist with
Pregnancy. About 68% were aware of MTCT but there was low knowledge of routes/mode
MTCT and more than half did not know about PMTCT (11).

2.2. Attitude
It was shown in Eastern Cape in South Africa those most pregnant women 92.4% and their
Husbands or partners 84% never had an HIV test. The barriers being fear of being positive, the
study conducted in Eastern Cape South Africa in which 78.%.and 190(81.9%) had positive
attitude PMTCT.Unaware of where to get tested and lack of confidentiality of the test results. On
the other hand Factors that encouraged them to go for a test were having HIV/AIDS information,
wanting to Know HIV status and concern for the transmission from mother to the unborn child
(14).the survey conducted at mekelelle,ayider rferal Hospital in 2012 in which 63 (33.7%) of the
respondants have good attitudeStudies showed that a small proportion of mothers in the study
area had sufficient knowledge about MTCT(38.8%), PMTCT of HIV (41.8%), and infant feeding
options recommended to HIV positive women (30.5%).However, the knowledge of mothers
about MTCT of HIV(15)

In an analysis done in Uganda and Tanzania to analyze awareness and knowledge about HIV and
prevention of mother to child transmission and preventive measures in different populations, of
410 clients of ANC and outpatients who were interviewed in southwestern Tanzania 67% had
knowledge on MTCT during pregnancy and 78% knew the association between breastfeeding
and MTCT(19).Inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, MTCT and its prevention and a bad
attitude towards HIV prevention information and services are major setback to success of
PMTCT programmed efforts. Information gathered will help to identify existing knowledge gaps

15
that pregnant women acquire after being counseled. The information can be implemented by
private and public programmers towards optimizing provision of PMTCT services. (16).

2.3. Practice
To achieve a reduction in MTCT women need to translate their knowledge regarding MTCT and
PMTCT into practice However, cultural factors and the stigma associated with HIV and AIDS
Might limit this Studies suggest that there are generally low levels of knowledge regarding
PMTCT among women of child‐bearing age which is detrimental to efforts to reduce the risk of
MTCT
Varga (2008) found that rural South African adolescents were less likely than their urban
Counterparts to successfully implement most PMTCT-related practices.HIV stigma, family
Decision-making and cultural norms surrounding infant feeding hampered mothers' efforts to
Implement practices that would decrease the risk for childhood infection.(17)

Mbonye, et al (2010) found that there was low utilization and uptake of PMTCT services in
Wakiso district in central Uganda and that most women were not empowered to make their own
Decisions concerning PMTCT.(18)
The study shows Practice towards PMTCT of HIV among Women Attending Ambo Hospital
ANC Clinic, West Ethiopia 2014 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission among women was
assessed using different explanatory variables. All the respondents have been tested for HIV.
Among these, 87 (36.38%) tested six months ago, 76 (32.2%) tested three months ago, 37
(15.7%) tested one year ago and 36 (15.3%) tested on the recent pregnancy. All of them had pre-
and post-counseling services. Among the respondents, 157 (66.5%) shared the result of HIV test
with their husband/partner, 54 (22.9%) did not share it and 25 (10.6%) had no husband/partner at
the time of testing (19)

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CHAPTER THREE: OBJECTIVE
3.1. General objective
To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of pregnant women towards PMTCT of HIV in
the Alamata General Hospital from February to march 2009 E.C

3.2. Specific objective

• To determine knowledge of pregnant women with regard to PMTCT of HIV AIDES,

from February to march 2009 E.C

• To determine attitudes of pregnant women regarding to PMTCT of HIV AIDES, from

February to march 2009 E.C

• To determine practice of pregnant women regarding to PMTCT of HIV AIDES from

February to march 2009 E.C

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CHAPTER FOUR: METHOETHODS AND MATERIALS
4.1. STUDY AREA AND PERIOD
This study was conducted in Alamata General Hospital which is found in Northern Ethiopia, in
Tigray regional state, which is located in southern zone of tigray region, is situated 600km
north of Addis Ababa, based on the national census conducted by the central statistical agency of
Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 33, 214, of whom 16,140 are men and 17,074
women .82.35% of the population said they were orthodox Christians, and 16.96% were
Muslims (51) the study was be conducted from February to march 2017.

4.2. Study Design

Hospital based cross sectional study design was conducted.

4.3. Population

4.3.1. Source population:

The source population was all pregnant mothers who have ANC fallow up and came for the first
visit in Alamata General Hospital.

4.3.2. Study population

The study population was all pregnant women who came for ANC follow up in Alamata General
Hospital during the study period (from February1-30,2017GC).
4.3 Inclusion criteria:

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  Pregnant women attending antenatal care in Alamata General Hospital.
4.4 Exclusion criteria:
The woman who was critically ill could not talk and listen and mentally handicapped.

4.5: variables of the Study

 Knowledge towards PMTCT

 Attitude towards PMTCT
 Practice towards PMTCT
 Socio demographic variables (Age, Sex, Religion, Marital status, Educational
level, Ethnicity and Occupation.)

4.6 Operational Definitions

Respondents answer more than 50% what asked.
• defined on the basis of the score: poor (< 60% of the total score) and good (>=60% of the
total score)
• Knowledge: the act or conditions of knowing something with considerable degree of
familiarly gained through experience of contact or association with the individual or things know

• Good knowledge: those respondents who scored > 75% of total knowledge
questions

• Fairly knowledge: those respondents who are able to score 60-74% of total
knowledge questions.

• Not knowledgeable: those respondents who are able to score <60% of total
knowledge questions.

• Attitude: a persistent disposition to act either positively or poor towards a situation

• Positive Attitude: those respondents who were able score > 75% of total
attitude questions towards the infection prevention practice.

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 • Poor attitude: is those respondents who are able to score 60- 74% of total
attitude questions.

• Practice- women’s activities or behavioral experience in relation PMTCT and

MTCT either high or low practice.

• Good practice; those respondents who were able score > 75% of total practice
questions towards the infection prevention practice

• Poor practice; is those respondents who are able to score 60- 74% of total
practice questions.

4.7 Sample size and sampling technique

4.7.1 Sample size
Quantitative method:
The actual sample size for the study was determined using the formula for single population
Proportion by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (∂ (alpha) =0.05)
and
The prevalence of ANC follow up was 50%
Using this formula:
n=¿ ¿= (1.96)2 x 0.5(1-0.5) / (0.05)2 =384

n = the required sample size

z = the value of the standard normal curve score corresponding to the given confidence
Interval=1.96

P= proportion of mother who are knowledgeable good attitude and good practice
assumed =50 %

d = the permissible margin of error (the required precision) = 5%

Since the total numbers 265 ANC clients were the source population less than 10,000, the
desired sample size was
Calculated using the following correction factor formula as follows:
nf= n/ (1+ [n/N]), where N=all pregnant mothers came to ANC unit

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Study population nf= 384/(1+[384/265])= 157
With 10% non-response rate the total sample size = 173

4.8.2 Sampling technique

A convenient sampling technique was used.

4.9 Data Collection Techniques

Collected from all pregnant mothers’ came for ANC follow up during the study period by using
structured questionnaire in Alamata General Hospital. Data was collected by Face to face
interviewer through structured questionnaire.,. The data collection was supervised by the
principal investigator. The questionnaire was prepared to cover a wide area of interest including
socio demographic characteristics, source information about Knowledge, Attitude, practice and
clinical factors of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.

4.10 Data Quality Control

To ensure the quality of the data, standard questionnaire was used and also English version for
actual data collection purpose. Then, the principal investigator was supervising the data
collection process.. The questionnaires are adapted from previous study (20)
Every day, questionnaires was reviewed and checked for completeness by principal investigator
and the necessary feedback offered to data collectors in the next morning before data collection.
The questionnaire was initially prepared in English and then translated in to Tigrigna version.
The Tigrigna version was again translated back to Amharic to check for consistency of
Meaning

4.11 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation

The collected data was cleaned and edited based on the set of objective of the study. A
Descriptive was done by using tally sheet, the help of manually scientific calculator and. And
finally the data was presented by text, table’s pie chart, and graphs and figures, presented in the
form of percentage and proportions interpretation of the study was done on valuable information.

4.11 Ethical Consideration

Formal letter was obtained from Wollo University College Of Medicine And Health Science,
School Of Nursing And Midwifery, Department Of Comprehensive Nursing to Alamata General
Hospital to got permission and cooperation during collection of the data and information, the
purpose of the study was explained to each study subject Following the approval by Institutional
21
Review Board, the study was conducted through consenting Every study participant to answer
the self administered questionnaire and get their agreement verbally. The data was kept
confidential and for this reason their name was not be written on the questionnaire during data
collection Confidentiality to any information disclosed by the pregnant mothers.

4.12 Dissemination of the findings

The finding of this study will be disseminated to Wollo University, college of medicine and
Health science school of nursing and midwifery, department of comprehensive nursing and
university library.

4.13 Strength and limitation of the study

Strength of the study

Since our study is concerning on sensitive issues it has its own advantage to use as a base line for
different stake holders to take appropriate action to decrease incidence of mother to child
transmission of HIV/AIDS.
Limitation of the study:

1. Recall bias of the respondents

Since the study u t i l i z e d h o s p i t a l b a s e d cross–sectional descriptive study method, it may
not be strong to demonstrate direct cause and effect between dependent and independent
variables

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CHAPTER FIVE: RESULT
Socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics

A total of 173 pregnant mothers responded to the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of
97.2%. Most 59 (34.1%) of the women were within the age group of 25-29 years. The majority,
168 (97.1%), of the respondents were married,. most 117 (67.6%) respondents were orthodox in
religion, 37(21.4%). A minimal 54 (31.2%) had cannot read and Write however, Most of them
70(40.5%) of the study participants were house wife’s and the majority the husbands 70(40.5%)
were merchant. the majorty 128 (73.9%) of the respondents were from urban areas.

23
Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of the Ante Natal Care Attendants Alamata General
Hospital 2017GC

Variables Frequency Percentage

Age (years)
15-19 5 2.9
20-24 50 28.9
25-29 59 34.1
30-34 33 19.0
35-39 26 15.0
Residence
Urban 128 73.9
Rural 45 26.1
Marital Status

Married 168 97.1

Single - -
Divorced 5 2.9
Windward - -
Educational level

Cannot read and write 54 31.2

Grade1-6 33 19.1
Grade7-10 53 30.6

Grade 11-12 - -
Diploma, degree 33 19.1

Occupation
House wife 70 40.5

24
 Farmer 14 8.1
Government employee 37 21.4
Private employee 12 6.9
Daily Laborer 15 8.7
Merchant 25 14.5
Husbands’ Occupation*
Government employee 30 13.3
Farmer 48 27.7
Daily Laborer 3 1.7
Merchant 70 40.5
Self-employed in small scale 22 12.7

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
orthodox muslim protestant catholic

FIGURE 1 religion distribution of respondents in Alamata General Hospital march 2017 GC.

Knowledge of women on mother-to-child transmission of HIV

This study tried to assess the knowledge of pregnant mothers attending ANC on MTCT of HIV.
Accordingly, all of the respondents heard about HIV/AIDS. Among these, 159 (92.0%), of the
pregnant mothers attending ANC clinic in Alamata General Hospital knew MTCT of HIV while

25
the rest 14 (8.0%) did not know about it. Among the respondents, 170(98.3%) knew that HIV
testing could be done. And the rest 3 (1.7%) did not know where to be tested. As to the temporal
relation of transmission of the virus from the infected mother to her child, that it could be MTCT
of HIV during pregnancy responded, 135 (78.0%), , during labor and delivery Responded
146(84.4%) and during barest feeding responded 146 (84.4%)

during pregnancy during labor during brest feeding

32%
34%

34%

Fig 2: Knowledge MTCT of HIV among pregnant mothers attending ANC clinic of
Alamata General Hospital, March 2017

26
Knowledge of women on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS

In this study among the participants159 (92.0%) knew about PMTCT of HIV.
Of these, 150 (86.7%) of the respondents knew ART drugs given for HIV-
positive pregnant mothers could reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

27
Table 3: knowledge of HIV/AIDS MTCT of among pregnant mothers in Alamata General
Hospital in 2017GC

28
 Variables Frequency Percentage
AIDS- a curse sent from God:
Yes 39 22.5
No 134 77.5
MTCT of HIV during pregnancy:
Yes 135 78.0
No 38 22.0
MTCT of HIV during Labor and delivery:
Yes 146 84.4
No 27 15.6
MTCT of HIV during breast feeding:
Yes 146 84.4
No 27 15.6
Can HIV infected women get pregnant

Yes 159 92,0

No 14 8.0

All babies born to HIV infected mothers will acquire the

infection

Yes 13 7.5

No 160 92.5

Are drugs available to prevent MTCT of HIV

Yes 150 86.7

No 23 13.3

Sources of Information Regarding MTCT and PMTCT

29
Participants were further asked to identify the sources from which they learnt about MTCT and
PMTCT. Health workers were the most frequently mentioned source of information for women
regarding MTCT and PMTCT. Of the a total 173 participants, 122 (70.5%) mentioned health
care workers as having told them about MTCT and PMTCT, followed by mass media (22.5%)
(Table-3)

.Table3.1: Sources from which pregnant Women Learn about MTCT and PMTCT in Alamata General Hospital 2017GC

Variables Frequency Percentage

First Source of Information on HIV/AIDS:
Social Ceremonies 7 4.5
Health workers 122 70.5
Mass media 39 22.5
Others 5 2.9

30
Attitude towards PMTCT of HIV

Among the study participants, 159 (91.9%) had good attitude toward PMTCT of HIV and the
rest 14 (8.09%) had poor attitude.

Table 4: Attitude of pregnant mothers on MTCT of HIV/AIDS in Alamata General Hospital2017GC

Variables Frequency Percentage

HIV related Behavior and Beliefs
Fear of being identified as HIV
positive in the community:
Yes 126 72.9
No 47 27.1
Perception of Others' Attitudes
towards PLWHA:
Outcast them or consider as 9 5.2
people who are cursed
Care for them like any other 164 94.8
sick person
Attitude towards PMTCT Services
Positive attitude 168 97.1
Poor attitude 5 2.9
Response to PMTCT Counseling and MTCT Prevention:
Positive attitude 168 97.1
poor attitude 5 2.9

31
Practice towards PMTCT of HIV

Majority of the respondents 170(98.3%) Undergone HIV testing Participants were also asked an
open ended question as to whether they had ever done anything to prevent transmission of HIV
from a mother to her baby. Out of the 173 women, 169(97.1%) said they had done to prevent
MTCT (Table 2)

Table 2: Outcome of major events in the ANC-PMTCT service among pregnant women in Alamata General Hospital 2017GC
ANC follow up Frequency Percentage
Voluntary HIV Counseling provided Yes 169 97.7
No 4 2.3
Undergone HIV testing Yes 170 98.3
No 3 1.7
Result for HIV Positive 33 19,1
Negative 140 80.9

32
CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION
These studies shown that majority of the antenatal attendees were within the age group of 25-29
years. According to EDHS 2011 national survey, the highest HIV prevalence was found in this
age group (29-34 years) directing a focus on this segment of the population that is highly fertile
for HIV prevention program me in Ethiopia [9].

In this study, all of the respondents heard about HIV/AIDS. Among these, 92.0% of the pregnant
mothers knew about transmission of HIV from infected mother to her child. This finding was
high when compared with the study done in Addis Ababa at Tikur Anbessa and Zewuditu
memorial hospitals which was 89.9% and 76.8% respectively [12]. In this study, the knowledge
of mothers on PMTCT during pregnancy was 170(98.3%) This is high when compared with the
study done in Lagos, Nigeria Ekaneem 89.9% and in Tanzania 67% which were studied on
knowledge and acceptability of HIV voluntary Counseling and testing in pregnancy as a strategy
for PMTCT of HIV among women attending ANC at two health facilities. This may be due to
awareness and good knowledge on the modes of HIV transmission (11, 14).

It was shown in rural Nigeria that among women attending ANC all were aware of HIV/AIDS
Despite their level of education, 90% were aware that HIV infection could co-exist with
Pregnancy. About 68% were aware of MTCT but there was low knowledge of routes/mode
MTCT and more than half did not know about PMTCT, when compare in this study the high
percentage of the participants (98.3%) in our study was aware that HIV infection could co-exist
with Pregnancy. About 92% were aware of MTCT. Due to good awareness and knowledge of
PMTCT (13)

In this study about 159 (92%) had good attitude towards PMTCT of HIV during ante natal care
visit. .this is high when compared to the study conducted in Eastern Cape cope south Africa in
which 78.% and 190(81.9%) had positive attitude towards PMTCT (16) This is also higher than
the survey conducted at mekelelle,ayider referal Hospital in 2012 in which 63 (33.7%) of the
respondants have good attitude(15) the reason may be awarness of respondants and this may

33
depend on health education of respondents. The attitude a person has on something may affect the
interest of that person knowing or utilizing it. Most of the pregnant women felt that it was
important for pregnant women to be tested for HIV and a few did not see the importance of
knowing. The reason for this may be Fear of being stigmatized by the community. It was also
found in Uganda that pregnant women felt that knowing their HIV status is a terrible thing more
than half of the study participants responded that an HIV infected woman can get Pregnant and
have children. This shows that they are coupled with the knowledge that there are interventions
to prevent MTCT even in already infected women. It was found in Uganda that most women felt
that having a baby while you are infected with HIV will reduce your already numbered days to
live and you will have an HIV infected baby (16)

In this study Majority of the respondents reported that they Undergone HIV testing of those
170(98.3%) answered that HIV testing. Participants were then asked an open ended question as
to whether they had ever done anything to prevent transmission of HIV from a mother to her
baby..Most said they had advised their friends to do HIV tests during pregnancy, to deliver from
hospital This result is high compare with study done in South African varga and mbonye and
also with ambo Hospital ANC clinic which have reported that 67. %, 78% and 66.5% of mothers
have been tested for HIV respectively. This may be due to the difference in geography, study
time and Sample size taken among those studies (17-19)

34
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
More than four-fifth (92.0%) mothers knew about prevention of mother-to-child transmission of
HIV were as 91.9% pregnant mothers had good attitude towards PMTCT. About (86.7%) of the
respondents knew that antiretroviral drugs given for sero-positive pregnant mothers could reduce
the risk of HIV transmission. About 98.3% of mothers had been tested for HIV/AIDS.
Therefore it is important to counsel pregnant women thoroughly and adequately so they can
Have this very useful information to prevent mother to child transmission in their present as
Well as future pregnancies.

Recommendations
We recommended Health workers to be given continuous medical education regarding MTCT and PMTCT
since they are the main sources of information for rural and urban mothers.
We recommend health managers and administration to set specific rules and regulation to decrease
mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS.
We recommended the researchers to do another researches regarding this topic around Alamata.

35
ANNEX:
Annex 1: References
1. UNAIDS. Report on global AIDS epidemic: UNAIDS; 2010.
2. Dabis, F; (1995), "Rate of Mother To Child Transmission of HIV 1 in Africa, America
And Europe, results from prenatal studies)". J. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
1995; 8(5); 34-38
3. De Cock KM, MG Fowler, Mercier E. de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, et al. "Prevention
Of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: Translating research
Into policy and practice JAMA 2000; 283:1175-82.
4. National Comprehensive PMTCT/MNCH Training Package Reference Manual 5 Ethiopia
Federal Ministry of Health October 2011.

5. WHO Regional Office for Africa, Implementation of Option B+ for Prevention of

Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV 2014

6. UNICEF overview of Options A, B, and B+ for PMTCT Coceka Nandipha Mnyani 28

November 2012.
7. UNAIDS. Report on global AIDS epidemic: UNAIDS; 2010.
8. Gundel H, Katja S, Ilaria M, Chris B, Paulina M et al. Analyzing awareness and
Knowledge of Mother to Child Transmission and its prevention in Uganda and
Tanzania; 2009
9. Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa Ethiopia (2012) Ethiopia Demographic and Health
Survey 2011.

36
10. Marten, T E and Burton A. Global programme on Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome Geneva: WHO; 2006.
11. Ekaneem EE, Gbadegesin A, “Voluntary counseling and testing for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus; a study on acceptability by Nigerian women attending
Clinics African Journal of Reproductive Health; 2007; 11(1); 57-66.

12. Ashebir DZ (2005) HIV/AIDS awareness, knowledge and practice in patients with MTCT
HIV among pregnant women Ethiop Med J 34: 25-32.

13. Moses O, Munir’deen A, Peter A, Awareness and Knowledge of MTCT of HIV among
Pregnant women attending a federal medical center in Nigeri.Journal of National
Medical Association; 2007; 99 (7); 758-763
Clinics.’’African Journal of Reproductive Health; 2007; 11(1); 57-66.

14. Ekaneem EE, Gbadegesin A, “Voluntary counseling and testing for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus; a study on acceptability by Nigerian women attending
Clinics.’’African Journal of Reproductive Health; 2007; 11(1); 57-66.34
.15.Gebre Yitayih andAstede Fantahun G, et al. (2012) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice
towards PMTCT of HIV among Women Attending, Ayder referral hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia,
2012
16. Gundel H, Katja S, Ilaria M, Chris B, Paulina M et al. Analyzing awareness and
Knowledge of Mother to Child Transmission and its prevention in Uganda and
Tanzania; 2009
17. Varga, C. (2008). Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Among South African
Adolescents Journal of Adolescent Research March 2008 vol. 23 no. 2 172-205
18. Mbonye, A.K. (2010). Barriers to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Services in Uganda.Journal of International AIDS Society 2010; 13: 37

19. Tesfaye G, Tufa B, Likisa J, Alebachew M, Temesgen G, et al. (2014) Knowledge, Attitude
and Practice towards PMTCT of HIV among Women Attending Ambo Hospital ANC Clinic,
West Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res 6: 407. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000407

37
20.Nyasinde Mujumali knowledge and attitude and practice of prevention of mother to child
transmission of HIV among pregnant women attending reproductive and child heath clinic
attemeke distract Hospital in dares salaam,2010.
Salaam, Tanzania. JAIDS; 2001;28:458462(Experience from Petra trial)
21. Leshabari, S, Koniz-Booher P, Burkhalter B, K. Hoffman M, Jennings L; Testing a
PMTCT infant feeding counseling programme in Tanzania; 2005; Journal of American
Medical Association
22. Gundel H, Katja S, Ilaria M, Chris B, Paulina M et al. Analyzing awareness and
Knowledge of Mother to Child Transmission and its prevention in Uganda and
Tanzania; 2009
23. Creek T, Ntuny R, Mazhan L, Galavotti C,Moore J, Smith M, et al, “Knowledge,
Attitude and practices regarding PMTCT of HIV among antenatal and postnatal
Women, Botswana; International Conference on AIDS; 2004; Bangkok, Thailand

38
Annex 2: Informed Consent Form

WOLLO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE NURSING

Good morning/afternoon, my name is ……………………. We are 4th year nursing student in

Wollo University. Now we are collecting data for a study to assess Knowledge Attitude And
Practice Towards Prevention Of Mother To Child Transmission Of HIV Among Pregnant
Women in Alamata General Hospital we assure you that the information that you are going to
give us will not be expressed for others and will be kept as secrete. Do you agree to participate
on the study? YES (…) N0 (…)

Signature of respondent verifying that informed consent has been verbally given by the
participant.
Signature: …………
Date ………………

39
ANNEX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE

Part I: Socio demographic characteristics of the Ante Natal Care Attendants Alamata General
Hospital
101. Age in years___________
102. Residence
01. Rural
02. Urban
103. Religion
01. Orthodox
02. Muslim
03. Protestant
04. Catholic
104. Marital status
01. Married
02. Single
03. Divorced
04. Widowed
105. Educational status
01. Illiterate
02. Grade 1-6
03. Grade 7-10
04. Grade 11-12
05. Higher education (diploma degree)

40
106. Occupational status
01. House wife
O2.Farmer
03. Government employee
04. Private employee
05. Daily Laborer
06. Merchant
107. Husbands’ Occupation
01. Government employee
02. Farmer
03. Daily Laborer
04. Merchant
05. Self-employed in small scale
06. Private employee

Part II: Major events in the ANC-PMTCT service among pregnant women in Alamata General
Hospital
108. Voluntary for HIV counseling and testing
01. Yes
02. No
109. under gone HIV testing
01. Yes
02. No
110. HIV testing result
01. Positive
02. Negative

41
Part III: Knowledge of pregnant mothers on MTCT of HIV/AIDS in Alamata General Hospital

111. First Source of Information on HIV/AIDS:

01. Social Ceremonies
02. Health workers
03. Mass media
04. News paper
112. Can HIV infected women get pregnant?
01. Yes
02. No
113. All babies born to HIV infected mothers will acquire the infection?
01. Yes
02. No
114. Are drugs available to prevent MTCT of HIV?
01. Yes
02. No
115. Knowledge of HIV/ AIDS / MTCT of HIV: AIDS- a sent swear from God:
01. Yes
02. No
116. MTCT of HIV during pregnancy:
01. Yes
02. No
117. MTCT of HIV during Labor and delivery:
01. Yes
02. No
118. MTCT of HIV during breast feeding:
01. Yes
02. No

42
Part VI: Attitude of pregnant mothers on MTCT of HIV/AIDS in Alamata General Hospital
119. HIV related Behavior and Beliefs Fear of being identified as HIV positive in community:
01. Yes
02. No
120. Perception of Others' Attitudes towards PLWHA:
01. Outcast them or consider as people who are cursed
02. Care for them like any other sick person
121. Attitude towards PMTCT Services

01. Positive attitude

02. Poor attitude

ኣብ ወሎ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሕክምና ጥዕና ሳይንስ ኮሌጅ

ነርስን ሚድዋይፍ ትም/ቲ ክፍሊ ጠቅላላ ነርስ ት/ቲ ክፍሊ

ናይ ሓበሬታ መተኣኻኸቢ ፅጥዒ

43
ሰላም ከመይ ኣለኹም ? ንሕና ናይ 4 ይ ዓመት ናይ ወሎ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ናይ ነርስንግ

ተምሃሮ እንትንኸውን ኣብዚ ሐዚ ሰዓት ንፅንዓት ዝኸውን ሓበሬታ

እናተኣኻኸብና ንርከብ ።

ናይ ፅንዓትና ርእሲ ብኣላማጣ ሓፈሻዊ ሆስፒታል ኣብ ቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል

ዘለዎም ፍልጠት ፣ ኣረኣእያን ተግባራትን ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ዝመሓላለፉ ናይ

ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ናይ ምክልኻል ዙርያ ንምፅናዕ እንትኸውን ካባኹም

ንደልዮ ኣድላይ ዝኮነ ሓበሬታ ብምሃብ ንክትትሓባበሩና እዩ ።

እነረጋግፀልኩም ነገር ንእትህቡና ሓበሬታ ካብ ውልቀ ሰብ ዝሓልፍ ንካልእ 3 ይ

ወገን ዘይመሓላለፍ ምዃኑ እዩ ። ስለዚ ኣብ ሰናይ ድሌት ዝተመስረተ ምላሽ

ንክትህቡና ብምኽባር ንሓትት ።

እንድሕር ተስማዕሚዕኹም እወ (----------ጥ ኣይኮነን )---------) ኣብቲ ክፍቲ ቦታ ናይ

× ምልክት ብምእታው ድሌትኩም ግለፅሉና ።

ፊርማ ------------------------------------------

44
 ሕቶታት
ክፋል 1
ኣብ ኣላማጣ ሓፈሻዊ ሆስፒታል ቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ዝገብሩ ኣዴታት ማሕበራዊን
ሰብኣዊን መግለፂታት
101 ዕድመ ብዓመት ---------------
102 ዝትነብረሉ ቦታ
1. ከተማ
2. ገጠር
103 ሃይማኖት
1. ኦርቶዶክስ
2. ፕሮትስታንት
3. ሙስሊም
4. ካቶሊክ
5. ካልእ
104 ኩነታት ሓዳር
1. ዘእተወት
2. ዘየእተወት
3. ዝፈትሐት
4. ዝሞታ
105 ደረጃ ትምህርቲ
1. ዘይተምሃረት
2. ካብ 1 ይ-6 ይ ክፍሊ
3. 7 ይ-10 ይ ክፍሊ
4. ልዕሊኡ ዝተምሃረት(ዲፕሎማ ፣ ድግሪ)

45
106 ናይ ስራሕ ኩነታት
1. ናይ ገዛ ሰራሕተኛ
2. ገባር
3. ናይ መንግስቲ ሰራሕተኛ
4. ኣብ ናይ ግለ ስብ ትካል ዝትሰርሕ
5. ናይ ቀትሪ ሰራሕተኛ
6. ነጋዴ
7. ካለእ
107 ናይ ሰብኣይኪ ስራሕ
1. ናይ መንግስቲ ሰራሕተኛ
2. ገባር
3. ናይ ቀትሪ ሰራሕተኛ
4. ነጋዴ
5. ናይ ውልቀ ሰብ ስራሕ ኣብ ንእሽተን ትካል
6. ካልእ

ክፋል 2
በኣላማጣ ሓፈሻዊ ሆስፒታል ዝወሃቡ ዋና ዋና ቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ብዝገብራ
ኣዴታት ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን(ዕሸል) ዝመሓላለፉ ሕማማት ናይ ምክልኻል ዙርያታት
ዘሎ ዋና ዋና ኣገልግሎታት ።
108 ብድሌት ዝተመስረተ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ደም ምርመራ ኣገልግሎት ፍቓደኛ ድኺ
?
1. እወ
2. ኣይኮንኩን
109 ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ደም ምርመራ ገይርኺ ትፈልጢ ዶ ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይገበርኩን
110 ናይ ተራ ቁፅሪ 109 መልስኩም እወ እንተኾይኑ ናይ ደም ውፅኢት እንታይ ነይሩ ?

46
 1. ፖዘቲቭ
2. ነጌቲቭ
ክፋል 3
በኣላማጣ ሓፈሻዊ ሆስፒታል ዝወሃቡ ዋና ዋና ቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ካብ ዝገብራ
ኣዴታት ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን(ዕሸል) ከይመሓላለፍ ዘለወም
ግምዘቤ ።
111 ስለ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ናይ መጀመሪያ ጊዜ መንስኤ እንታይ እዩ ?
1. ማሕበራዊ ዝግጅታት
2. ናይ ጥዕና በዓል ሞያ
3. ማሕበራዊ ርከብ
4. ጋዜጠኛታትን መፅሄትን
5. ካልኦት ግለፅ
112 ብኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ዝተትሓዘት ኣደ ምጥናስ ትኽእልዶ ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይትኽእልን
113 ብኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ዝተትሓዘት ኣደ ዝውለዱ ኩሎም ህፃናት ናይቲ ሕማም
ተጠቃዕቲ ይኮኑ ዶ ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይኮኑን
114 ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ዝመሓላለፍ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ዝከላኸል
መድሓኒት ኣሎ ዶ ?
1. እወ
2. የለን
115 ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ዝመሓላለፍ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ካብ ፈጣሪ
ዝተልኣኸ እዩ ኢልካ ትሓስብ ዶ ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይሓስብን

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116 ኣብ እዋን ጥንሲ ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ይመሓላለፍ
ዶ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይመሓላለፍን

117 ኣብ እዋን ወሊድ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ይመሓላለፍ

ዶ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይመሓላለፍን
118 ሓንቲ ኣደ ኣብ ተጥብየሉ እዋን ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም
ይመሓላለፍ ዶ ?
1. እወ
2. ኣይመሓላለፍን
ክፋል 4
በኣላማጣ ሓፈሻዊ ሆስፒታል ንዝመፃ ጥኑሳት ኣዴታት ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን
ዝመሓላለፉ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ዘለዎም ኣረኣእያ
119 ምስ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ዝተትሓዘ ባህሪ እና እምነት ብማሕበር ውሽጢ ናይ
ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ፖዘቲቭ ኮይኑ ናይ ምርካብ ፍርሓት
1. እወ
2. ኣይ
120 ምስ ቫይረሱ ዝነብሩ ማሕበረሰባት ዘለኪ ኣረኣእያ
1. ምግላል
2. ከም ዝኾነ ሕሙም ሰብ እነክብካቤ ምሃብ
121 ካብ ኣደ ናብ ህፃን ዝመሓላለፍ ናይ ኤች.ኣይ.ቪ ኤድስ ሕማም ዝወሃብ ናይ
ምክልኻል ግልጋሎት ዘለኪ ኣረኣእያ

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1. ፅቡቅ ኣረኣእያ
2. ትሑት ኣረኣእያ

49