GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

<http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license

document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other func-
tional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying
it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License pre-
serves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while
not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works
of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements
the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published
as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose
purpose is instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed

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under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-
free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions
stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work.
Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You
accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring
permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications
and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers
or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Sec-
ondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could
be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters,
or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says
that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit
the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated
as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the
Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at
most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public,
that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text
editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for
drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input
to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable
for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or
discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy
that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
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using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,

PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of trans-
parent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include
proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word
processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or
PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent
appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of
the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses follow-
ing text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for
a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Ti-
tle” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains
a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but
only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these War-
ranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this
License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either com-
mercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright no-
tices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are
reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever
to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.
However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you dis-
tribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions
in section 3.
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You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Doc-
ument’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in
covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover
Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both
covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in
addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they pre-
serve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document number-
ing more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using public
has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin dis-
tribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy
will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after
the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents
or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them
a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Mod-
ified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling
the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must
do these things in the Modified Version:
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A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that
of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You
may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all
of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release
you from this requirement.

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to

the other copyright notices.

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving

the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of
this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to
it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of
the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section
Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year,
authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then
add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
sentence.

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on.
These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network
location for a work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to
gives permission.
6

K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Pre-

serve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the sub-
stance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their

text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
considered part of the section titles.

M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not

be included in the Modified Version.

N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or

to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices

that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections
as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in
the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for
example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by
an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover
Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and
one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made
by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same
entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that
added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections
of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve
all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and mul-
tiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if
known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History”
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”;
likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sec-
tions Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “En-
dorsements”.

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other docu-
ments released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the
collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim
copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH
INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from
the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users
beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in
8

an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate
which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies
of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket
the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if
the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed
covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invari-
ant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copy-
right holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sec-
tions in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You
may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions of those
notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation
and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original
version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedica-
tions”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (sec-
tion 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy,
modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from
a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until
the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b)
permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by
some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some
reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation
 9

of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the
violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this
License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated,
receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any
rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS

LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If
the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or
any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that
has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of
this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also pro-
vides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki
that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multi-
author Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of
copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corpo-
ration with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well
as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organiza-
tion.
10

“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in

part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License,
and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other
than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into
the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus
incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for

your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:

Copyright c YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to

copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no In-
variant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free
Documentation License”.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

replace the “with . . . Texts.” line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other com-
bination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we rec-
ommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free soft-
ware license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use
in free software.