CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Since the discovery of electrical energy man has been using the conventional (non –
renewable) sources for its production. These include hydro power, thermal power and diesel
power. Since diesel and thermal power plants uses diesel and coal, which are fast depleting in
the present scenario, their use for power production has been minimized. Hydro electric
power plants also are greatly dependent on the climatic conditions of the region and recent
trends show a decrease in annual rainfall received in various parts of the world. The
conventional sources are failing to meet the power demand of the people especially in the
developing countries. We experience power outrages throughout the country during various
periods of the year. The planet is progressively marching towards a serious electric energy
crisis, owing to an escalating desire of electric energy becoming greater than its supply. Also
due to the depletion of fossil fuels we will be forced to shut down all the power plants using
such sources. The environmental consequences of extensive use of fossil fuels have already
begun to surface. The excessive use of fossil fuels is one of the primary causes of global
warming and acid rain, which have started to affect the earth’s climate, weather, vegetation
and aquatic ecosystems. The time has reached for us to think about the alternate sources of
energy. These include all the renewable sources such as wind energy, solar energy,
geothermal energy etc. However, these are also not widely practiced due to the high
installation and maintenance cost. However, production and continuity of power is essential
for all cultural and social activities of human beings. It is in this scenario a new method for
production of electricity from food, animal or human waste is being developed by ongoing
research.

1.1 CURRENT ENERGY SCENARIO IN NIGERIA

Title: Energy situation in Nigeria and its influence on sustainable development drive.
Author: Donatus Anayo, Okpara.
Co-authors: Kapralova Daria and Anna Kurbatova.
Address: People’s Friendship University, Moscow. 117198. Miklukho-Maklaya Street 17,
Russia.
ABSTRACT:
The paper examines current Nigerian energy deficiency situation and the magnitude
effects it has on
sustainable development drive. Energy and economic growth in manufacturing and social
well-being are
mutually un-exclusive. A large population of over 160 million depends on less than 3000MW
supply of
electricity for industrial and socio-economic activities. And the power sector still faces high
energy losses
from generation to billing, management, insufficient cash collection and has pushed cost
maintenance to
government funding. As a result, only 10% of the rural households and less than
50% of the entire
country’s population have access to electricity. This management deficiency encourages the
use of fossil
fuel powered generators in all the homes and diesel generators for production, thereby
causing serious
environmental air pollutions, import of goods, and zero manufacturing innovation in the
economy among
others. This paper takes cognizance of the technical issues involved and suggests
how sustainable
development could reach its strategies if changes could occur soonest in the energy sector.
Key Words: Energy, economic manufacturing, sustainable development, Environmental
pollution, and
social well-being.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
A brief descriptive background of the energy sector in Nigeria.
The challenges of unstable energy productions and utilization in Nigeria are historical, dated
back
to 1896 when energy was first introduced into the Nigerian energy market in Lagos. We
recalled that this
happened fifteen years after it was done in England, (Claudius 2009). But the gap in
terms of energy
generation, economic growths and social well-being between these two environs are
huge today. To
achieve rapid growth in any economy means to improve growth of efficiency in the energy
sector of such
economy. Economic manufacturing is the engine room for poverty alleviation and the
only means to
attainable development. As energy mix is shifting towards cleaner lower carbon
fuels driven by
environmental needs and technological advancement, meeting these challenges becomes
paramount for
Nigeria as a developing nation.
As at then, about 60KW generators satisfactorily took care of the energy demands in Lagos
which
obviously will not do the same today with a population close to 20 million in the same city
alone. By
1946, an undertaking that brought the establishment of Nigerian government electricity to
take over the
responsibility of energy supply was made under the jurisdiction of public works department.
The trend
continued as legislative council transferred electricity supply and development to Electricity
Corporation
of Nigeria, (ECN) and other bodies such as Native Authorities and Nigerian Electricity
Supply Company
(NESCO) and now unreliable or even defunct Power Holdings Company of Nigeria
(PHCN) obtained
licenses to produce electricity in other locations in Nigeria
Title: Energy situation in Nigeria and its influence on sustainable development drive.
Author: Donatus Anayo, Okpara.
Co-authors: Kapralova Daria and Anna Kurbatova.
Address: People’s Friendship University, Moscow. 117198. Miklukho-Maklaya Street 17,
Russia.
ABSTRACT:
The paper examines current Nigerian energy deficiency situation and the magnitude
effects it has on
sustainable development drive. Energy and economic growth in manufacturing and social
well-being are
mutually un-exclusive. A large population of over 160 million depends on less than 3000MW
supply of
electricity for industrial and socio-economic activities. And the power sector still faces high
energy losses
from generation to billing, management, insufficient cash collection and has pushed cost
maintenance to
government funding. As a result, only 10% of the rural households and less than
50% of the entire
country’s population have access to electricity. This management deficiency encourages the
use of fossil
fuel powered generators in all the homes and diesel generators for production, thereby
causing serious
environmental air pollutions, import of goods, and zero manufacturing innovation in the
economy among
others. This paper takes cognizance of the technical issues involved and suggests
how sustainable
development could reach its strategies if changes could occur soonest in the energy sector.
Key Words: Energy, economic manufacturing, sustainable development, Environmental
pollution, and
social well-being.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
A brief descriptive background of the energy sector in Nigeria.
The challenges of unstable energy productions and utilization in Nigeria are historical, dated
back
to 1896 when energy was first introduced into the Nigerian energy market in Lagos. We
recalled that this
happened fifteen years after it was done in England, (Claudius 2009). But the gap in
terms of energy
generation, economic growths and social well-being between these two environs are
huge today. To
achieve rapid growth in any economy means to improve growth of efficiency in the energy
sector of such
economy. Economic manufacturing is the engine room for poverty alleviation and the
only means to
attainable development. As energy mix is shifting towards cleaner lower carbon
fuels driven by
environmental needs and technological advancement, meeting these challenges becomes
paramount for
Nigeria as a developing nation.
As at then, about 60KW generators satisfactorily took care of the energy demands in Lagos
which
obviously will not do the same today with a population close to 20 million in the same city
alone. By
1946, an undertaking that brought the establishment of Nigerian government electricity to
take over the
responsibility of energy supply was made under the jurisdiction of public works department.
The trend
continued as legislative council transferred electricity supply and development to Electricity
Corporation
of Nigeria, (ECN) and other bodies such as Native Authorities and Nigerian Electricity
Supply Company
(NESCO) and now unreliable or even defunct Power Holdings Company of Nigeria
(PHCN) obtained
licenses to produce electricity in other locations in Nigeria
Title: Energy situation in Nigeria and its influence on sustainable development drive.
Author: Donatus Anayo, Okpara.
Co-authors: Kapralova Daria and Anna Kurbatova.
Address: People’s Friendship University, Moscow. 117198. Miklukho-Maklaya Street 17,
Russia.
ABSTRACT:
The paper examines current Nigerian energy deficiency situation and the magnitude
effects it has on
sustainable development drive. Energy and economic growth in manufacturing and social
well-being are
mutually un-exclusive. A large population of over 160 million depends on less than 3000MW
supply of
electricity for industrial and socio-economic activities. And the power sector still faces high
energy losses
from generation to billing, management, insufficient cash collection and has pushed cost
maintenance to
government funding. As a result, only 10% of the rural households and less than
50% of the entire
country’s population have access to electricity. This management deficiency encourages the
use of fossil
fuel powered generators in all the homes and diesel generators for production, thereby
causing serious
environmental air pollutions, import of goods, and zero manufacturing innovation in the
economy among
others. This paper takes cognizance of the technical issues involved and suggests
how sustainable
development could reach its strategies if changes could occur soonest in the energy sector.
Key Words: Energy, economic manufacturing, sustainable development, Environmental
pollution, and
social well-being.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
A brief descriptive background of the energy sector in Nigeria.
The challenges of unstable energy productions and utilization in Nigeria are historical, dated
back
to 1896 when energy was first introduced into the Nigerian energy market in Lagos. We
recalled that this
happened fifteen years after it was done in England, (Claudius 2009). But the gap in
terms of energy
generation, economic growths and social well-being between these two environs are
huge today. To
achieve rapid growth in any economy means to improve growth of efficiency in the energy
sector of such
economy. Economic manufacturing is the engine room for poverty alleviation and the
only means to
attainable development. As energy mix is shifting towards cleaner lower carbon
fuels driven by
environmental needs and technological advancement, meeting these challenges becomes
paramount for
Nigeria as a developing nation.
As at then, about 60KW generators satisfactorily took care of the energy demands in Lagos
which
obviously will not do the same today with a population close to 20 million in the same city
alone. By
1946, an undertaking that brought the establishment of Nigerian government electricity to
take over the
responsibility of energy supply was made under the jurisdiction of public works department.
The trend
continued as legislative council transferred electricity supply and development to Electricity
Corporation
of Nigeria, (ECN) and other bodies such as Native Authorities and Nigerian Electricity
Supply Company
(NESCO) and now unreliable or even defunct Power Holdings Company of Nigeria
(PHCN) obtained
licenses to produce electricity in other locations in Nigeria
The challenges of unstable energy productions and utilization in Nigeria are historical, dated
back
to 1896 when energy was first introduced into the Nigerian energy market in Lagos. We
recalled that this
happened fifteen years after it was done in England, (Claudius 2009). But the gap in
terms of energy
generation, economic growths and social well-being between these two environs are
huge today. To
achieve rapid growth in any economy means to improve growth of efficiency in the energy
sector of such
economy. Economic manufacturing is the engine room for poverty alleviation and the
only means to
attainable development. As energy mix is shifting towards cleaner lower carbon
fuels driven by
environmental needs and technological advancement, meeting these challenges becomes
paramount for
Nigeria as a developing nation.
The challenges of unstable energy productions and utilization in Nigeria are historical, dated
back to 1896 when energy was first introduced into the Nigerian energy market in Lagos. We
recalled that this happened fifteen years after it was done in England, (Claudius 2009). But
the gap in terms of energy generation, economic growths and social well-being between
these two environs are huge today. To achieve rapid growth in any economy means to
improve growth of efficiency in the energy sector of such economy. Economic manufacturing
is the engine room for poverty alleviation and the only means to attainable development. As
energy mix is shifting towards cleaner lower carbon fuels driven by environmental needs and
technological advancement, meeting these cchallenges becomes paramount for Nigeria as a
developing nation.

As at then, about 60KW generators satisfactorily took care of the energy demands in Lagos
which obviously will not do the same today with a population close to 20 million in the same
city alone. By 1946, an undertaking that brought the establishment of Nigerian government
electricity to take over the responsibility of energy supply was made under the jurisdiction of
public works department. The trend continued as legislative council transferred electricity
supply and development to Electricity Corporation of Nigeria, (ECN) and other bodies such
as Native Authorities and Nigerian Electricity Supply Company (NESCO) and now
unreliable or even defunct Power Holdings Company of Nigeria (PHCN) obtained licenses to
produce electricity in other locations in Nigeria.

Presently, the Federal Government owns 100% of the transmission company, while its hold
on the generating companies is 20 per cent (with 80 per cent of equity sold to private
investors) and in the case of the distribution companies, in October, 2014, total number of
nine (9) has been sold, and government only sold 60 per cent and is still holding 40 per cent.
In other words, the transmission company of Nigeria (TCN) is 100 per cent owned,
generating companies (GENCOs) 20 per cent owned by the government and 80 per cent
private sector ownership, (Obatode, 2012 and Claudius 2011). The TCN is controlled by the
government (nonetheless, the management of TCN is handled by the Canadian company, the
Manitoba Hydro Company) whose contracts have not been renewed by this present
government. On the30th day of September 2013, the Federal Government handed over
certificates of ownership to prospective owners. Since then, the generation and distribution
of electricity have been transferred to the private investors
Despite all this, we are yet to see improvement. Nigerians continuously face an extreme
energy supply shortage. A critical condition that has brought all forms of economic kinetics
and development to a stand still. This deficiency is predominately multi-faceted, linking its
causes not only to structural, financial and sociopolitical actors but high-energy loss due to
lack of maintenance of deteriorating transmissions and distributing facilities poor metering
system and illegal connections in the overall management system thereby causing huge loss
to energy (Julia, Kola & Ikeme 2009). All these hinders human capital investment in
economic manufacturing and will affect sustainable development drive. Many national
policies around the world are working assiduously refocusing attention to better clean energy
initiatives to support their economic manufacturing and measure up in competing with the
global common future goal centered on industrial revolution to balance social, economic and
environmentall development as contained in the three pillars of the 2002 World Summit
Sustainable Development (WSSD) initiative.

1.2 GLOBAL TRENDS IN MODULAR WASTE/RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

Africa is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources. It has 1.1 Gigawatts of
hydropower capacity, 9000 Megawatt of geothermal potential and abundant biomass, solar
and significant wind potential (Karekezi and Ranja, 1997). The renewable energy resource
potential in Africa has not been fully exploited, mainly due to the limited policy interest and
investment levels. In addition, technical and financial barriers have contributed to the low
levels of uptake of Renewable Energy Technologies Africa (Karekezi and Ranja,1997).
There are, however, prospects for the wide scale development and dissemination of
Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa.

Recent interest in renewable energy in Africa is driven by, among others, the following
important developments. The first is the recent increase in oil prices, which, recently, peaked
to US $33.16 per barrel at a time when Africa convertible currency earning are very low due
to poor world market prices and decreased volumes of its commodity exports. Consequently,
it is estimated that in the year 2000, petroleum imports as a percentage of export earnings
doubled from about 15-20% to 30-40% for a number of African countries (AFREPREN,
2001).
The second important development that has increased interest in renewables in the region is
the recurrent crises faced by most power utilities in Africa. For example, in year 2000 alone,
Ethiopia Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania faced unprecedented power rationing which
adversely affected their economies.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

Waste is any substance or material which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn
out, contaminated or otherwise spoilt and as such lost its usefulness (Anifowose et al., 2011).
It could be in liquid or solid form and could be hazardous. These classification ranges from
garbage or refuse from homes and other places where human or animal lives exist. On the
other hand, solid waste as described by State of Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Conservation (2012) is any tangible and non-free flowing
unwanted materials or substance that results from human activities. It is referred to as
Municipal Solid Waste where its sources are generated from – commercial, agricultural, and
industrial operations (Singh et al., 2011). To this end, population growth and economic
development is a major contribution to solid waste generation in urban areas (The World
Bank, 2019). Thus, Municipal solid waste is usually generated from human settlements, small
industries, and commercial activities.

In Africa, rapid urban growth has exacted massive pressure on cities, towns and surrounding
areas (Aliyu & Amadu, 2017; Saghir & Santoro, 2018). This has led to increased urban waste
generation leading to health hazards, underground water pollution, and affected air and
aesthetic qualities (Mazhindu et al., 2012). The inability to properly manage these wastes
generated in developing countries such as Nigeria creates great concern (Amasuomo & Baird,
2016). Nigeria, with a population exceeding 180 million (National Bereau of Statistics, 2018)
is one of the largest producers of solid waste in Africa (Bakare, 2020). Despite a host of
policies and regulations, solid waste management in the country remains a huge challenge to
the authorities, stakeholders and the entire public.

It has been recorded that, Nigeria generates over 32 million tons of solid waste yearly, and
only a fraction is collected (Bakare, 2020). Most of these wastes are generated by households
and in some cases, by local industries, artisans and traders who litter the immediate
surroundings. Improper collection and disposal of municipal wastes has led to different levels
of environmental challenge such as blockade of sewers, drain networks and the choking of
water bodies (George, 2010). Although, the country lacks a well-coordinated waste
management system, Solid Waste Management (SWM) is under the purview of Ministry of
Environment at the Federal and State levels and Environmental Health Department at Local
Government level under established legislations and guidelines relating to waste
management. Some of these legislations include: the Harmful Waste Act (Special Criminal
Provisions, etc of 1988), the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement
Agency (NESREA)

2.1 TYPES OF WASTE SUITABLE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

A. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools
and other institutions. The major components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and
glass, although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are
small quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts
and discarded medicines and chemicals.
Atleast 150 million tons of solid are collected each year in the MENA region with the vast
majority disposed of in open fields and dumpsites. The major energy resource in municipal
solid waste is made up of food residuals, paper, fruits, vegetables, plastics etc. which make up
as much as 75 – 80 percent of the total MSW collected.
Municipal wastes can be converted into energy by thermochemical or biological
technologies. At the landfill sites the gas produced by the natural decomposition of MSW can
be collected, scrubbed and cleaned before feeding into internal combustion engines or gas
turbines to generate heat and power.
B. AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Agricultural wastes include encompasses all kind of crop residues such as bagasse, straw,
stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, pulp, stubble, etc. Large quantities of crop residues are
produced annually in the MENA region, and are vastly underutilized. Current farming
practice is usually to plough these residues back into the soil, or they are burnt, left to
decompose, or grazed by cattle. Agricultural residues are characterized by seasonal
availability and have characteristics that differ from other solid fuels such as wood, charcoal,
char briquette. Crop wastes can be used to produce biofuels, biogas as well as heat and power
through a wide range of well-proven technologies.
C. ANIMAL WASTE
The MENA countries have strong animal population. The livestock sector, in particular
sheep, goats and camels, plays an important role in the national economy of respective
countries. Many millions of live ruminants are imported each year from around the world. In
addition, the region has witnessed very rapid growth in the poultry sector. The biogas
potential of animal manure can be harnessed both at small- and community-scale. In the past,
this waste was recovered and sold as a fertilizer or simply spread onto agricultural land, but
the introduction of tighter environmental controls on odour and water pollution means that
some form of waste management is now required, which provides further incentives for
waste-to-energy conversion. The most attractive method of converting these waste materials
to useful form is anaerobic digestion.
D. WOOD WASTE
Wood processing industries primarily include sawmilling, plywood, wood panel, furniture,
building component, flooring, particle board, moulding, jointing and craft industries. Wood
wastes generally are concentrated at the processing factories, e.g. plywood mills and
sawmills. In general, processing of 1,000 kg of wood in the furniture industries will lead to
waste generation of almost half (45 %), i.e. 450 kg of wood. Similarly, when processing
1,000 kg of wood in sawmill, the waste will amount to more than half (52 %), i.e. 520 kg
wood. Wood wastes has high calorific value and can be efficiency converted into energy by
thermal technologies like combustion and gasification.
E. INDUSTRIALWASTE
The food processing industry in MENA produces a large number of organic wastes and by-
products that can be used as biomass energy sources. These waste materials are generated
from all sectors of the food industry with everything from meat production to confectionery
producing waste that can be utilised as an energy source. In recent decades, the fast-growing
food and beverage industry has remarkably increased in importance in major countries of the
region. Since the early 1990s, the increased agricultural output stimulated an increase in fruit
and vegetable canning as well as juice, beverage, and oil processing in countries like Egypt,
Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Wastewater from food processing industries contains
sugars, starches and other dissolved and solid organic matter. A huge potential exists for
these industrial wastes to be biochemically digested to produce biogas, or fermented to
produce ethanol, and several commercial examples of waste-to-energy conversion already
exist around the world.

2.2 WASTE-TO-ENERGY CONVERSION

Energy recovery from waste products is a process that converts non-recyclable waste into
valuable energy sources. The growing concern for environmental sustainability and the
increasing energy demand justifies the adoption of energy alternatives. Hence, finding ways
to generate energy from waste would help address some challenges, such as improving the
electricity access deficit.

According to a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) report,

Nigeria generates over 32 million tons of waste annually, accounting for 2.5 million tons of
plastic. Nigeria is among the top 20 nations that contribute 83 per cent of the total volume of
land-based plastic waste that ends up in the oceans. Waste often ends up on the streets or in
landfills without proper management. This leads to environmental degradation, flooding, and
health problems among affected populations.

Different waste management methods can produce energy, including incineration,

gasification, and anaerobic digestion. Incineration is the process of burning waste at high
temperatures to generate heat and electricity. Gasification, on the other hand, converts waste
into a gas that can produce energy. Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that converts
organic waste into biogas, which can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation.

Anaerobic digestion is most suitable for Nigeria, given that the average temperature range is
from 10°C to 35°C, with relatively long hot periods. There is, therefore, high solar energy
potential for anaerobic digesters as a clean development mechanism. In cold countries,
achieving optimum bacterial activity and biogas production requires a hydraulic retention
time of 15 to 20 days to run the digester. Nigeria and most West-African countries
significantly reduce this time to four to five days.

In other countries, waste-to-energy has made significant progress. For example, Europe has a
well-developed waste-to-energy industry, with Sweden leading the way. In 2018, Sweden
generated more than 50 per cent of its electricity from waste and other renewable sources.
China is also making great strides, with an estimated 72 waste-to-energy plants in operation
as of 2019.

Despite abundant waste and a rapidly growing population, Nigeria has not fully harnessed its
potential for waste-to-energy. Reasons for this include a lack of investments, inadequate legal
and regulatory frameworks, and a lack of awareness of the benefits of this form of alternative
energy source.

To fully attain the potential for waste-to-energy in Nigeria, the government must take more
proactive measures in promoting and regulating the industry. These measures could include
providing tax incentives for waste-to-energy companies, streamlining the permitting process,
and investing in education and outreach programmes to raise awareness of the benefits of
converting waste to energy. Conversely, the private sector also has a crucial role to play.
Companies must invest in technology by acquiring new equipment and retrofitting existing
facilities.

Additionally, the collaboration between the private and public sectors must be encouraged.
This would create a favourable regulatory environment and overcome the challenges
currently preventing the growth of Nigeria’s waste-to-energy industry. The waste conversion
potential in Nigeria is enormous. Therefore, the government’s attention must be drawn to
waste-energy-technology management methods, as it not only effectively manages the waste
by providing a clean and conducive environment for all but also has the additional benefit of
electricity generation.
 Fig.1 Waste to Energy conversion

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 UNDERSTANDING MODULAR ENERGY SYSTEMS
Modular energy systems refer to the design and implementation of energy infrastructure in a
modular, scalable fashion. This approach involves breaking down energy generation,
distribution, and storage into smaller, interconnected units that can be easily replicated and
combined to meet specific energy needs. Here's a breakdown of key aspects and benefits of
modular energy systems:

1. Flexibility and Scalability: Modular energy systems offer flexibility in design and
deployment. Energy needs vary across different locations and contexts, and modular systems
allow for customization and scalability to match specific requirements. This adaptability is
especially useful in remote or off-grid areas where traditional centralized energy
infrastructure may be impractical or costly to implement.
2. Resilience and Reliability: By decentralizing energy generation and distribution, modular
systems can enhance the resilience and reliability of energy supply. Distributed generation
sources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or small-scale generators, reduce dependence on
centralized power plants and transmission lines, thereby mitigating the impact of grid failures
or disruptions.

3. Integration of Renewable Energy: Modular systems are well-suited for integrating

renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These sources often
exhibit variability in output due to factors like weather conditions, but by combining different
renewable energy modules and incorporating energy storage solutions, such as batteries or
pumped hydro storage, it's possible to create more stable and reliable energy systems.

4. Cost Efficiency and Rapid Deployment: Modular energy systems can be cost-effective
compared to traditional centralized infrastructure, particularly in remote or underserved areas
where extending the grid is prohibitively expensive. The modular approach enables
incremental expansion based on demand, allowing for gradual investment and reduced
upfront costs. Additionally, standardized components and streamlined installation processes
can accelerate deployment timelines.

5. Smart Grid and Control Systems: Advancements in digital technologies and automation
enable smart grid functionalities within modular energy systems. Intelligent control systems
can optimize energy production, storage, and distribution in real-time, enhancing efficiency
and grid stability. Monitoring and analytics capabilities also facilitate proactive maintenance
and management, improving overall system performance and longevity.

6. Community Empowerment and Local Ownership: Modular energy systems empower

communities to take control of their energy supply and reduce reliance on external sources.
Localized generation and ownership models foster economic development, job creation, and
community resilience. Furthermore, community engagement and participation in decision-
making processes promote sustainable energy practices and environmental stewardship.

7. Environmental Sustainability: By leveraging renewable energy sources and promoting

energy efficiency measures, modular energy systems contribute to environmental
sustainability and climate change mitigation efforts. Reduced reliance on fossil fuels and
lower carbon emissions help mitigate the impacts of climate change and support the
transition to a low-carbon economy.
 3.1 TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTE-TO-ENERGY CONVERSION
Modular waste and renewable energy systems encompass a range of technologies designed to
generate energy from various sources, including waste materials and renewable resources.
These systems offer flexibility, scalability, and often easier deployment compared to
traditional centralized power plants. Here are some types of modular waste and renewable
energy systems:

1. Incineration: This is the most widely used WtE technology, which involves the
combustion of waste materials to produce heat, which is then used to generate electricity or
steam. Incineration can be used for both solid waste and hazardous waste and can reduce the
volume of waste by up to 90%.
2. Gasification: Gasification is a process that converts solid waste into gas, which is then used
to generate electricity or other forms of energy. This technology can be used for a variety of
waste types, including biomass, municipal solid waste, and hazardous waste.
3. Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis is a process that involves heating waste materials in the absence of
oxygen to produce gas, liquid, and solid products. The gas and liquid products can be used
as fuels, while the solid product can be used as a feedstock for other processes such as
gasification.
4. Anaerobic digestion: This is a biological process that involves the breakdown of organic
waste materials in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, which can be used to generate
electricity or heat. Anaerobic digestion can be used for a variety of organic waste types,
including food waste, animal manure, and sewage sludge.
5. Landfill gas recovery: This technology involves the collection of methane gas that is
generated by decomposing organic waste in landfills. The gas can be used to generate
electricity or heat or can be upgraded to natural gas quality for use as a transportation fuel.

WtE technologies have the potential to provide a range of environmental and economic
benefits. By reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill, these technologies can help to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, air, and water pollution, and the depletion of natural
resources. At the same time, WtE technologies can provide a source of renewable energy
that can help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and provide new economic opportunities.
REFERENCE
https://thenextier.com/the-potential-for-waste-to-energy/

Claudius A. Awosope, (2009)

Nigeria electricity industry:
issues, challenges and solutions.
Electrical and Electronics
Engineering. School of Applied
Engineering College of
Engineering,
Covenant University, Ota.
Claudius A. Awosope, (2009) Nigeria electricity industry: issues, challenges and solutions.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering. School of Applied Engineering College of
Engineering, Covenant University, Ota.
https://www.ecomena.org/renewable-energy-from-wastes/