Philosophy

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Week 7 - Sometimes, humans adopt an exploitive attitude
Human Person whenever nature is merely considered as an
- A human person is a living being that contains a real instrument for one’s profit or gain.
and existing to direct its own development toward
fulfillment through perfect, unconditional, and infinite Some Effects Of Antropocentric Model
Truth, Love, Goodness, Beauty, and Unity, and will do • Earth Pollution
so if all the proper conditions are met. • Stronger Typhoons
• Famine
Environment • Soil Erosion
- Environment is the place, people, things and nature
that surround any living organism. It is our basic life 2. ECOCENTRIC MODEL
support system. It provides the air we breathe, the water - Ecocentric model, the ecological or relational integrity
we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live. It of the humans provides meaning of our morals and
is a combination of natural & human made phenomena. values, and it is nature centered.
- Devoted to preserving the totality of earth’s biodiversity
Paradigm Shift and the functioning of its life-supporting system.
- The speculation of the pre-Socratic philosophers - Categories Included in an Econcentric Model
represent. • Nature
- a change from mythical explanation of the origins of • Wild
the cosmos to a more rational explanation. • Holism
- An example of a paradigm shift is when the Catholic
• Nature/Cosmos
Church and medieval scholar mistakenly thought the
• Body
earth is flat, until Magellan’s expedition and the age of
exploration proved this view wrong. • Relational
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• Ecology over/against humans
The philosophers looked for the underlying laws of
nature. They wanted to understand the scientific NOTICING DISORDER IN THE UNIVERSE
progress by studying the nature itself, and not by - The domination of humanity is linked to the domination
listening to the stories about the gods. of nature based on anthropocentric model.
- An unfair or unjust utilization of the environment results
Though not as sophisticated in the 21st century in ecological crises and disasters.
standard, the pre-Socratic philosophers represent the - From this view, it follows that human arrogance toward
first and scientific intellectual attempt to study the nature is justifiable in order to satisfy human interests.
origins of the universe. - Sometimes, humans adopt an exploitable attitude
whenever nature is merely considered as an instrument
Lao Tzu for one’s profit or self-interest.
- On of the most prominent philosophers of nature is Lao - For example, quarrying or cutting age old trees
Tzu. The founder of Taoism, Lao Tzu compare the Tao justify our exploitative attitude toward nature.
or The Way to water, heaven, emptiness of vessel, color,
music and flavor, and even to weakness. Philippine Star Article
- "A legislated moratorium on open-pit mining is
Two Main Frame Works urgently needed because President Duterte's
1. Anthropocentric Model pronouncements of an open-pit mine ban, along with
- Based on the Anthropocentric model, humans are former Environment Secretary Gina Lopez's
superior and central to the universe, thus it is human Department Administrative Order and local ordinances,
centered. are being defied by mining corporations," Kalikasan
- Categories Included In An Anthropocentric Model People’s Network for the Environment national
• Human coordinator Leon Dulce said in a release.
• Culture - A moratorium is a temporary suspension of an activity
• Individualism or a law until future events warrant lifting the suspension
or related issues have been resolved
• Mind
- “The ecosystems and landscapes devastated by 25
• Calculative
years of open-pit mining under the Mining Act must
• Human over/against environments likewise be given 25 years of relief from such destructive
• Global/technology methods,” Center for Environmental Concerns -
Philippines executive director Lia Alonzo said in a
- The domination of humanity is linked to the domination release.
of nature based on the anthropocentric model. An unfair - “We must learn from our bitter experiences of
or unjust utilization of the environment result to ecologically disruptive open-pit mining such as in the
ecological crisis. From this view, it follows that Oceanagold mine in Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya and the
human arrogance toward nature is justifiable in Philex Padcal mine in Benguet.”
order to satisfy human interest. - Current researches by Zimmerman (1994), Elgin
(2009), and Pettman (2012), exposed the
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environmental consequence of international political- - In 2004, indigenous grandmothers who represented
economic specialization for specific countries and different tribes from the Arctic Circle, Nepal, and
global regions. Tibet, held a meeting to be able to preserve the
community.
Research also shows the implications for both abuses - Deeply concerned with the destruction of Mother
of natural resources and of the generation of wastes and Earth, including the contamination of air, water, and soil;
emissions. war; poverty; and destruction of the indigenous life, they
have committed themselves to form an alliance that will
Numerous concepts and indicators have been used to embrace prayer, education, and healing for our Mother
understand environmental impact such as carbon Earth, for all her inhabitants, and for future generations.
footprint.
UDHR of Indigenous Peoples
Carbon Footprint - Recognizing that respect for indigenous
- A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse knowledge, cultures and traditional practices
gas emissions that come from the production, use and contributes to sustainable and equitable development
end-of-life of a product or service. and proper management of the environment.
- Usually, the bulk of an individual’s carbon footprint will - Article 29 Sect. 1: Indigenous peoples have the right
come from transportation, housing and food. to the conservation and protection of the environment
- Carbon Footprint has Eight Categories and the productive capacity of their lands or territories
• Construction and resources. States shall establish and implement
• Shelter assistance programmes for indigenous peoples for such
• Food conservation and protection, without discrimination.
• Clothing
• Mobility Week 8
• Manufactured Good Appreciating Beauty of Nature
• Services Ancient Thinkers
• Trade Milesians
- Early Greek Philosophers, the Milesians, regarded
- If humanity overworks the soil and substitutes nature as spatially without boundaries, that is, as
domesticated species of plants and animals for wild infinite or indefinite in extent.
ones, human made changes threaten the health of
nature. Anaximander
- Unlike the changes brought by the evolutionary - One ancient thinker, Anaximander, employed the
process, human interventions have swift and even term “boundless” to convey further thought that nature
violent effects on nature. is indeterminate- boundless in the sense that no
- Study from the World Wildlife Fund blames human boundaries between the warm and cold or the moist and
activities for drastic decline in wildlife population. Due to dry regions are originally present within it.
hunting and fishing, 52% of wildlife population - According to Anaximander’s sketch of the genesis of
deteriorated. the world (cosmogony), the evolution of the world
- The study then establishes that the damage is not begins with the generation of opposites in a certain
inevitable but a consequence of our choices. region of nature.
- Accordingly, humanity needs to develop an ecological
conscience based on individual responsibility. Pythagoras
- Ecologists challenge us to adapt a lifestyle that - Another ancient philosopher, Pythagoras, described
involves simple living that honors the right of all life the universe as a living embodiment of nature’s order,
forms to live, flourish, and create rich diversity of human harmony, and beauty.
and non-human life. - He sees our relationship with universe involving
biophilia (love of the living things) and cosmophilia
(love of other living beings).
- Pythagorean beliefs such as vegetarianism,
abstinence, refusal to eat beans, refusal to wear animal
skins, celibacy, self-examination, immortality, and
reincarnation were conceived by the author as ethical
and ecological.

Chinese Cosmic
- The Chinese cosmic conception is based on the
assumption that all happens in the universe is a
continuous whole like a chain of natural consequences.
- All events in the universe follow a transitional process
due to yin and yang.
- The universe does not proceed forward but revolves
without beginning or ending.
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- There is nothing new under the sun; the new is a - Deep ecologists encourage humanity to shift from
repetition of the old. anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.
- A human beings happiness lies in his conformity with
nature or tao; the wise, therefore, conforms with tao B. SOCIAL ECOLOGY
and is happy. - Social ecology is the study of how individuals interact
- "The Tao, or the Way, is the approach in accord with with and respond to the environment around them, and
the flow of Nature. The basic idea of the Taoists is to how these interactions affect society and the
enable people to realize that, since human life is really environment as a whole.
only a small part of a larger process of nature, the - The concept of social ecology was introduced by an
human life which makes sense are those which are in environmental activist named Murray Bookchin.
harmony with nature.
- Mt. Qiyun garden serves as a symbol of Taoism. Murray Bookchin
- He was an ecologist and believed there was a better
Modern Thinkers approach to the study. In his paper "What is Social
Immanuel Kant Ecology?", he argues environmentalists are too
- In his third critique, Critique of Judgement, Immanuel focused on studying the individual symptoms of a
Kant expressed that beauty is ultimately a symbol of problem rather than addressing the problem itself—
morality. the belief that humans can and should control
- According to Kant, we must ignore any practical motive nature.
or inclination that we have and instead contemplate the
object without being distracted by our desires. 3. ECOFEMINISM
- We should try our best to be free of our biases when - It is also called ecological feminism, branch of
we analyze opinions and express our ideas. For feminism that examines the connections between
instance, one should not be tempted to plunge into women and nature. Its name was coined by French
the water in a seascape portrait. feminist Francoise d’Eaubonne in 1974.
- The beautiful encourages us to believe that nature and - A philosophical idea that combines feminism and
humanity are part of an even bigger design. ecology concerns, emphasizing that both suffer from
- Kant believed that that orderliness and the harmony their treatment by a male dominated society.
of nature with our faculties guide us toward a deeper - Comes from the idea that women and nature have
religious perspective. significant connection, since women most often have a
- The vision of the world is not limited to knowledge close association with nature in many societies due to
and freedom or even to faith in the ordinary sense of the the nature of their traditional roles.
term. It is a sense of cosmic harmony.
Demonstrating The Virtues Of Prudence And
Understanding The Environment Refers Our Frugality Toward Environment
Relationship To Ecology And Nature Fromm proposed a new society that encourages the
Herbert Marcuse emergence of a new human being that will foster
- For Herbert Marcuse, humanity has dominated prudence and moderation of frugality toward the
nature. environment.
- There can only be change if we also change our 1. The willingness to give up all forms of having
attitude toward our perception of the environment. in order to fully be.
2. Being fully present where one is.
George Mead 3. Trying to reduce greed, hate and illusions as
- For George Mead, as human beings, we do not only much as one is capable.
have rights but duties. 4. Reaching the full growth of oneself and of
- In other words, rights contain in them duties. one’s fellow beings as the supreme goal of
- When a person claims that he has a right over living.
something, then he automatically does his duties 5. Not deceiving others, but also not being
related to the maintenance of these rights. deceived by others; one may be called
innocent, but not naïve.
Republic Act 10066: National Cultural 6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but the
Heritage Act of 2009 possibility to be oneself, not as a bundle of
- This law aims to protect, preserve, conserve and greedy desires, but as a delicately balanced
promote the nation's cultural heritage, its property and structure that at any moment is confronted with
histories, and the ethnicity of local communities. the alternatives of growth or decay, life or death.
7. Happiness in the process of ever-growing
Environmental Theories That Show Care For The aliveness, whatever the furthest point is that
Environment fate permits one to reach, for living as fully as
A. DEEP ECOLOGY one can is so satisfactory that the concern for
- In this theory ecological crisis is an outcome of what one might or might not attain has little
anthropocentrism. chance to develop.
- The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to 8. Joy comes from giving and sharing, not from
nature when in fact, humanity is part of nature. hoarding and exploiting.
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9. Developing one’s capacity for love, together - What we write down
with one’s capacity for critical, unsentimental
thought.
10. Shedding one’s narcissism and accepting Divine Law
that tragic limitations are inherent in human - This law is concerned with those standards that must
existence be satisfied by a human being to achieve eternal
salvation.
Week 9 - Example: Holy Bible of Christians
Freedom of the Human Person - A manual sent to us
- To be free is a part of humanity’s authenticity.
- Understanding freedom is part of our transcendence. Eternal Law
- Example: Achieving dreams despite being poor. - is the decree of God that governs all creation. It is the
law which is the Supreme Reason cannot be
All Actions Have Consequence understood to be otherwise than unchangeable and
A. ARISTOTLE: The Power of Volition eternal.
- The power to make your own choice or decisions - Which all others Laws are derived
- The imperative quality of a judgement of practical - The designer’s plan
intellect is meaningless apart from will.
- There is no intellect if there is no will. C. Thomas Aquinas’ Spiritual Freedom
- Humanity’s “free will” is an instrument of free choice.
- It is within the power of everyone to be good or bad, ACTIONS
worthy or worthless. (GOOD OR EVIL)

Moral Acts CONSCIENCE

- are in our power, and we are responsible for them.
- “Moral” is concerned with the principles of right and
wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human
character. GOD’S
- “Immoral” is referring to conduct, applies to one who LOVE
acts contrary to or does not obey or conform to
standards of morality and right reason.
For Aristotle human being is rational.
- Humans are created to reason and are inclined to
reason. D. Jean Paul Sartre: Individual Freedom
- Humans are made according to the characteristics of - Sartre - He is one of the existentialist who does not
God. believed in God
- Though reasons rule over will, our will is an instrument - Human person is the desire to be God: the desire to
of free choice turning into action. exist as being which has its
- Reason will and action drive each other. sufficient ground in itself.
- The destiny of man is placed within himself.
B. Thomas Aquinas: Love is Freedom
- Humans are the only creature on earth endowed with E. Thomas Hobbes: Theory of Social
the capacity to reshape their physical environment and Contract
civilization according to their thoughts, plans, and - People are solely motivated by either, self
beliefs. preservation , power, pleasure • Man is intrinsically
- Humans are moral agents selfish
- In the plan of God, a human being has to develop and - Must follow Government without question
perfect himself by doing his daily tasks.
F. Jean – Jacques Rousseau: Theory of
Aquinas’ Fourfold Classification of Law Social Contract
Natural Law - He is one of the most famous and influential
- is comprised of those precepts of the eternal law that philosophers of the French Enlightenment in the
govern the behavior of beings possessing reason and eighteenth century.
free will. - The state owes its origin to a social contract freely
- imperative to do good and avoid evil. entered into by its members
- Example: Parents should take care of their children. - Both Rousseau and Hobbes have one thing in
- What we observe common, that is, they believe that human beings have
to form a community or civil society to protect
Human Law themselves from one another.
- promulgated by human beings - Rousseau believed that a human being are born free
- is valid only insofar as its content conforms to the and good. But society, civilization, and learning corrupts
content of the natural him as he progresses.
law.
- Example: Government Laws/Civil Laws
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- 20th century gave rise to the importance of the
individual the opposite of medieval though that was
God.
Week 10 - For Ayn Rand, individual mind is the tool for economic
Evaluating and Exercising Prudence of Choices progress, since the mind is important, the sector that
B.F Skinner molds it should not be controlled by the government.
- The environment selects which is similar with natural - According to Rand, individual freedom should be
selection. aligned with economic freedom.
- Skinner maintained behavior is shaped and - The Filipino “sakop” or harmony can be a helping value
maintained by its consequences. to the full development of the Filipino if he opens up to
- He believes in operant conditioning in which there is a embrace the whole Philippine society.
punishment and reward. - However, there are cases where the Filipino sakop
may adversely affect the social and financial status of
Yelon the moving up the social ladder.
- accepted that behavioral psychology overanalyzed the - For instance, the more well-off members of a family
words “rewards” and “punishments”. share their gains with their relatives or friends in need.
- There should be balance in our relationship with others - However, sometimes, the beneficiaries of the
and the environment. monetary assistance (utang or loan) use the money for
- In our dealing with fellow human beings, there is the non-essential (e.g. gambling) when there are more
strong and obvious important concerns that should be prioritized (e.g.
temptation to blame the environment if they do not saving).
conform to our experiences. - Hence, because of the Filipino sakop, those who better
- Life is full of paradoxes. Nobody should control it. off must inspire the morale of the family members to be
We have to be open to life, learn to accept, and live with more responsible.
paradoxes. - Likewise, family members should consider sakop
- Learning with contradictions is not the same as living seriously to support themselves financially and socially
in contradictions. so as to not squander the help bestowed on them.
- The paradoxes account for the reasons why life cannot - Moreover, they must come to realize that their personal
be held still. worth and dignity are not exterior to themselves; it is
- In the spirituality of imperfection, we learn to accept found not in the body of the sakop but in one’s kalooban.
that life, our environment, is both “evil” and “good”. - If these are fulfilled, the Filipinos shall not only be
- We learn to be flexible and adaptable better persons but a better nation with sound economy.
- “We must not only adapt, we also have to adopt.” - A leader or manager with magandang kalooban is not
passive but plays an active role in economic
development.
- Leaders should not only focus on the impact of job
performance but also treat every individual worker as a
person and not as an object.
- Filipinos can attain a sound economy through
integrative system such as there is support and help
among units of organizations within a company.
- To make up for the inferiority complex of Filipinos, a
good Filipino leader/manager must encourage fellow
Filipinos to believe in themselves so that they can
bounce back as an economic power.
- Rand presupposed that greater creativity will be
- Indeed, the theory of freedom has negative and achieved if the government will minimize influence on
positive tasks. individuals.
- Our lives should not be merely controlled by rewards - Filipinos should take the initiative by following Rand’s
and punishments. suggestion and adapting individualism in the values
- According to Yelon, punishment is an educative system.
measure, and as such is a means to the formation of - Individualism will provide Filipinos an opportunity to be
motives, which are in part to prevent the wrongdoer from more aware of their capacity to harness fully their
repeating the act and in part to prevent others from strengths and to commit themselves to life.
committing a similar act. - Individualism reinforces kasarinlan (self-sufficiency) as
- Indeed, the environment plays a significant part in our such it discourages subservience from external control
lives. However, since the Stone Age, we have proven of higher than itself.
that are not completely under its mercy. - Kasarinlan promotes entrepreneurship, which
- As Plato believed, the soul of every individual minimizes foreign control of Filipinos.
possesses the power of learning the truth and living in a - Other than entrepreneurship, individualism also
society that is accordance to its nature. prioritizes self-help concept.

Consequences Of Our Choices

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- Furthermore, for Andres (1986), the spirit of self-help - They believe in the notion of concrete experience/
is the root of all authentic growth in rural development, existence of the human person. One must not lose sight
which is a source of national productivity and efficiency. of one’s self in concrete experience.
- As a result, entrepreneurship and countryside - Both of them refuse to regard the human person as
development economically and politically emancipate composite of some kinds of dimensions, such as
Filipinos from local and foreign interventions. animality and rationality.
- Moreover, Filipinos learn to be self-sufficient which - For Buber and Wojtyla, the human person is total, not
leads to self-respect and consequently, enhances the dual.
Filipinos’ amor propio (pride and respectability). Martin Bubber
- Education has its own part to fulfill in giving importance - For Buber, the interpersonal is signified by I-You
to individual students and in the promulgation of the relations.
concept of individualism. Karol Wojtyla
- Mounting a continuing education among Filipinos, - For Wojtyla, the social dimension is represented by We
education should not shape the student’s mind passive. relations.
- Educators should be aware of the individual talents of
the students, the difference in their family background, - What are these two philosophers are emphasizing is
gifts, and capabilities. that life, people, and experiences are connected to us
- Rand opposed that the main task of education is to and we are connected to them.
teach students how to be trained in theories and - We must nurture, understand, and develop these
concepts. connections so that we get to live a full file filed with joy,
- The students have to be taught eventually the energy, entrepreneurship, and creativity.
knowledge discovered in the past so that they will be
equipped to acquire further knowledge of their own Martin Bubber
effort. I-THOU I-IT
- However, individualism should be tied to social In Buber’s work “I and In contrast to the realm
responsibility and should not be just tayo-tayo or kami- Thou” (Ich and Du), he of meeting and dialogue,
kami. conceived the human Bubber cited the I-It
- Our own individuality should interact with the person in wholeness, relationship.
individuality of others. totality, concrete
- In this light, every Filipinos should be given equal existence, and
chance to cultivate their talents that inevitably contribute relatedness to the world.
to the development of society. I-Thou philosophy is This I-It relationship is
- Furthermore, as individuals who are free, Filipinos about human person as a person to thing,
should recognize their own brand of uniqueness, subject, being different subject to object that is
instead of copying foreign cultures. from things or form merely experiencing and
- Loob does not only develop the self of an individual but objects. using; lacking
also the welfare of others. directedness and
- For Rand, advocationg, Aristotle, reason and will are mutuality.
part of being human.
In other words, a person An example of the I-It
- Specifically, the 1986 EDSA Revolution is evidence of
finds meaning and relationship is the
the Filipinos’ exercise of reason and political will.
purpose in the world on socioeconomic plight of
how and why he relates women and children.
Remembering the 1986 EDSA Revolution
with the people, objects, Sexual harassment and
- Miranda View the 1986 EDSA Revolution as a
and experiences in the oppression are crime
redeeming event and not as fate. The person, basing
world he belongs to. against women and
his action through reason, is free and not a servant of
children continue to
anyone.
escalate.
In other words, a person Children are sexually
Week 11 finds meaning and exploited by foreign
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
purpose in the world on tourist with the full
- Refers to the experience and meaning of the
how and why he relates knowledge of their
interhuman encounter.
with the people, objects, parents, in exchange of
- Intersubjectivity opens us up the nature of
and experiences in the cash.
commitment, the value of others and the reality of love
world he belongs to.
as the highest form of recognition.
Karol Wojtyla
Intersubjectivity as Ontology: The Social
- Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) addressed the
Dimension of Self
challenges facing religion, utilizing mass media to
- Both Martin Bubber and Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul
transform spiritual consciousness.
II) were influenced by their religious roots and
- In his encyclical letter, Fides et ratio, he criticized the
experiences.
traditional definition of human as “rational animal”.
- He maintain that the human person is the one who
exist and acts (conscious acting, has a will, has self-
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determination. For Pope John Paul II, actions reveal the - Through experience, the seeker overcomes the
nature of the human agent. worldly attachments.
- It means we are- our identity, our character, our
personality- is shown through our behavior, actions, and Appreciating the Talents and Contribution of
choices. “We are what we do” Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and those from
Underprivileged Sectors of Society
- As Augustine of Hippo said “No human being should
become an end to himself/herself. We are responsible On PWDs
to our neighbors as we are to our own actions”. - For parents with PWD children, the process of
- Augustine emphasized that a person can pursue self- recognizing and identifying the handicap will include the
development and gain only if it means his fellow man feelings of shock, bewilderment, sorrow, anger, and
can also received good from his actions. guilt.
- We participate in the communal life (We). Our notion - The term “person with disability” (PWD) is used
of the neighbor and fellow member is by participating in instead the word “disabled person” because this term
the humanness of the other person “I-You”. maintains the dignity and value of the person.
- Participate means thinking our skills, knowledge, and - “Disable person” implied that the personhood of the
resources can improve the quality of life and happiness individual is broken and problematic, when in fact, it is
our fellow man. only his body that has a disability.
- Whether it pertains to deafness or spirited children, the
Weltanschauung denial is universal.
- a particular philosophy or view of life; the worldview of - During the diagnosis, isolation of affect occurs when
an individual or group. the parents intellectually accept deafness of their
- For example, Filipinos want to be in harmony or sakop children.
with others and nature. - The loss should require mourning or grief; otherwise,
- The weltanschauung or diwa of Filipinos vis-à-vis something is seriously wrong.
thinking is nondual. - Feeling of impotence or questioning “Why me?” are
- A Filipino has the harmony-with-nature orientation. In some feelings of ambivalence regarding a child’s
short, the Filipino is interpersonalist, who would fulfill the condition.
sakop. - Some parents turn to religion and consider a
- Loob has been inseparable from the religious “heaven-sent blessing in disguise”.
concerns. - However, this denies the real implications of the
- The practice of religion is not only the second nature disability.
to Filipinos. - Additional reactions include fear of the future when
- It is the spiritual psychic of the Flipinos to view life’s parents worry about how disability of the child will affect
experiences through the lense of faith in God and his productivity.
religion. - Parents whose children were diagnosed with disability
- Loob is very humane experience. have to let go of their dream children.
- The basis of Christian value of gratitude and sensitivity - Realization of grief can blind parents to their child’s
to the needs of others is traced in loob. uniqueness.
- Through loob, an individual lives life, yet is not alone.
A person can claim to be free but should be aware of his
social responsibility.
- Our ties go beyond family or close friends or tayo-tayo
or kami-kami mentality.
- Moreover, to have loob is pagpapakatao that is
equivalent to pagkamaka-Kristo.
- The essence of loob is emphasized in I-Thou and I-We
relations that reach to support and sustain the
community

Three Stages to Commune with God (Hinduism)

- In Hinduism, the Vedantist observes three stages to
commune with God: faith (spirit), reason (intellect), and
experience (physical body).
- Faith is the stage wherein the seeker simply accepts
the laws of nature as expression of divine existence.
- Reason where the seeker attempts to understand
these laws by rational and logical process. - A study in North America shows 50% of deaf children
- Finally, only through Experience can be limitation of read less than the normal children.
faith and reason can be completed. Through - For the deaf, total communication is recommended
experience, the seeker sees the deceptive veil covering which includes the traditional method with the use of
Brahman. fingerspelling and sign language.
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- On, the other hand, spirited kids and children with daughters, more affectionate sisters and faithful wives,
ADHD (Attentive Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) are more reasonable mothers and better citizens.
different. - She maintained that women must learn to defend and
- A spirited perceptive child will notice everything going nourish their dignity and self-respect.
on around him or her but will be able to select the most - Men’s worth should not be based on the vanity of
important information to listen to. women and babies for this degrades women making
- An ADHD child will find it difficult to focus or complete them mere dolls.
a task, despite best efforts. - She stressed that women should not marry for support.
- Negative attitudes of the family towards PWDs may - Instead they should earth their “own bread”. During her
add to their poor academic and vocational outcomes. time even women in upper class of the society are
- Parents need to reach the point of constructive action. oppressed.
- Community sensitivity, through positive and supportive - Education of upper class women in the upper class
attitudes PWDs, is also an important compenent. focuses on etiquettes with reading and writing.
- It is inspiring that there some PWDs who show that
they can also live their lives to the fullest like Nick Performing Activities that Demonstrates the
Vujicic. Talents of PWDs and Underprivileged Sectors of
- If these people could live their lives to the fullest, why Society
not you who is normal in any sense? - The Philippine government supports persons with
- Just like these people, live your disabilities (PWDs) by helping them find employment.
- It is negative perception that they are less productive.
Dimensions of Poverty - In reality, PWDs do face a number of barriers in finding
Income poverty a job whether through inaccessibility of transportation in
- is defined in terms of consumption of goods and the workplace, discrimination, and a negative
services. perception of their capacity.
- In other words, poor because there is not enough cash - As of 2014, the National Statistics Office (now
in the pocket and there is not job or business to Philippines Statistics Authority) estimated that about
generate money. The World Bank categorizes 1.44 million Filipinos have some form of disability in the
poverty into two levels: employable 15-64 years old age bracket.
Extremely Poor. Those who live below $1.25 (P 62)/day.
Poor. Those living under $2.00 (P100)/day. - The country has enough laws to protect the PWDs,
such as Executive Order No. 417; however, in reality,
Each of these dimensions has the common these are hardly implemented.
characteristics: - EO 417 mandates all national government agencies
1. Income; and state-run corporations to a lot at least one percent
2. Health; of their annual budget for programs that will benefit
3. Education; sector.
4. Empowerment; - Further, EO 417 addresses the need for the
5. Working condition government to provide capitalization for PWD
- Poor health is always a direct result of income livelihoods activities, which include support for technical
poverty. skills through the labor department.
- One of the reasons why many PWD enterprises fail is
On the Rights of the Women because of the lack for their products.
- In 1721, Jean-Jacques Rousseau said that woman
should be educated to please men.
- Moreover, he believed that women should be useful
to men.
- Women should take care, advise, console men; and
render men’s lives easy and agreeable.

- Mary Wollstonecraft, in the Vindication on the Rights

of Women, argued that such education would produce
women who were mere propagator of fools.
- She believed that women must be united with men in
wisdom and rationality (equally educated).

- Further, for Wollstonecraft, women are not only to be

valued until their beauty fades.
- It is the fate of the fairest of flowers to be admired and
be pulled to pieces by the careless hand that plucked
them.

- For Wollstonecraft, if men would san women’s chains,

they would find women who are more observant