TTE Basics
Anesthesia Residency
POCUS Curriculum
Transthoracic Echocardiography
▫ A “point of care” ultrasound (POCUS) exam can
be performed at the patient’s bedside and can be
used in acute clinical situations to aid in making
a diagnosis or providing a qualitative assessment
of a patient.
• Advantages • Disadvantages
▫ Fast and immediate results ▫ Highly user-dependent
▫ Non-invasive exam ▫ Does not provide
▫ Dynamic assessments quantitative analysis
▫ Serial monitoring
TTE in the unstable patient
• Identification of:
▫ Hypovolemia (evaluation of volume status)
▫ Cardiac tamponade
▫ Left ventricular or right ventricular failure
▫ Severe valvulopathies
Equipment
▫ Ultrasound machine
▫ TTE transducer
phased-array probe
▫ Gel
TTE Basic Exam
• 3 main windows
Images courtesy of: Introduction to Transthoracic Echocardiography. Philips Tutorial.
Parasternal Long Axis View
• Place transducer at the left sternal
border, in the left 3rd-4th intercostal
space
• Orient transducer with the probe
indicator directed towards the right
shoulder
• Optimal depth:
▫ To view the cardiac chambers and
valves: 12-16cm
▫ To assess for pericardial or pleural
effusions: 20-24cm
Parasternal Long Axis View
Parasternal Long Axis View
• Assessment of :
▫ LV size and function
▫ RV size and function
▫ Interventricular Septum
▫ Ascending Aorta
▫ Aortic valve
▫ Mitral valve
▫ Pericardium (& presence of effusions)
Parasternal Short-Axis View
• From the parasternal long-axis view,
rotate transducer 90° clockwise
• Indicator now points towards the left
shoulder
• Tilting the transducer allows for
assessment of the heart at three
locations:
▫ Aortic Valve
▫ Mitral Valve
▫ LV (@Mid-papillary level)
• Optimal depth: 12-16cm
Parasternal Short-Axis View
• Three views from parasternal window are
obtained by tilting the transducer from the right
shoulder/head towards the feet:
▫ 1) Aortic valve
▫ 2) Mitral valve
▫ 3) Mid-papillary
Parasternal Short Axis View
• Assessment of :
▫ LV size and function
▫ RV size and function
▫ Aortic valve
▫ Mitral valve
▫ Presence of wall motion abnormalities
Apical 4-Chamber View
• Place transducer at the apical
impulse, usually just inferior
and medial to the left nipple
(may need to scan more lateral
in some patients)
• Indicator points towards the
left flank (approx 3 o’clock)
• Optimal depth: 14-18cm
Apical 4-Chamber View
Apical 4-Chamber View
• Assessment of:
▫ Left Ventricle and Atrium
▫ Right Ventricle and Atrium
▫ Aortic Valve
▫ Mitral Valve
▫ Tricuspid Valve
Subcostal 4-Chamber View
• Place transducer 2-3cm below
xyphoid process
• Direct transducer toward the left
shoulder
• Indicator probe should be directed
towards the left shoulder (approx
3 o’clock)
• Optimal depth: 16-24 cm
Subcostal 4-Chamber View
Subcostal 4-Chamber View
• Assessment of:
▫ Left Ventricle and Atrium
▫ Right Ventricle and Atrium
▫ Mitral Valve
▫ Tricuspid Valve
▫ Pericardium
Subcostal Inferior Vena Cava
• From the subcostal 4-chamber
view, rotate the transducer
90°counter-clockwise
• Probe indicator points towards the
head (12 o’clock)
• Important to see IVC merging into
RA
Subcostal Inferior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
• Measure IVC diameter 2-3 cm inferior to the IVC/RA junction
Spontaneous Ventilating Patients
• An IVC collapse of greater than 50% during the respiratory
cycle is strongly predictive of a low RA pressure (less than
10mmHG)
Mechanically Ventilated Patients
• IVC respiratory variation is a good predictor of pre-load
responsiveness.
• Small IVC (<1.2cm) has a 100% specificity (but low
sensitivity) for a RA pressure of less than 10mmHg.
References
1. Beraud, A. Introduction to Transthoracic Echocardiography. Philips Tutorial.
http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/9c7aeaf8#/9c7aeaf8/1.
2. KircherBJ, HimelmanRB, SchillerNB.Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure from
the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(4):493-496.
3. NagdevAD, MerchantRC, Tirado-GonzalezA, SissonCA, MurphyMC. Emergency
department bedside ultrasonographic measurement of the caval index for noninvasive
determination of low central venous pressure. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(3):290-295.
4. BarbierC, LoubieresY, SchmitC,etal. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter
are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care
Med. 2004;30(9):1740-1746
5. Other resources:
1. https://web.stanford.edu/group/ccm_echocardio/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Main_Page
2. Tamingthesru.com
3. https://lagunita.stanford.edu/courses/Medicine/FocusedTTE/OnGoing/about
