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02 The Switch Statement C++

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32 views8 pages

02 The Switch Statement C++

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rehanasifofficial22
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202 Chapter 4 Making Decisions — 4.26 What will the following program display 4.25 The following statements use conditional expressions. Rewrite each with an if/ else statement. A) j= k> 907 572 12; B) factor = x >= 102 y #22: y* 35; C) total ++ count == 1? sales : count * sales; D) cout << (((num # 2) == 0) 2 Oda\.nn) 5 Even\a" Hinclude using namespace std; int main() 4 const int UPPER = 8, LOWER = 2; int numl, num, numd = 12, num nunl = nun < nun ? UPPER nun2 = numi > UPPER ? numd cout << numl << return 0; LOWER; LOWER; << numa << endl; 414) The switch Statement = CONCEPT: The switch statement lets the value of a variable or expression determine where the program will branch. A branch occurs when one part of a program causes another part to execute. ‘The if/else if statement allows your program to branch into one of several possible paths. It per forms a series of tests (usually relational) and branches when one of these tests is true. The ‘switeh statement is a similar mechanism, It, however, tests the value of an integer expres- sion and then uses that value to determine which set of statements to branch to, Here is the format of the switeh statement: switch (IntegerExpression) « case ConstantExpressiom // place one or more // statements here case Constantéxpression: // place one or more // statenents here // case statements may be repeated as many // times as necessary default: // place one or more // statenents here @ 9 4.14 The switch Statement The first line of the statement starts with the word switch, followed by an integer expres- sion inside parentheses. This can be either of the following a variable of any of the integer data types (including char) ‘+ an expression whose value is of any of the integer data types ‘On the next line is the beginning of a block containing several case statements. Each case statement is formatted in the following manner: case Constant Expression // place one or nore // statements here After the word case is a constant expression (which must be of an integer type), followed by a colon, The constant expression may be an integer literal or an integer named con- stant, The case statement marks the beginning of a section of statements. ‘The program branches to these statements if the value of the switch expression matches that of the case expression. WARNING! The expression of each case statement in the block must be unique. NOTE: The expression following the word case must be an integer literal or constant. It cannot be a variable, and it cannot be an expression such as x < 22 orn == 50. ‘An optional default section comes after all the case statements. The program branches to this section if none of the case expressions match the switch expression. So, it func tions like a trailing else in an it/eise if statement. Program 4-23 shows how a simple switch statement works. Program 4-23 “ “ Hing int ‘The switch statement in this program tells the user something he or she already knows: the data just entered elude ng namespace std; main() char choice; cout << "Enter A B, or Cr cin >> choice; switch (choice) 4 case 'N: cout << "You entered A.\n"; break; case ‘BY: cout << "You entered B.\n"; break; case 'C': cout << “You entered C.\n"; break; default: cout << “You did not enter A, B, or Cl\n"; > return 0; (program continues) 203 204 Chapter 4 Making Decisions Program 4-23 (continued) Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Enter &, 8, or C: B [Enter] You entered B. Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Enter A By or C: F [Enter] You did not enter a B, or Cl The first case statement is case * a’ :, the second is case‘ B':, and the third is case ‘crs. These statements mark where the program is to branch to if the variable choice contains the values * a ,* B', or* c’ . (Remember, character variables and literals are con- sidered integers.) The default section is branched to if the user enters anything other than A, B, or C. Notice the break statements that are in the case' A, case’ 3, and case'C’ sections. switch (choice) 4 case 'N:cout << "You entered A.\n"; break; <——— case 'B: cout << "You entered B.\n"; break; =——— case 'C':cout << "You entered C.\n"; break; <———— default: cout << "You did not enter A B, or CI\n! > ‘The case statements show the program where to start executing in the block and the break statements show the program where to stop. Without the break statements, the program. would execute all of the lines from the matching case statement to the end of the block. og NOTE: The default section (or the last case section, if there is no defauit) does not need a break statement. Some programmers prefer to put one there anyway, for consistency. Program 4-24 is a modification of Program 4-23, without the break statements. Program 4.24 // The switch statement in this program tells the user something // be or she already knows: the data just entered! Hinelude using namespace std; int main() chaz choice; 4.14 The switch Statement ) cout << "Enter AB, or C: "3 1 ein >> choice; // The following switch is 3 // missing its break statements! 24 switch (choice) ‘ case ‘A: cout << "You entered A\\ case 'B': cout << "You entered B.\ case 'C': cout << "You entered C.\ 19 default: cout << “You did not enter A, B, or Cl\n"; a) ai return 0; Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Enter Ay B, or C: AlEnter] You entered A You entered B. You entered c. You did not enter a B, or Ci Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Enter A 8, or C: [Enter] You entered c. You did not enter A B, or Cl Without the break statement, the program “falls through” all of the statements below the one with the matching case expression. Sometimes this is what you want. Program 4-25 lists the features of three TV models a customer may choose from. The Model 100 has remote control. The Model 200 has remote control and stereo sound. The Model 300 has remote control, stereo sound, and picture-in-a-picture capability. ‘The program uses a switch statement with carefully omitted breaks to print the features of the selected model, Program 4.25 1 // this program is carefully constructed to use the "fall through" // feature of the switch statement. 5 Hinelude | using namespace std; int main() 5 int medelNum; // Model number ) // Get a model number from the 21 cout << "Our Tvs come in three 2 cout << "The 100, 200, and 300. Which do you want? 5 ein >> model wuny (program continues) 205 206 Chapter 4 Making Decisions Program 4-25 (continued) // Display the model's features. cout << "That model has the following feature: switch (model Num ‘ case 300: cout << "\tPicture-in-a-picture. \n"; case 200: cout << “\tStereo sound. \n"; case 100: cout << “\tRemote con : break; default: cout << "You can only choose the 100, cout << "200, or 300. \n"; > return 0; » Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Our TVs cone in three models: The 100, 200, and 300. Which do you want? 100 [Enter] That model has the following features: Remote control. Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Our TVs cone in three models: The 100, 200, and 300. Which do you want? 200 [Enter] That model has the following feature Stereo sound. Remote control. Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Our TVs cone in three models: The 100, 200, and 300. Which do you want? 300 [Enter] That model has the following feature Picture-in-a-picture. Stereo sound. Remote control. Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold Our TVs cone in three model The 100, 200, and 300. Which do you want? 500 [Enter] That model has the following feature You can only choose the 100, 200, or 300. Another example of how useful this “fall through” capability can be is when you want the program to branch to the same set of statements for multiple case expressions. For instance, Program 4-26 asks the user to select a grade of pet food. The available choices are A,B, and C. The switch statement will recognize either upper or lowercase letters. Program 4.26 // The switch statement in this program uses the "fall through” // feature to catch both uppercase and lowercase letters entered // by the user. #include using namespace std; 4.14 The switch Statement 207 int main() a ¢ > char feedGrade; 10 11 // Get the desired grade of feed. 12 cout << "Our pet food is available in three grades: \n"; 1) cout << "A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for? "; 1) cin >> feedcrade; o 16 // Display the price. 17 switeh( feedGrade) as 19 case ‘a’ 20 case 'N': cout << "30 cents per pound. \n" 21 break; 22 case 'b’ 3 case 'B': cout << "20 cents per pound. \n" break; case 'C': cout << "15 cents per pound. \n" 7 break; 28 default: cout << "That is an invalid choice. \n"; 2} ) return 0; ay Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold our pet food is available in three grades: a, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for? b [Enter] 20 cents per pound. Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold our pet food is available in three grades: A, B, and C. Which do you want pricing for? B [Enter] 20 cents per pound. When the user enters’ a’ the corresponding ease has no statements associated with it, so the program falls through to the next case, which corresponds with. case "Ni cout << "30 cents per pound. \n"; break: The same technique is used for‘ b* and". Using switch in Menu Systems The switch statement is a natural mechanism for building menu systems. Recall that Program 4-18 gives a menu to select which health club package the user wishes to pur chase. The program uses if/else if statements to determine which package the user has selected and displays the calculated charges. Program 4-27 is a modification of that pro- ‘gram, using a switch statement instead of if/else if. 208 — Chapter 4 Making Decisions Program 4.27 1 // This program uses a switch statenent to determine 2 // the item selected from a menu. 3 finclude 4 #include 5 using namespace std; int main() at 2 int choice; // To hold a menu choice ) int months; // To hold the number of months 1 double charges; // To hold the monthly charges 5 // Constants for membership rates const double ADULT = 40.0, CHILD = 20.0, SENIOR = 30.0; // constants for menu choices 29 const int ADULT_CHOICE = 1, 0 CHILD_CHOICE = 2, a SENIOR CHOICE = 3, 22 urT_cHorce = 4; 24 // Display the menu and get a choice. 5 cout << "\t\tiealth Club Membership Menu\n\n" << "1. Standard Adult Membership\n’ 2 << "2. Child Membership\n" << "3, Senior Citizen Menbership\n' 29 <<"d. Quit the Program\n\n" 0 << "Enter your choice: "; 1 cin >> choice; J/ Set the nuneric output formatting. 1 cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision( 2); 5 // Respond to the user's menu selection. switch (choice) 4 case ADULT_CHOICE: 40 cout << "For how many months? "; a1 cin >> months; 42 charges = months * ADULT; 4 cout << "The total charges are charges << endl; 4 break; 16 case CHILD_CHOICE: a cout << "For how many months? "; 4 cin >> months; a charges = months * CBILD; 0 cout << "The total charges are 51 break; << charges << endl; 4.14 The switch Statement 209 53 case SENIOR_CHOICE: 34 cout << “For how many months? "; 35 cin >> months; 56 charges = months * SENIOR; 87 cout << "The total charges are $" << charges << endl; 58 break; 59 60 case QUIT_CHOICE: 61 cout << "Program ending. \n"; 62 break; 63 64 default: 65 cout << "The valid choices are 1 through 4. Rua the\a" 66 << "program again and select one of those. \n"; oy 63 69 return 0; yoy @& Checkpoint Mmyprogramminglab www.myprogramminglab.com 4.27 Explain why you cannot convert the following i#/else if statement into a switch statement, Lf (temp == 100) x= 0; else if (population > 1000) xe ap else if (rate <.1) xe 4.28 What is wrong with the following switen statement? switch (temp) 4 case temp <0: cout << "Temp is negative. \n"; break; case temp == 0: cout << "Temp is zero.\n"; break; case temp > 0: cout << "Temp is positive. \n"; break;

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