© no tl GRAVITATION HANDWRITTEN NOTES2% All objects fo his universe attract @ Grsavttatfonal Foxe each others this force of attsaction is Called Giwavitatfonal Fore - @ Neuston'® observations 3 > why does Apple fall on Earth from a tree 2 \ — Because earth atracts it towards tiself - tact the aeth @ Yes, tt also » Can Apole also a attracts the earth os fer Newton’ third lav Ste vweaction | C Every action has an equal and oppos But the mass of ea Q thar apple Aberefore Carth_ne < © Universal : Six Issac Newton ih 168% Proposed a Caw about force of attnaction behneen the 4wo obpcts fn onge which ts Known OS neuston's Caw she univ of gravitation: = Aiccomting 4o this Law 8 e Every object attracts every otter object - e Ws fore fs dtrectly proportional 4o product pf thels masses: & fovce fs Invewely fropertional to the Square of distance between them. Ne eitLet my and mg be the masses of two objects ard distance dj dhen -firce of athaction between them F og my ama i) Ft) =i) d& Leon, cheve equations , we can write as Fa Mma a® a whew Gi is F Fe Gimama ol | Gavttatina Conelant ae @ Sr Onits Neitkg? @ Value of G = 6-673 x to Nin kg" (. found out by Henay Caveraish | i a Most IMP 2 (a 4 mark B Pooch sake htB Importance & Universal Low of Gravitation 2 (1) The fore that binds us tote Giath. (11) The motion ef moor arround -the Earth . (i) The motion of earth avxourd the Sun- (v) The Hides due to moon in the See. Pape ki pari @ Lohot ts Free Fall 2 D twheneuerr objects fall 4owards earth due to earth® Qeavity ard ne over force is acting upon te, the obpect %. aid to be in Free Fall: uring this Pree fall aitection do nat, chonge but ra continuas|\ changes which t& called é 4 acceleration clue to gravity: # Denoted by tia 7 * §t unt = mis (Same as accelewahior) B® Volue of tg? on the Susfaw of earth ¢ twe Kou thal aS acting C an abject F= GMem-7) ( Me= mass ef earth a m= mass of object Qe wadiiis of object We also Krew from 2nd tow of motion Femg i) > fe mo,here a=3\ Foom eqn (i) and Gi), we have2 when bod 4 tg at distance by’ fiom Centre of earth “then, = GM ee BM value of £9” ma earth — eee YY Value of § depends on ¥ means dis tance of object fscm carth!? centze - © Because Shape of earth 1s rata perfect sphene- [4 1s flat a+ poles And bulged out cei at the equator: © SuieD 5 the value ef $g’ is greater at the poles and lesser at the equator. But for Convenience we dake 49” as Constant- B Calculation of 9 8 mass of easth = Gia 9 o= an Radius of ecath= Geax 1m (6-4x0lm)* ‘ pe - EE a sam 9 Sams | oe ham ft g= 98 mig =tt 24 = 6 693 xlo x 64x45 kg@ Difference between Gi and g ® Cimpstant) | (Heavitation Constani(G) Gieavitational acceleration (9) D 4s Value 1s 6-ba3xig!! (2) Hs value is 9-8 mls* Nek? % é) [45 value vasies at Varies places - Hs values vemains Constant eueayushere- a 2 a 3) HS unr is Nn /eg Hs unit ts ms ; is Scalar quanti |@) 4 tsa Weeder quantify ~ BH Equation of motion when an abject is falling freely 4owads easth ox theowin Vertically upwarelg 3 ( Impertant) Case lt) token an object 15 falling dowarels earth with intHal Veloct Cu) , then va uigt . ( tere aq) S= ut + Lgt ve he agh 6. s eo fi -| p Pi Case (3) when an, object is feat ity com wrest pasition c 8 Boars ‘ital’ Verb ty Cue) Ve gt a s= gt vis Qgh —P>Cose(3) when an object fs thou vertically upward s with inrtfal Ve locity Cu) j4hen gravita tonal accele roHon (9) will be negntive X G ante motion a S= ut-L gt opposite § act aio aa that's w We u=agh neqartive Sigh. v= “gt @ Mass 8 Mass of an object is the measure of HS) inestia. ST unit= Kilogram Ckg) Mass is a scalax Quanity. Mass of a body semains constant + Mass cf a body cannet be Zewo - ft | Weight The force by which An object ts , ateacted towards the Centre of earth 1s Called Weight of that object « We Know, Foxe = mx Famseg (Cas asg) from above de-finikion, this Poare ts welant © St umt = Newton tn) =f | al * Vector Quantity,ME Distinguish betueen Mass ard weight 8("Impostant'] “Mass Weight @® Mass #s inertia 9 object: @) weight = mass x aceleaatioh W= mx 9 : @ The total quantity ef maths &) Gimuttatonal foxre by which 1 an object 7s called mass. | Carthy altagcts an object” is Called weight - 8) Mass ef an abject emai G) Weight of object t& differen Cons dant: at different places. @ Measurement of mass is |) Measuremerst of weight fs done by using beam balante} done by using spring balance: (©) tass can rat be ze80- weight can be zero if Q ts zero- o Weight of an Object on Moon 8 (Proof fdeatvation) weight of an abject om eqeth Fe = GMem £7) where Me= mass of earth Re* Re= radius i Weight of an object On moon Fr= Gidm™ (7) where Mm=mass of moon weccn Rme radius n ,, Dividing equation G7) and {t) swe get Fe = GiMes™ x Ren re Re" GMM ———fe = te (Bey twe Know mass g earth ts loo times the mass af meen , So Me= (o0Mm also wadius o& earth ts 4 times aradius of meen So, Re =4 Rm Now, fe = loose sen Fay in Ym ia Fm Fe = 6 Hives (Appx J Fm al 1 lé truxefore | weig ht of object on moon is a4 weight On eaeth: Now Practice Previous Year Questions!Chapter 10 Gravitation www.nertsolutions.in Question 1 State the Universal law gravitation? Answer : According to Universal Law of Gravitation every object in universe attracts every other object with a force known as Gravitational force It states that Pp Force OF the force of attraction between two objects and of pesepMpend is given by rc Here G letheggagtangnayy,gBt/piversal Gravitational constant and its value is Question 2. Write the formula to find the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and an object on the surface of the earth Answer: F Let be the be the force of attygction between earth and an object on its surface. Again assume that be the mass of earth and be the mass of object on the surface of earth. Formula for the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and an object on the surface of the earth is-give ising Universal Law of Gravitation. So required eve Ape formula is Page 136 Question 1: What do you mean by free fall? www.ncrtsolutions.inwww.nertsolutions.in Answer : Gravity of earth attracts every object towards its center. When an object is dropped from a certain height, it begins to fall towards Earth’s surface under the influence of gravitational force. Such a motion of object is called free fall Question 2 : What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity? Answer : When an object falls freely towards the surface of earth from a certain height, then its velocity changes. This change in velocity produces acceleration in the object which is known as acceleration due to gravity denoted bu letter 9. The value of acceleration due to gravity is g =9.8m/s?, Page 138 Question 1 what are the differences between mass of an object and its weight? Answer. Mass:- 1. Mass is the quantity of matter contained in the body 2. It is the measure of inertia of the body 3. It is a constant quantity for any object. 4. It is a scalar quantity and only only has magnitude 5. Sl unit of mass is Kg Weight:- 1. Weigh is the gravitational force acting on the body 2. It is the measure of gravity 3. Weight of an object is not a constant quantity it is different at www.ncrtsolutions.inwww.nertsolutions.in different laces. 4. Itis a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction 5. Its SI unit is N (newton) same as the SI unit of force. Question 2 . Why is the weight of an object on the moon (1/6)th its weight on the earth? Answer : Gravity is directly related to mass. The more mass an object has, the more gravitational pull it has. Now, the moon is significantly smaller than the earth (in fact, it is about the size of the earth’s core). Gravity is dependent on the size of the object. Your weight on the moon is 1/6 of that on earth because the moon has 1/6 the mass of the earth Page 141 Question 1. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a thin and strong string? Answer: It is difficult to hold a school bag having a thin strap because the pressure on the shoulders is quite large. This is because the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area on which the force acts. The smaller is the surface area the larger wold be the pressure on the surface. In the case of a thin strap, the contact surface area is very small. Hence pressure exerted on the shoulder is very large. Question 2 .What do you mean by buoyancy? ‘Answer :The upward force exerted by a liquid on an object that is immersed in it is known as buoyancy. Question 3. Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface www.ncrtsolutions.inwww.nertsolutions.in of water? ‘Answer : If the density of an object is more then the density of the liquid then the object would sink this happens because in this case buoyant force that is acting on the object due to liquid is less than the force of gravity acting on the object. If the density of object is less than the density of the liquid , then it floats on the surface of the liquid , this happens because the buoyant force acting on the object is greater than the force of gravity. Page 142 Question 1. You find your mass to be 42 Kg on a weighting machine. Is your more or less than 42 K? Answer : On a weighing machine mass is measured by comparing the weights. So when you weigh your body an upward force (buoyant force) acts on it which causes machine to show your weight less than the actual weight Question 2. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of 100 Kg when measured on a weighing machine. In reality one is heavier than other. Can you say which one is heavier and why? Answer :Actual weight of any object is equal to the sum of its measured weight and the buoyant force. The bag of cotton is heavier since it is larger than iron bar, so the buoyant force is larger in case of cotton henceactual weight of cotton bag is more and it is heavier. www.ncrtsolutions.in