rey Module = 03 Digital Modulation “Techotg : Rigtlal Modulation -formals, — > Phase Shifl keying dechotgues tasiog Co hercol eleclin: BPsk A . » OPK generation , cleleclton and 1207 pxobabilit a4 Psk M-aoy Opn, a Foequence : “a ey ohilh hey tog Iechniy ues using Coherent tection : Se BEsh geownalten, cteleckion aad E>ron prsbal ¢ > Non- Coherenk Onthogordl modustakion eclnnt algues: BE: Load »APsk Symbol “epreccatalton, but hiogs ams catmen! of. Troncmt ten ancl Rececoer, Protease a of Exvor, AN Dini modulatten -formats §- " Modulaktoe &% defined ac the process by of a Casciten & aankd gn accordance vohich Sore Chanactentstic wotth the modulalteng roave ¥ To dtattal Communteatfoa the modulating wave Coostst of a btnasy oto. Mm. aay éncodedt Nearston fh, The Cormier Pinutoidal voave, tohich & used ‘by dhe modulator elo Aeelinguteh on¢ gral from ullite, regu anothor Ss -ak dlep chang een the oampl! gu, = and phase of Coote ane Of follows, § 1) Phose shift key tng @sk) ay Frequency Ghel kept (Fsk) O Ampltlode Shfle heyteg cast\ ame tllustoatee & dey we below A Binoy — dato 0 i 4 o a KE ee I) a © Ms & @ ° a\ ALN I\—hV Vs AN © FGDs ay ask WO pek | Fek Types of the ryeceptton for forcboad Trancmi'sstey 1y Cohurent Ceyocrnonous) delectten ¢ In ther methed , the focal Cooter genuraked at he receiver & phase locked sotts the Ceoviter at the tranemitien, @) The beact neplitcor of- dhe possible Ovortving Stanale axe avatlalle at He recervey —_—<——Hi atence HL fs Callal Sypctnanosen AetetCe @ 9S Noooheeat detect on ‘the Receiver Cannien deed not be phase Qocked 08th Lracmitirer Corton, Hence et calro Called Envelope. cleleetttn, Non-clchereat clelecltom &¢ Simple bt Nighes probably ye Eno Requirements of Possbaal Transmission Scheme Any passband cloanrmtsiton Seherne Should Stabe ty Folle - ~ ered aiquinemeals, 1S Maximum dole -laonrmtssion aale , OS tliaimum probability a Symbol Ener, Aran mt{iedn poor, Channel, bardlwtclth ssestelonce Lo tntenfordrg Sigrals , > Minimo us Mintrna S>— Mloximum Lesoupyaimum Cruatt Compler tly. Conenenr BINARY MomuATLonN TECHNIQUES ay Btncoy phase shrfl eytog CBPsk), To @ binoow PSK Syclem, ‘the paty of Stgrals, SiO and gyi, used Le represent btrasy Symbols DQ ond. 0’ ea ee caine by, ' ) fae 4 syn =e C= 7, Costinhet) estst yOoe” « & “> - {2 SOT? BO: Fa CosG@nPtd em) = - fe Cosa nit, 5 Qe of there “Ti te athe bit dunalton and Eh te the boat, Sigpal Enoy por bi. “Te ores to Ercuse that gach trancm fed bit Cnlain. Ge Cotegral numbtr of Cycles of the Canin wave, the Coomien frequen fe ce chosen Gual do Melt, tor Some Fred gone Ne, A. paty Of Finugidal Waves that differ only tm a sstlabive phase - Shift of Io, ac defined above, ane 2feoed to 08 antipedal Signals. “The ore host fandion gf untl Energy ose AT, —© Thea 9. may Expond the Cr dome GV as follows SW f GLO = ERG OS ESTE sre, gobo + SO = -JEb, Ww ostetm r dymbel 0 rancen' Hed Spats S42 and $4) t if strayuagh4 Y¥9qlatg . A Coherent binany PSk ~leveged b SLE Hn q ~ Slonal Syslem Be thbste Cove chanac. axing 9, Signa) Soce, thot fs Ope dLtenea - and jo8th Looe smetsoge points las’ shown tm fro), potas Equal The Co-ordinates of ahe Imescas th r Suz J SeO wd = HVE, and 7 1 Sie J Sco bwrdr=- VE, © — o@® i The message potol Co snesponditng bo He Jocated i Sus a PEy dnd the messoge poeot Co-vveapending 0 GW ee focated ol bye -Vke Beciston i boundary — Regen ie Pegfeg——> a ¢ : : A TS \ VE, Message. po, oo a © Message pont 3 tO Sart Space ditog ram for Binary Pik. , “Gioaeltin abel of --BPsto St eal fs, Bioeng | Tpggrr nontsebors Product is, Biron dats, ° ko gene, lev Hodutator| Pe Sige qutsce, = ax dene]® cscantetd > jc AranemniOn, Hq © Black diaqpas for btowry Ps choose 26 X20 ‘ ace | a can 4 @ Cohereol broad pork Sreceiveresveion of binaay FSH siges! follows ts head yy qtoraler Psk fb Consisl ot ve Compents . Ls Sqmbele © Polen niP2 - level Encoder , which repressors Symbols and ‘oe the Eacoming baton Seay tacoce by com plfhude, Vevdle JE, and - JE, crespecttucly, *8) Product modulator.0, nohich multiplies the outpul of the Poor Nez Encodes by thy baste fenction ,00 5 in Effect the Stnusotdal OCA als as the “Gaia” toany Pale Signal Pichatetlty 2% (Craps fh The optimum decisfon on the rvecetved egal 2 to foxon of Symbol 1 @ Sima 0, We acsume tho the Vecetven hos access to 0 toe coonaked | replicas Hs baste q phcalo| Fasttton bw. THe dey © shows the block diag aen Receiver, a Comelates which Cordalles the recessed “Wanel) 908) wlth the-haets: functfon lt) on a bth - why -BEL hoses, 8 Repictor devteew/ which Composes the Conadator Output apoznek oO 3tro Ahsesheld , Onramieg that Bina Symbol “1 ond 'o ane utprobable . TP te thaechold Luceeded - a deeiston,t te made fo favor of Symbt 4s Th mol, the dectsfon 2s made ta farson of Sumbel 0, Bjualy he @ they Conelater tth the dero—thresholal #s dectded. hy the bos of © fans CoinY @ by To caleulale the probabtlelg of making an Evo of the © Bask tad, we mole Prom Na G that the ceciston region ascoctated wtih Syebol 2" ® Signa) SC tb ceserthed *y é j Zyo 0% %)< Fd Wihere %, es the oksenvabion Salas ; : TE = J garde aoe (Al) here x0) edhe cvecetved Signal, We deduce that the likelihood Punelton , eohen Symbol ‘or Saeat CO %¢ baor ~ mmitted , &s defined by i fica ~ Tile &p [- Hem 597| - * Tay &pl-3 otved*). 8 The Conditon prodolflti( ef the eceivdlen dectding tm eSo% ol Symbel 2, give Abat Synbel £0" was tramcent Hed. te therefore, _ PLO = \. 4x Cmlords, e = [ep(- 2G, + TE)) dig 9, No 2: fey Ode) Ze: .c leo Pattngand Changing the agantalste of integration Row *, Lee ywe rey Neuasthe, bq as w Pigeo= 7 5 ExpC20) de. IND thi y EHC CTEInle) te the Complenentany Panchen aa Gosider Condetvenal probablltly of the vecereer eeids, ta : o ‘4 & fewer of Symbel ities thst Fenbel 4! raormiteal, also hace vam value Thus | avend, jeg the Conditienal Ermer paolo bPletier Ry ond Poy; we food, that the oronage probaletle of gril Ener Equivsaleally ane BE? for Bron EXE faoing astechion. & asuming Gjutproba babe dymbel s és gio by the about bxpacsston , Lreoimitted Sioa nengy Spectral deortly a the jhus hom por bit G, foro Upectfred notre mectoge potett Comme poodég 40 symbols 1 and *o' move apaat fom ‘dwe avenge Probabtltty of Err Pe fe Crrespocdingl, areduced by attordance votth above Expretiion; @ ower Speclral of Binaey Psk Sepalet- The Binary Psh Segoale Pocoen vpechal Seeosity & clefimned by, gens Sasol Cnteh> Cnet) The Power apectral costly of Psk and Fsk plot ts sheen belo, ois nO 8s BO : Nlormalided Preqrmey mMae Quadriphase ~ Shifk keying CPsk) The éfftcieal ultlisatton of of channel honda & one of the goal of dayelal Communteatin, To thal’ Que ~ phase. Sh hegeng" ee ane Of the bandwidth Ceosonin Modulatioa Shee. x The message Synboke ty, OPSk ts Contatned os Geomin phase, Fnfermatn 2 Cartied by dt phase of fhe Seusoidal Carter je Ty af aod fe * A @Psk Signal Gan be svepnecca bed & time come ¢ Swe [2 CosCantet + Cat-O)— Os bet, » ° elsewhere Dehra Peep | Where 2 12,3) be" and G6 Sepak ogy pevcehbal Ne an sorte &°@ as 7 SUD = 9 fREy Cos Canfet 2) 5 cabelas TS SO. fe Te SEY. pee Cos Cant + IH) , debit 00 Te Cos Confit 4 3). cet) 5 cttbte 01 Sult\ « PRE cos Coat At); din 40 Te * EV@ Gn be witHea as, (2 dos atch « (ost Cae.) — jz Sin rnd aSinGr-01 o “ > * OS45% | C Elecwhene — (2) Se +ss fe ts) A’ These ane -fous message potdts, de hrned by thie ‘bewo~ demenetona, p Stanah ector % q ° T » S:- | VE os Cat f2 1,93, 4, ~VE SHOP iq Elements of the Segal vectors , momely Sr and Sey h ae Fammancsed tn Table, “The Tivo - dinmensfonad Banal Constellation of APsk eth | Pour message ports” Pro Grawalion’ ont Ghornt Dulectgo of OPK Siyale aut) Qs i, Cosante lt plexer here (p Stoonke Fy © « Block ding rove @Psk branrme? Hex Polos nipo. Level decocter| + OPsk —> Syl s The Block dteguor OPsk francoFtlen fe shewon fo Rice X The difference between Bioany PSK and @Psk fe the cle — ~ ulltplenen” X the fanckton of the cemaltiplecer & bo drvtde binary wave produced by the Polan At22 —Levtel Encoder PatoAe : beewe. hal Shere are bw On, : From Equation @), We ° “heteaa by Mowe bacts Puckton Qu and HO ‘ys J 4, hus [B cestontey POSE MTG ® ’ T Oeo- J% eintrufet) § OS FST Ts Se ond Sy X the elements of Saal vedor , oaely P| Seer | ap etebtt Pets tad * ii 1 | sie [oat T,, fl, [fel | 2 --Ss0O] 08 5 an, - (ey feb 3 $2 |" 00 sq, eB Eh, ‘hy | suey lo AM EL LYE. 6 Petteton boundary ca Region y J] "8 meaty ‘ Regt zy Ty :Sigol space diagram for Cohencat OPse Shem> _ - a @ F twoo Separati btnecry sever, One of tohich aeprcssals the odd - numbed — dib?ls & che faComing binary Sequence Yq cltbet and the other seprecents the even = numbered oltbfie, “she @Psh Lranemtiter may be Veewoed 0¢ {coo bing Psk gavelons Jhal soak fo porallel, toch ot a bit vale to one-half the bit wali of the ontgina botoany Sequence ak the @Psk -lraocmetten topat.” threshold <0 ST at J Pecesten Received Lo” | device Cekimals ¢ ceived = ; “ oe) J - phace Channel Agacmntte “e 1 “ [eck oo Seqpence [eat >| acotee Lo @ ow Quadscluve Chance! Vheechal d 26 Te © + Block Atagsam Ghent OPsk secerven, “he ps aecerver ts Shuclureel ko the efor of an f-phoce path and a quadrafuse path soorktog Be parallel as depteld to Pepe @ “he foneltoned Cmnpostivon of the OPSK accecven dor fallac; 32. Pats of Covvelalors, sohich have a Commoa topat 2Ces the lwo Corelalns O€ Supplied woth pair 6} focatty qeaeaked Orthonermal baste fasnction s ty & 9,67, ehtey jyo “mane that the aecedven $6 Gyachrontied why (aa, ce é w The Convelator cutpuk, produces > terponte fo ie 98 ech Sinal CLD, aie. clenoled by x, &%, TEP by & Patr of cheeesioa deste, which ack on the Covelatys Cabos, Pr cod by Compesing each ont voFth a Boro - threchaly, here, € & assumed that the Symbol 4 and “O tn the | Ort coal bevoeny Skream at the Lrancm ter tapat, | He xyye a decceron & made ea favor of Syovol’t fos Ahe taphase Chaced output: | TPO) then a atercted’ & made 6 avons ot Symbol 6’ SB Matkplocen the fanclvon of eer bo-Gombine the bwo bihaory Seq were Produced by the paty Of clecgs fom devtees, The weeulting bingswy Sequence So procuced Provide an Ehimate of the taco Shean at the trance stem Enput, Evox Probaltlity of @PSkS— Tina OPS Syskem operating 9 an AWGN Channel, the recetved Sigedd ac & delened by HCE = SPL HCE) fests --@ Phasy= the Correlaler oulpule Kian ta ane vespectudly defined as fellowes + x, = J 200 good & 5 “ : \é The Symebd Sy they —vecerved Sajna the, Then 9, &y Computed as follocos ate r 2 J (00 +000) berde Ny [ xco dco dt = o + + sys [sgogeo a + [ sergcodt 5 = Sy thy ¥ Siotlorly , if t %y = [xe G2 of Lace +000) 6 code + t hea | = 4 ca d 4 f seo Groat + [eco den dt Nye Sy + ag Er, —® d= fe % Yad Krare two random Veurtaliies wfth mean F & The deciston rule Bye Hat ce) coos brantmitted Ff the vecerved Stal pott ascoctated with the obseval on Vector___ ~y fon 2), Semflaaly when gce) fi {,, ‘x! falls aside agion yy Sera ony i HOD aang tle veelos falls ta regen 2, ,Correpondingly fo 23 @ Zu rapechvely. * "yy SyCt) ts broomtlied bat ae fo mois 26 i s.., —t_Sil4)_'s brassmttied but et received Se seived Binal pot falls culetde. oegtoa Zp, To Gleulali the overage probaleilely of Sebol Exver, The PEK Mecetver oem Pack Equbcaleat by fa20 Hirao PSk acceivens Hot to penal ead ustig Loo, Gontos that oe t phase gpedratune * the t-phace chased “eq and the quadrakuae Channel Oukput I, mmo be Gila asthe Padive boas, : '} PSK vecervers, aes x Acordia & "0 ond PO s these loo be pan 4 PSR aeceicene Oe Chanackentaed as fellovas ¢ ¢ » Sgpel Bowe per bet €qual to wr o e ( dial outputs of box@ of: Binary Psk | . By using the average Exes probabil ae gt bre ped powoege probability of fn-phase ave quodleakire paths of @Psk 4 Hy Si ignal Space dtogram octaphase- Shift Keewing<4 mg Becca, L, tq ®! asp v-the appltcabton of the bound fos ockuphare 5 Shiling keyi. * Te develop -the @09¢ probabtlily of Errov ea M-ox P P | PSk based on the uaton bourd, asthow en he @ ¥ Goostder 'm,’ % lranrmtifedl » ynal vohoce along the ' 7 g ancl 4 axes are VE and o Teperbvely * the Ralé PE, & bape Erough lo Consider dhe aeanest v0 mecsoge polols, on€ one -efther sie Of my x . The Gucleclean clstance for Gach of these {too points Prom my ts fo Mee) d= diy * ie ave Sto (2) Heoce, the dhe, on erage prchabilely of Symbol) brror fon Gheoenk M-asy Psk 08™ Isthene th es geared that MoH. the appoxtmat a i tmatton becom 8 bveonelay Layo Pov stag “V0 JE Inigs (2 treneaced Me coy Quodnatere Armplituols, Mochi dak on$- ye Tin cone of Me ory ps igpstew modulated Sigoel Consist of Raphase and Quadrature Comporents, aod bey ane entesrelated bx duch o way Mat the envelope & Constaa. ened — to gmat Conslaot x Constraint tsdf & Crtalan Goastellation fox vnc peinls Then this Conclraint fF aemoved and fophose and Qudds clune Componéals ast macle; dade penckiot Ke get Tet modulalion decharwue (abled “Quadhrature Penplflede, ° = modulaf on" it 4 F ¥ the Sippel Gooslellatton fox Meany: 88m Coostcks of ; 0, “Siwase atte of messeye pefcls as shoon to Lo ax the @nm ts hybrid form’ of « Modulation to that the Cannien Expenteaces “amnpllrtucle” 9 well as “ phase. moclatledy passa’ ~ SPs. Hie oki SEF fy 0010 soe \ool® tou O10 ib vt, tenets act eal — > Woo es mo two WO: se Y me obo gles fom oe OAM dor Me 1gMy \o 6 AY x adj, Higa ¥ 00 o ead, “4h Fey © eephase Gompocet ev) ho, OL ® Quichotone. Compote co, “The fo-phase and quadrature Components of 600 pl hud, ‘modulated wave ane Shouons f He @ and © | rapeetivela Thus t geval Meany QAM Scheme Enables the tracsmésston a) [M todepeadent 2 Symbols oven th Same charoel basdiotalth.” sit 4 The Gueral fom of Meany GBM te ied) by dhe thanemtted aig by So atte i ot Y 8 8th thee EQ) fe the toogiy of the mesiie Seal wo Soweet amplitude rand ak and brane a pair &| fodepecdte, Potegeoe Chosen to accordance rtth the Localton ofthe portincat mescage: potat. |r SSE ™ we Signal SUI: Con: be Sxpondecl interms of a pals 4 baste... \funchions ¢ geo = {2 Coc airtel onde vy 6 = {2 Sin oifet “OS ERT Let ate denote the misinnan déstonce belwscer ony be message points fm Gan Constellation, hlhen projections of the \tth conscage srleesoge pont oo - and, b axts ane. Ahdinin aed Pkdmir, The Sepanadfon between «tee —™SeG z 2 porns is ee by ¢ [Ee 2 a _ The Co-erdinates of the B Kc message post anc t age, and bel johme CaK ¢ by) aa oe Element: of the oL by L- matrix * (Orbe | Oe te De EE Oe Ctea, wend | Exe 8 s1-3) Chas bed. Can, od Guru b+4) Cass, dena)... Gua, ded / ' hlhene L-ym Mence Moy onm's Sijal Constellation te Viewed as “Cooestan perockizet of me ssoge , of 2° dne- dimenstoaal Liery Ask Constelatvon:lov Me Example 3 May nm for Med —— eS th dt @ anh) ~% have Constructed Leoo a » cliguie Constelladtane fer Many ASK, One Yerkteal “orisoted al d,-axts and Other along horigmtalt to’ ob ons. ae 3, dh} dy adj, Dg ee Db idl OA. 209) 994 200 aa , Fla @ Meoki Mestdontallas Ortentedt: Costetle wate Ty © : Verbal! oréented Copstellatien Tho 488 Gonctthate he foun Quateoats Oar as follows, \ SYEIS Fist quadrant Goitdladton Gnctden the Codecs beng ae ponts © fasd g,- ares 14 : Mo att . — (; al [io i) Ir. tou Vecond quedvant Goorbelledon.. [ic] [o1 oo] af we] sloge ay loo, leoo& é % loge 3 Third quodhoal Coos telat ron, 2 D. 2 a 00’ 5 bool 0000 % il Les * olo4 0100 ‘o Stage a: Fourth quodvaat Conet eDlalon oOo oolo ool) eal Cro "J — [ono ow “The trea) skep ts do piece deqetten theve four Gonchstucat H- ony fisk Gnctellatter 4o Construct the Meany enn Conetellbdtore ae shawn below, . 4, Mor We | to in fool \o00 lolo tou Fg t - Sioa) ~ space dog ram of My Qan foe MeIb. “the message pets th Gach quadrat ane tdentified potth Grey - Encoded ‘Juadbttr’ the eamtade omde to above figure obey the Gray Entodedy aule mot only within Each quadrant bul aleo— = . eo as wwe move from one quadrant fo the next So aye 3 Avewoge poobabill of Eros f- * 7 Fo Caltulels the probablltty ¢| Lymbd Gre Mong Arm ac follows Mima ive) Taphase ard “Opsaect quodvalirse - Components of \ Peay aan ane fndepentenl, the probably g Bie delectin OF the Meany Oar & watts as 8 ishene Pf te the probability of Gmbel Groor for aa Pan 2. With L=VM, the prokabt (thy of oy mbd broov Pe & ase defined by - 3G te 6: +) ((%) 3. the probability of - Symbel bros for Moe Onn Ps qe bq { Pee 4-Pe 2 4— Cie Pe)Lithene th fs aecumed that Py te small Enovgh Compared woeth tnthy to fastty ryreoney dhe quednatte henm, Hence from Equation @ avd @ tre govobabiltty 9 Sytem bron fos M- ary Gort es opproxtmakelss fen by -B ‘i te aantalsle @ that she droremitted Energy fo hn OF fs goctoataneus Value naturally depends 06 the porbielon Sqenbol Sronsmttted, Tet more Sooteat bo Geprest Fe tm o. 4 the oxcnage value 4 anaoemtted Gaengy crathen thee Ep. fn - ph Aratarete tha Hoe ks Geplihid = Slevele of Ae 2 Coe ccd - Ge @) — Comperts Or& eqpally ey where the overall sealing ‘factor @ aceounks for the Equa) Gnletbubton made by the en-phase and quedrabure Compentols, The Lemtle of the ammaltn fake acount thei dyatmmelade nature of She pertinest Amp ltludle Levels orovnd BaoNe , Cay Ha CMAIIEL pS) * « 3 Prctordingly pe ero, tuare be 4 Pes af Pe Q : m) (Ve leon pohich fe destred cell, i Baan ee ers LGESK) 29 6 Sai | Bette; Sion Fs'kt. : Sin binary Fk" Syrbal s and O%axe Ate trom each othe tinguiched Senet one of fu20 Senusoidal heaves shat. ditto in oheqeesy Pa o fixed amount, Pik etcal par of Sioutcttad soa esertbg” by : 5 a B. Co eo OL tsp ie co cosambyt a o. ye “elegihes! twohne Peta onl Et the Leanne’ Ptlee) Sy Pa obtesSyenb ol fs represented by SG) and Symbol 6 by Hey yah ts Continuous - phase Sig Conttenutly fs aliooy $ maintained, fac bud ing Seottching dimes. SLED, ack , S60) 26 nal, ta the Sense that phase the fnten - bit % — Segeals onthe gonel o but not normafiged te have unfl fnorgy baste -functfoas & decertbed by, ‘Jet of Oathenormal . The | ose fonckon Stoilonly, woemeuy hove the Pos, the ~Gondlettonal probabt- —dity. ef Erion gives. that given that Gmbel wear Seatand axssuenting Equipe chal, Averaging Pio and Por ce probabtlthy of bi ty, symbols, we find the average Boor Psk.. Ps Fsk aecctuet fo maintain the, bit gnengyte- nofce be doublect. The biaany the Same Br; as tna binany PSk qeceivory deostty ratte Ee] ug hae #8 Ntén- Coherent Onthegooal Modulation Techotgues f- Binohy Trequency - shift eying, _vstog __Non~Coheneat BekeetPon 8 The binary Esk +ro0cmited Signa’ te deieoed as follows + gtk Jae cos(eutpe) OS EST. 0, Elscrohene inhene Ty ts the btk dunabien and the tarnitor frequeny $+ gquale - one} {wo poss file aalues, fy and fa 3 to | these {u00 Frequescte ave Eocure that the Sigonls agpoceeating orthoganal do cach othen,Filter malched to Cos (ante) Sample ot \. teh Hf Qos vy Choece $1’ zt Utd ehoose' Eovelope elector Felker matched $0 Govelope \ cos @afyt) dekectos Sample at time tet Fig Nloncoherent eceiven for the detection of béoany Fst The Figure aboue shows ‘that. Nlon-Cohereat vecve for | the detectton of binany Fk; | | Aloo Cohexent detection of Fad ucocy modulated Sige + of. matched “filttsr followed he aecedsen Consicls, of & Pot by Envelope detectors aha Bll: tn the Gppor path of ae etetoen ft matched filter bo Grrnfe and the Bolter Co the -Doroen pathy 's malched to Gosenht: fe Sgoalig - Pterbal ost Pek of the Eocsl Sequece, from which the name of thts new Liang Stanaling Theme follavs.ew F Fe used (186° she diffemnbtal Encoded Sequence, denaled by dedi to shit he Stausotdal Genien phase by 0° andl seprescating Symbol 4 and 0 creapeettuely, heace j 1: To Send Symbol ‘N Lhe phase | Ihe BPSK Sigel aeraios unchanged - gosh Cimeal Shifted 9 Te Sead Symbel '0', he phos ot the RPS NS nf Opsk. Transm tle s- CS Topat - tad Procure t binoay Science Modulatn So Abed ; J% seat) Bpsk Lranrenitter. 4 oy t “the froncmtticn elton Conetel S| feos Larettinal blocks ¢ 4. Leate” Nletioosle and one. bit alan element, tohech are Coput beneny clef So af Jo Coovent the aac? athe if fouotially Encoded Bequened det fr Jentoane Sequence Xb} 4° yx the differedral Encoding procese dr 4 skank +i th an anbitrvary bel, i | as pslenence and Lhexeo] {he clifforcots cfler otally Encode fequence by uslag loge aeEquation i d= bu dirt bx Ithene bys the T[p bine digit cb dime kt, dui ve the previous Uetue } the Afferent va Enceded Leg ®t. Tllacloading the Generation | APs Segnals rhe} 4003 oO o24 Beal ol 41 0 1 1 6006 ddush 4 10 4 13 0.149 Idea oo 100400 1 4 Citta fuedt Y' 1 0 2 4 04 Sequu Me elie Thaormicd phase FO O Qadcoat) PSK Recetven P Scere vere N Ta Spsk Receicer Carnter phate & uaknocon 10 oksch Complicates the receeved dipeal 01, x The aece’ved Fgnal ace) ts Equip bo Hy o-phase add uadnaluve” path gy The Signal Space cbtaqaam the recerved igoal pocats oven the (ntaval Of tS 2T,os f ) ane defined by CA Cos O, A Sin @) and (- A Cord, od phere A denote the Caveiter amplitude, as shows tm -figunc@ ‘ us below Le Fig we O: Sajna Space Aiegrain of reeched Bpsk Spool. stor | Sin(onfet) NY , (X) Jae O ey: Block diagram ¢| Pecetven os bt S26, the veceven measares Ty the two bY Pabenval and the o-ordinates %z,, eq, “fase at time $= Te, a theo Ly, Ca at dime “Be” E=2T,The Meetor Xo, and KX, ane recog ntaed at po Ly, LQ, and Np, Xp, cropectively. These points foot product & posthive we may dermulag binary - hypetitets lek 98 Te the ender prrodust Xo Xa postive & Meche Express dhic Statement as v 7 [*s. La.) %5,) Fo yt x es 4 ay INhere’ the’ Ahneshold & du fox Equipobable. Synbelo, te I Ipte 5 2 12,7 Moxa, PPL ; Fsta,! Yota,= 4 k BE) Ca 25)% bos 26) a: r63) Heo, Substfuting @boue fqualtes’ in G) | - Say A Alerts ere 8h Yt Carta) Cate] ZOO Se : “de Ilhere the Sealing feclon the tyenored . Th Eght of this Gquch'on, te queston co the Bray detechon of Opk meeay Hake ay,Qo. u Gree the Currvenl Signal poit Cr, %Q,) rreceived vio” fhe Lime eoteral 9 cb, 4 Bred Og 0 : VN AALAL Poleotty 4 oege + - Relies Seguindes 1 0 be