ROOTS
OF
POLYNOMIAL
EQUATIONS.
Further Mathematics Pure 1
1. The cubic equation 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 10 = 0 has roots α , 𝛽 and 𝛾.
i) Find the value of (α + 1) (𝛽 + 1) (𝛾 +1). [4]
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ii) Find the value of (𝛽 + 𝛄)(𝛾 + 𝛼)(𝛼 + 𝛽) [4]
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2. The roots of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 are a, 𝛽 and 𝛾.
1 1 1 1
i) By using the substitution 𝑦 = , find the cubic equation with the roots 2 , , 2. [3]
𝑥2 𝑎 𝛽2 𝛾
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1 1 1
ii) Hence find the value of + + . [1]
𝛼2 𝛽2 𝛾2
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1 1 1
iii) Find also the value of + + . [1]
𝛼2𝛽2 𝛽2 𝛾2 𝛾2 𝛼2
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3. By finding a cubic equation whose roots are α, β and γ, solve the set of simultaneous equations. [8]
α + β + γ = -1,
α2 + β2 + 𝛾2 = 29,
1 1 1
+ + = -1
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
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4. Find the cubic equation with roots α, β and γ such that
α + β + γ = 3,
α2 + β2 + γ2 = 1,
α3 + β3 + γ3 = -30,
giving your answers in the form 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are integers to be found.
[6]
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5. The cubic equation
𝑧3 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 5 = 0
has roots α, β and γ. Show that the value of 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 + 𝛾 3 is 19. [4]
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Find the value of 𝛼 4 + 𝛽4 + 𝛾 4. [2]
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1
𝛼−1 𝛽−1 𝛾−1
Show that the cubic equation with roots 𝛼 , and may be found using the substitution 𝑧=1 −𝑥 , and
𝛽 𝛾
find this equation, giving your answer in the form 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 = 0, where 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and 𝑠 are constants to be
determined. [4]
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1
6. The roots of the cubic equation 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7 = 0 are α, β and γ. Using the substitution 𝛾 =1+ , or
𝑥
1 1 1
otherwise, find the cubic equation whose roots are 1 + , 1 + 𝛽 and 1 + 𝛾 , giving your answer in the form
𝛼
𝑎𝑦 3 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑑 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are constants to be found. [4]
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7. a) The cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are integers, has roots α, β and γ, such that
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 15,
𝑎2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 = 83.
i) Write down the value of 𝑝 and find the value of 𝑞. [3]
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ii) Given that α, β and γ are all real and that 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 = 36, find α and hence find the value of 𝑟. [5]
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b) The quartic equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0, where 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are real constants, has two pairs of equal roots.
Show that 𝑝2 + 4𝑟 = 0 and state the value of 𝑞. [6]
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8. The roots of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 are α, β and γ. Find the values of
1
i) (𝛼𝛽)(𝛽𝛾)(𝛾𝛼),
1 1 1
ii) + + ,
𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾 𝛾𝛼
1 1 1
iii) + +
𝛼 2 𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛽 2 𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾2
[6]
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1 1 1
b) Deduce a cubic equation, with integer coefficients, having roots ,
𝛼𝛽 𝛽𝛾
and
𝛾𝛼
. [2]
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9. a) The roots of the quartic equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 are α, β, γ and δ. Find the values of
i) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 [1]
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ii) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 [2]
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1 1 1 1
iii) + + + [2]
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿
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𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿
iv) + + + [2]
𝛽𝛾𝛿 𝛼𝛾𝛿 𝛼𝛽𝛿 𝛼𝛽𝛾
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b) Using the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, find the quartic equation in 𝑦. Solve this quartic equation and hence find the
roots of the equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0. [7]
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10. The equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0, where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants, with 𝑞 ≠ 0, has one roots which is the reciprocal of
another root. Prove that 𝑝 + 𝑞 2 = 1. [5]
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11. The equation
8𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 21 = 0,
where 𝑘 is a constant, has roots 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑. Find the numerical values of the roots and determine the value of 𝑘.
[8]
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12. The roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 are α, β, γ and δ; the sum 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 + 𝛾 𝑛 + 𝛿 𝑛 is denoted by
𝑆𝑛 . By using the relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , or otherwise, show that 𝛼 2 , 𝛽 2 , 𝛾 2 and 𝛿 2 are the roots of the equation
𝑦 4 − 8𝑦 3 + 12𝑦 2 + 7𝑦 + 4 = 0. [3]
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State the value of 𝑆2 and hence show that
𝑆8 = 8𝑆6 − 12𝑆4 − 72 [3]
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13. The cubic equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 has roots α, β, γ. Given that 𝑐 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾, state the value of 𝑐.
Use the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑐 − 𝑥 to find a cubic equation whose roots are α + β, β + γ, γ + α. [4]
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14. The cubic equation 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 has roots α, β, γ.
i) Let 𝑢 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝑦. Show that 𝑢 + 2𝑎 = 1, and hence find a cubic equation having roots −𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝑦, 𝛼 − 𝛽 +
𝑦, 𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝑦. [5]
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ii) State the value of αβγ and hence find the cubic equation having roots , , . [5]
𝛽𝛾 𝛾𝛼 𝛼𝛽
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ANSWERS :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a)
b)
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
