ASURVEYL: MIDTERM EXAMINATION REVIEWER

LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

SURVEYING
- The art of determining the positions of points and making relatively large-scale and
accurate measurements of the earth’s surface.
- Determination of the measurement data, reduction, and interpretation of data to usable
form, and establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement
requirements.
SURVEYOR
- A professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise.
- (1) Determines, measures, and represents the land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields,
and trajectories (2) Assemble and interpret land/geographically related information (3) Uses
the information for planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea, and any
structures thereon (4) Conducts research into the above practices and develops them.

CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
Earth surface is considered as plane surface. Earth surface is considered as curve surface.
Survey accuracy is low. Survey accuracy is high.
Normal instruments like chains, measuring More precise instruments and modern
tape, theodolite, etc. technology like GPS.
Carried out for small area less than 250 sq. m. Carried out for area greater than 250 sq. m.
The triangle formed by any three points is The triangle formed by any three points is
considered as plane. considered as spherical.
The curvature of earth is ignored. The curvature of earth is taken to account.
Line joining any two stations is considered to Line joining any two stations is considered to
be straight. be spherical.

TYPES AND USES OF SURVEYING

CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS – surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide
data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, etc.
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS – surveys made to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas
underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
MINE SURVEYS – surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures and fix surface boundaries of mining claims.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS – surveys which make use of photographs taken with specially
designed cameras.
ROUTE SURVEYS – surveys which determine the alignments, grades, earthwork quantities,
location of natural and artificial objects in connections with the planning, design, and construction
of highways, railroads, and other linear objects.
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS – surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the
location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURVEY MAPS

CADASTRAL MAP – records showing the extent, value, and ownership of land. (Cadastre)
PLANIMETRIC MAP – a representation of the earth’s surface in two-dimensions only, useful in
indicating locations, horizontal distances, and finding directions.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a representation of the earth’s surface in three-dimensions, shows
features such as hills, valleys, streams, trees, and physical changes on the earth’s surface.
THEMATIC MAP – used to emphasize a single topic such as geology, population, crop production,
land use, and meteorological data.
HYDROGRAPHIC MAP – nautical chart showing depths of water, nature of bottom, contours of
bottom and coastline, and tides/currents in a given sea and land area.
COMPUTER-GENERATED MAP (CG) – electronic computer is now used to store cartographic
information in digital form that can be processed and retrieved in graphic form using automated
graphic system.
PHOTO MAP – reproduction of an aerial photograph or mosaic on which grid lines, contours,
boundaries, place, names, and marginal information have been added/overprinted.

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
TELESCOPE – was invented in 1607 and generally accredited to Lippershey in Netherlands. In
1909, Galileo designed a refracting telescope to determine astronomical observations.
SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR – used to measure and lay off angles and establish lines of sight by
employing peep sights and it consists of a semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees.
TRANSIT – the universal surveying instrument invented by Young and Drapper sometime in 1830
(United States), an optical instrument that is mounted on a tripod that is commonly used in
surveying and building.
PLANE TABLE – one of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping,
consisting of a board attached to a tripod that can be leveled or rotated to any desired directions.
VERNIER – a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instruments which
fractional parts of the least/smallest division of main scale can be determined precisely without
having to interpolate.
COMPASS – used for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines,
first introduced for uses in navigation. It consists of a magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot
at the center of a graduated circle.
SEXTANT – an instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body and
used in celestial navigation to determine latitude and longitude.
MEASURING TAPE - used in surveying to measure horizontal, vertical, and slope distances. It
consists of ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber class, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings.
AUTO LEVEL / DUMPY LEVEL – widely used in surveying and construction to measure height
differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known marks or objects. It comprises of a
telescope tube firmly held between two collars and adjusting screws.
THEODOLITE – an instrument that can measure both horizontal and vertical angles which allows
surveyors to “triangulate” the position of objects in a specific area.
TOTAL STATION – an optical instrument commonly used in construction, surveying, and civil
engineering and is useful for measuring horizontal and vertical angles as well as distances.
REAL TIME KINEMATIC – a highly accurate technique used to determine the position of a
receiver using the signal received from satellite-based positioning systems like:
GPS – USA
GALILEO – EUROPE
BEIDOU – CHINA
QUAZI-ZENITH – JAPAN
GLOBALNAYA NAVIGAZIONNAYA SPUTNIKOVAYA SISTEMA (GLONASS) – RUSSIA
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (DRONE) – an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or
passengers on board.

FIELD SURVEY PARTY

CHIEF OF PARTY – responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of
the survey party.
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF PARTY – assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task
assigned to the survey party and conducts ground reconnaissance and investigates sites of a
proposed project.
INSTRUMENT MAN – set up, level, and operate surveying instruments and makes sure that all
instruments are in good working condition and in proper adjustments.
TECHNICIAN – responsible for the operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work
operation and sees to it that this equipment is functioning properly, regularly calibrated, and in
proper adjustments. Also responsible for the two-way communication link by radio.
COMPUTER – perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational
checks required in a field work operation.
RECORDER – keeps a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observation taken or
needed for a field of work operation, keeps table of schedules of all phases of work, does clerical
tasks related to surveying in the office, and undertakes limited cartographic jobs.
HEAD TAPE MAN – responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with the
tape.
REAR TAPE MAN – assists the head tape man during taping operations and in other related
work.
FLAGMAN – holds the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrument
man.
ROD MAN – holds the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
PACER – check all linear measurements made by the tape man.
AXE MAN / LINE MAN – clears the line of sight of trees, brush, and other obstructions in wooden
country and is responsible for the security and safety of the members.
AID MAN – render first aid treatment to members who are involved in snake and insect’s bites,
accidents, and other cases involving their health, safety, and well-being.
UTILITY MEN – render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the
chief of party and is responsible for the handling and transporting of surveying equipment,
accessories, and supplies. Can also be designated as driver.
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
- Constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.
- TYPES OF NOTES
a. SKETCHES – drawn freehand and of liberal size; rarely made to exact scale and mostly
made approximately to scale.
b. TABULATIONS – applicable in a series of numerical values observed in the field.
c. EXPLANATORY NOTES – provide written description of what has been done on the
field.
d. COMPUTATIONS – most surveying-type computations are made algebraically by the
use of simple arithmetical steps and trigonometric functions.
e. COMBINATION – most extensive survey practice used, combination of the types of
notes.
- INFORMATION FOUND IN THE FIELD NOTEBOOK
a. TITLE OF THE FIELD WORK OR NAME OF THE PROJECT
b. TIME OF DAY AND DATE
c. WEATHER CONDITIONS
d. NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS AND THEIR DESIGNATION
e. LIST OF EQUIPMENT

LECTURE 2: HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

DISTANCE BY PACING
PACING
- Consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance.
- Defined as the length of a step-in walking and may be measured from heel to heel or from
toe to toe.
- Equation:

DISTANCE BY TAPING
TAPING
- The linear measurement of the horizontal distance between two points using a surveyor’s
tape.
- TWO TYPES OF PROBLEM: (1) unknown distance between fixed points and (2) laying out
a known distance with only the starting mark in place.
SLOPE TAPING
- Taped measurements may be made directly along the slopes when the ground is of uniform
inclination and smooth, rather than break tape every few meters.
- This very practical method is generally preferred since measurements could be made
quickly and more accurately than horizontal measurement.
- EQUATION:

d = horizontal distance
s = measured slope length
h = elevation/height
. = angle of inclination

LECTURE 3: ANGLE AND DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

MERIDIAN – a north-south line reference line; basis of direction which describes a line’s
orientation.

TYPES OF MERIDIANS
TRUE MERIDIAN – sometimes known as the astronomic or geographic meridian. This line passes
through the geographic north and south poles of the earth and observer’s position. Used for
making boundaries of land.
MAGNETIC MERIDIAN – a fixed line of reference which lies parallel with the magnetic lines of
force of the earth. Its direction is defined by a freely suspended magnetic needle of a compass
held at the observer’s position.
GRID MERIDIAN – a fixed line of reference parallel to the central meridian of a system of plane
rectangular coordinates and is applicable only on plane surveys of limited extent.
ASSUMED MERIDIAN – an arbitrarily chosen fixed line of reference which is taken from
convenience.

KINDS OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE

INTERIOR ANGLES – angles between adjacent line in closed polygon; may be measured
clockwise or counterclockwise; the sum of all interior angles must be equal to (n-2)180 deg.,
where n is the number of angles.
EXTERIOR ANGLES – located outside a closed polygon and are referred to as explements of
interior angles (difference between 360 degrees and any one angle).
DEFLECTION ANGLES – observed from an extension of the back line to the forward station.
ANGLES OF THE RIGHT – measured clockwise from the preceding line to the succeeding line;
azimuths from back line and can either be interior or exterior angles of ac closed polygon traverse.

UNITS OF ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

DEGREE – sexagesimal system used in which the circumference of a circle is divided into 360
parts of degrees.
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
GRAD – a unit of measure in the centesimal system.
400 grads = 360 degrees
MILS – commonly used in military operations as in fire direction of artillery units.
6400 mils = 360 degrees
RADIAN – one radian is defined as the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc length
exactly equal to the radius of the circle; sometimes referred to as the natural unit of angle since
there is no arbitrary number in its definition,
2 π rad = 360 degrees
BEARING
- the acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the line.
- A quadrantal system; North-East, South-East, North-West, and South-West.
AZIMUTH
- Its direction as given by the angle between the meridian and the line measured in clockwise
direction from either north or south branch of the meridian.
- May range from 0 to 360 degrees and letters are not required to identify quadrants.
AZIMUTH BEARING
Vary from 0 to 360 degrees. Vary from 0 to 90 degrees.
Require only a numerical value. Require two letters and numerical value.
May be geodetic, astronomic, magnetic, grid, May be geodetic, astronomic, magnetic, grid,
assumed, forward, or back. assumed, forward, or back.
Are measured clockwise only. Are measured clockwise and
counterclockwise.
Are measured from north only or south only on Are measured from north or south.
a particular survey.