Introduction of Computer Fundamental 1

ifjp;
dEI;wVj vkt ds lekt ds fy, ,d cgqr mi;ksxh vkSj t:jh midj.k gSA
vkt gekjh t:jr ds vuqlkj dEI;wVj lkjh lwpuk;sa gesa nsrk gS ] ftlls ge
viuh lkspus dh 'kfDr dks c<+krs gSaA dEI;wVj dk bLrseky gekjs thou dh
n{krk esa cgqr lgk;d gqvk gSA

dEI;wVj D;k gS\

dEI;wVj ,d ,slk bysDVªkWfud midj.k gS tks viuh eseksjh esa ekStwn funsZ'kksa
ds vk/kkj ij dke djrk gSA ;g MkVk ¼buiqV½ dks xzg.k dj mls r; fu;eksa
ds vuqlkj O;oLFkkc) ¼izkslsl½ dj ifj.kke fudkyrk gS vkSj lkFk gh Hkfo";
esa bLrseky gsrq mls lqjf{kr Hkh djrk gSA

Control Unit

A. L. U.

Memory Unit
Input Unit Output Unit

Fig 1.1 Schematic Diagram showing working of a computer

dEI;wVj esa tks MkVk Mkyk tkrk gS mls buiqV dgrs gSaA izkslsl fd;s x;s
ifj.kke dks vkmViqV dgrs gSaA ;kfu fd dEI;wVj vkmViqV fudkyus ds fy,
buiqV dks izkslls djrk gSA blds lkFk gh dEI;wVj LVksjst uked {ks= esa
Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx ds fy, vkadM+ksa vkSj lwpukvksa dks lqjf{kr Hkh dj ldrk gSA
tks O;fDr dEI;wVj dk lapkyu djrk gS ;k mlls izkIr tkudkjh dk bLrseky
djrk gS mls ;wt+j dgrs gSaA
fdlh oLrq ds ckjs esa fdlh rF; ;k tkudkjh dks *MkVk* dgk tkrk gS] tSls
Nk= dk uke] mez] jksy ua-] fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa izkIr gq, vad bR;kfnA

fØ;kfUor vkadM+ksa dks lwpuk dgk tkrk gS tSl&

s vadi=] lafpr oLrqvksa dh
fLFkfrA
dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj
dEI;wfVax ¼x.kuk djus½ dk ,d yEck bfrgkl gSA lcls igyk tks dEI;wfVax
¼x.kuk djus½ dk midj.k Fkk mls vckdl (Abacus) dgrs FksA ;g ydM+h
ds Ýse ij rkj ds /kkxksa ls f?kjk ,d ;a= gksrk gS ftlesa jaxhu chM~l yxs gksrs
gSaSA ,d lk/kkj.k vckdl (Abacus) esa izR;sd rkj esa 10 chM~l yxs gksrs gSaA
chM~l dks ,d rjQ ls nwljs rjQ gVkrs gq, x.kuk ds dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k
tkrk gSA oSls rks ;g dkQh iqjkuk gks pqdk gS exj fo'o ds dqN fgLlksa esa ;g
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 2

vkt Hkh iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

lu~ 1942 bZ- esa CySt ikLdy (Blasie Pascal), tks fd ,d Ýsp a O;fDr Fks] us
lcls igyh x.kuk djus okyh e'khu dks fodflr fd;kA bl e'khu esa
nkarsnkj MkW;y OghYl dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA tc ,d Oghy ,d ckj iwjh
xfr ls ?kwe tkrk Fkk mlls tqM+k gqvk Oghy ,d ckj ?kqerk Fkk rc 1 fxuk
tkrk FkkA ckj&ckj ?kqekus ij tks ifj.kke vkrk Fkk mls lk/kj.kr;k iVy ij
yk;k tkrk FkkA ;g tksM+us vkSj ?kVkus esa Hkh l{ke FkkA ckn esa ,d teZu
nk'kZfud xkWVÝkbM ySfCut (Gottfried Leibniz) us ikLdy (Pascal) ds bl
vkfo"dkj esa lq/kkj djds ,d e'khu rS;kj fd;k tks fd vc tksM+us] ?kVkus]
xq.kk djus] Hkkx nsus rFkk oxZewy fudkyus dk dk;Z dj ldrh FkhA

pkYlZ cScts (Charles Babbage), ftUgsa *vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk tud* dgk

tkrk gS] ds ikl ,ukfyfVdy bZatu (ANALYTICAL ENGINE) dk foLr`r
jpuk FkhA fQj Hkh rduhdh vkSj /ku ds vHkko esa os vius bl LoIu dks
lPpkbZ esa ugh cny ik;sA
fiNys lkB o"kksZa esa dEI;wVjksa esa cgqr gh rhoz xfr ls fodkl gqvk gSA bl
fodkl dks ik¡p pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA gj pj.k dks ,d ih<+h
dgk tkrk gSA

igyh ih<+h ¼1946 & 1958½

,fu,d & bysDVªkWfud U;wesfjdy bafVxzsVj ,.M dSydqysVj (ENIAC -
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) igyh ih<+h dk
lkekU;r;k lEiw.kZ :i ls iz;ksx esa vkus okyk igyk dEI;wVj FkkA blesa
yxHkx 18000 oSD;we V~;wcksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blds fy, ,d
cgqr cM+s dejs dh t:jr iM+rh FkhA oSD;we V~;wCl cgqr T;knk ek=k esa
fctyh dk iz;ksx djrs Fks rFkk buls xehZ Hkh cgqr T;knk mRiUu gksrh FkhA
blds vykok budh vlQyrk dk vkSlr Hkh cgqr vf/kd FkkA
bl ih<+h ds dqN nwljs mRikn bl izdkj Fks%&
;wfuosd] ,Mosd

nwljh ih<+h ¼1959 & 1964½

bl ih<+h esa dEI;wVjksa dk vkdkj NksVk gqvk] rst gqvk vkSj x.kuk djus dh
{kerk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZA bu dEI;wVjksa esa oSD;we V~;wCl dh txg VªkaftLVjksa us
oksYVst dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy, ys yh vkSj ;g lLrk rFkk T;knk
fo'oluh; Hkh gqvkA vkbZ- ch- ,e- 1401 (IBM 1401) bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa
dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

rhljh ih<+h ¼1965 & 1974½

rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1960 ds n'kd ds e/; esa gqbZA buesa igyh ckj
bafVxzsfVM lfdZV~l (IBM 360 A CDC 6400) vkSj vkWijsfVax flLVEl dk
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 3

bLrseky gqvkA buesa vkWuykbu flLVEl dk cM+s iSekus ij fodkl gqvkA bl

le; ds dEI;wVjksa esa iap dkMZ~l vkSj fo|qrh; VsIl dk bLrseky dj cSp ij
vk/kkfjr izkslsflax gqvk djrh FkhA

pkSFkh ih<+h ¼1975&orZeku rd½

budh 'kq:vkr 1970 ds n'kd ds e/; esa gqbZA bl le; dEI;wVjksa dks cukus
esa fpi dk bLrseky gksus yxk ftlds pyrs NksVs izksll s lZ ¼ekbØksizkslslj½ vkSj
futh dEI;wVlZ ¼ilZuy dEI;wVlZ½ vfLrRo esa vk;sA bl le; ds dEI;wVjksa esa
fMfLVªC;wVsM izkslsflax vkSj vkWfQl vkWVkse's ku dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA bl nkSjku
D;wjh Hkk"kkvksa] fjiksVZ jkbVlZ vkSj LizsM'khV~l dh otg ls dkQh la[;k esa yksx
dEI;wVj ls tqMA+s

ikapoha ih<+h ¼fudV Hkfo"; es½a

ikapoha ih<+h dk dEI;wVj lkspus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gksxkA ;g vYVªk
yktZ Ldsy bfUVxzs”ku ij vk/kkfjr gksxkA ikapoha ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa esa
dEI;wfVax ds dbZ csgrjhu rjhdksa ftlesa vkfVZfQf”k;y baVsfytsal vkSj Vªw
fMfLVªC;wVsM izkslsflax dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 4
Generation Key Key Key Some representative
(Period) Hardware Technologies Software Characteristic system
Technologies
First (1942- Vacuum Tube; Machine & assembly Bulky in size, highly unreliable, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC,
1955) electromagnetic relay languages, stored limited commercial use, UNIVAC I, IBM 701
memory, punch card program concept, mostly commercial production difficult
secondary storage scientific applications and costly, difficult to use.
Second Transistor; magnetic core Batch Operating system; Faster, Smaller, more reliable Honeywell 400, IBM 7030,
(1956-1965) memory; magnetic tapes and high level programming and easier to program that CDC 1604, UNIVAC LACR
disks secondary storage languages; scientific and previous generation system;
commercial applications commercial production was
still difficult and costly
Third (1966- ICs with SSI and MSI Timesharing operation Faster, smaller, more reliable, IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-
1975) technologies; larger magnetic system, standardization easier and cheaper to produce 11, CDC 6600
core memory; larger capacity of high level commercially, easier to
disks and tapes secondary programming languages; upgrade than previous
storage; minicomputers unbundling of software generation systems; scientific,
from hardware commercial and interactive on-
line applications
Fourth ICs with VLSI technology; Operating system for Small, affordable, reliable and IBM PC and its clones,
(1976-1989) microprocessors; PCs; GUI; Multiple easy to use PCs; more Apple II, TRS-80, VAX
semiconductor memory; windows on a single powerful and reliable 9000, CRAY-1, CRAY-2,
larger capacity hard disks as terminal screen; UNIX mainframe systems; general CRAY-X/MP
in-built secondary storage, operating system; C purpose machines; easier to
magnetic tapes and floppy programming language; produce commercially
disks as portable storage PC based applications;
media; spread of high speed network based
computer networks applications
Fifth (1989- ICs with ULSI technology; World Wide Web, Portable computers; more IBM notebooks; Pentium
Present) larger capacity main Multimedia applications, powerful cheaper; reliable and PCs, SUN workstations,
memory, larger capacity hard Internet based easier to use desktop IBM SP/2, SGI Origin 2000,
disks; optical disks as applications machines; very powerful PARAM 10000
portable read only storage mainframes; very high uptime
media; notebook computers; due to hot pluggable
powerful desktop PCs and components; general purpose
workstations; very powerful machines; easier to produce
mainframes, the internet commercially
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 5

dEI;wVjksa dk oxhZdj.k
lqij dEI;wVlZ
bl rjg ds dEI;wVjksa dk fuekZ.k tfVy oSKkfud iz;ksxksa ds fy, fd;k x;k
gSA vkt ds cktkj esa miyC/k ;s lcls cM+s vkSj lcls rst dEI;wVj gSaA mtkZ
izcU/ku] nokbZ;ka] ekSle dh tkudkjh] vfrfjDr lqj{kk vkSj vUrfj{k foKku esa
iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;qBj] lqijdEI;wVj ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA

esuÝse dEI;wVlZ
bl rjg ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa cgqr cM+s vkSj dkQh txg ?ksjus okys gksrs gSaA
buesa lSdM+ksa VfeZuy tqM+s gksrs gSa] ftuij ,d lkFk lSdM+ks yksx dke dj
ldrs gSaA budh dher Hkh cgqr T;knk gksrh gSA bl dkj.k cM+h&cM+h daifu;ka
gh [kjhn ldrh gSaA vktdy ,sls dEI;wVjksa dh la[;k cgqr de jg x;kh gSA

feuhdEI;wVlZ
buds vkdkj eq[; dEI;wVjksa ls NksVs gksrs gSa] ijUrq budh {kerk eq[;
dEI;wVjksa ls cgqr de ugha gksrhA okLro esa feuh dEI;wVj ,slh dEifu;ksa ds
fy, cuk;s x;s gSa] ftuds ikl dEI;wVj dkQh de gksrs gSa ijUrq os eq[;
dEI;wVj [kjhn ugha ldrsA feuh dEI;wVjksa dk ewY; dEifu;ksa ds igqap ds
Hkhrj gksrk gSA buij ,d lkFk 10 ls 12 O;fDr dke dj ldrs gSaA ;s NksVs
dejs esa vkrs gSaA feuh dEI;wVj ,slk gj dk;Z dj ldrs gSa tks eq[; eq[;
dEI;wVjksa ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy feuh dEI;wVjksa dh la[;k cgqr gSA

ekbØks dEI;wVlZ
;g dsoy ,d ekbØksizkslslj fpi ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS ftlls dEI;wVj dk
vkdkj vkSj NksVk gks x;k gSA lHkh ilZuy dEI;wVj ekbØksdEI;wVlZ gksrs gSaA ;s
izk;% ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d O;fDr ds dk;Z djus ds fy, gksrk gSA

dEI;wVj ls ykHk
dEI;wVjksa dk fuekZ.k euq"; dh lgk;rk ds fy;s fd;k x;k gSA ;g gkFk }kjk
fd;s tkus okys dk;Z ls T;knk ykHknk;d gSA vc ge muesa ls dqN ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh izkIr djsx a sA

rhozrk%
gkFk }kjk fd;s tkus okyh x.kukvksa dh rqyuk esa dEI;wVj cgqr gh vf/kd
rhozrk ls mUgh x.kukvksa dks djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA vk/kkjHkwr dk;ksZa tSls
tksM+us ds dk;Z ds fY, ;g ,d ekbØkslsd.M ls uSukslsd.M ds 100 osa fgLls
ds cjkcj gh le; ysrk gSA uhps rhozrk ds dqN lkekU; iSekus n'kkZ;s x;s gSa%&
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 6

,d lsd.M le; dk bdkbZ Hkkx

feyhlsd.M 1 gtkjoka ¼1@1]000½

ekbØkslsd.M 1 fefy;uoka ¼1@1]000]000½
uSukslsd.M 1 fcfy;uoka ¼1@1]000]000]000½
fidkslsd.M 1 fVªfy;uoka ¼1@1]000]000]000]000½

;FkkFkZrk%
dEI;wVj x.kukvksa dks fcuk fdlh xyrh ds djrk gSA vxj vkadM+ksa vkSj
funsZ'kksa dks lgh ls fn;k tkrk gS rks ge ,dne lgh vkmViqV dh vk'kk dj
ldrs gSaA tc varfj{k;ku py jgk gksrk gS rks mldh xfr dks fu;fU=r djuk
gksrk gS] ;gha ugha cgqr gh rhozrk ls vkSj ,dne lVhd fu;U=.k dh t:jr
gksrh gS vkSj bl rjg ds fu;U=.k dks flÝ dEI;wVj gh djrk gSA

LVksj djus dh {kerk%

dEI;wVj vius izkjfEHkd eseksjh esa cM+h ek=k esa vkadM+ksa dks lqjf{kr j[k ldrk
gSA blds lkFk gh dEI;wVj ds ikl f}rh;d esekjh Hkh gksrh gS ftldh {kerk
dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA

fo'oluh;rk
dEI;wVj dHkh vlQy ugha gksrk vkSj blds j[k&j[kko ds fy, dHkh&dHkkj
gh t:jr iM+rh gSA

dk;Z djus dh {kerk%

dEI;wVj vkadMksa ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djus esa lcls rst gksrk gSA vkadMksa ds
vk/kkj ij dk;Z djus dk eryc gS fd vkadMksa dh xfrfof/k dks idM+uk]
mudk fo'ys"k.k djuk vkSj mudk lgh vkSj lVhd mÙkj nsukA vkadM+ksa ds
izcU/ku dk eryc mudks oxhZd`r djuk] mudk x.kuk djuk] mudks ltkuk
;k la{ksi esa djuk gksrk gSA

Lopkyu%
dEI;wVj ds eseksjh esa tc dksbZ Hkh funsZ'k ,d ckj Mky fn;k tkrk gS rc ,d
ds ckn ,d funsZ'k mudk ikyu djus ds fy, vius vki ifjofrZr gksus yxrs
gSaA ;g dk;Z rc rd gksrk jgsxk tc rd dEI;wVj ds izkslslj esa ;g funsZ'k u
tk;s fd bl dk;Z dks vc jksd nsuk gSA

dEI;wVj dh lhek%
dEI;wVj foosdghu gksrk gS rFkk ;g lksp ugha ldrk gSA tcrd dksbZ euq";
bUgsa funsZ'k u ns rcrd ;s dqN ugha dj ldrs gSaA
dEI;wVj ds eseksjh esa tc dksbZ xyr funsZ'k tkrk gS rHkh ;g xyr ifj.kke
nsrk gS vkSj ;g 'kCn dEI;wVj ds fy, xkjcst ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 7

e'kgwj Hkh gSA

dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ds {ks=%

1½ oSKkfud 'kks/k
2½ O;kikfjd mi;ksx
d½ ,dkmfUVax
[k½ osru
x½ vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k
?k½ lafpr oLrqvksa dk fu;U=.k
3½ n¶rj dk Lopkyu
d½ 'kCnksa dk lapkyu
[k½ eqnz.k dk dk;Z
4½ cSafdax
5½ vkS|ksfxd dk;Z
d½ fo|qrh; O;oLFkk
[k½ NikbZ vkSj dkxt m|ksx
x½ vfHk;kaf=d mi;ksx

6½ ekSle dh tkudkjh
7½ lapkj
8½ mipkj
9½ ;krk;kr dk fu;U=.k

ilZuy dEI;wVj
dEI;wVj ,d ,slk bysDVªkWfud midj.k gS tks viuh eseksjh esa ekStwn funsZ'kksa ds
vk/kkj ij dke djrk gSA blds lkFk gh dEI;wVj LVksjst uked {ks= esa Hkfo";
esa mi;ksx ds fy, vkadM+ksa vkSj lwpukvksa dks lqjf{kr Hkh dj ldrk gSA tks
O;fDr dEI;wVj dk lapkyu djrk gS ;k mlls izkIr tkudkjh dk bLrseky
djrk gS mls ;wtj dgrs gSaA dEI;wVj ftuds }kjk curk gS mUgsa ge bl
izdkj ls tkurs gS%&

lEiw.k dEI;wVj flLVe%

dEI;wVj flLVe ds eq[;r% nks vo;o gksrs gS&
gkMZos;j
dEI;wVj ds lHkh bysfDVªdy] bysDVªkWfud] eSdsfudy rFkk HkkSfrd midj.k
gkMZos;j dgykrs gSaA vFkkZr lHkh buiqV] vkmViqV] izkslsl ,oa eseksjh ;U=
gkMZos;j gSA
nwljs “kCnksa esa] dEI;wVj ds oks lHkh Hkkx ftUgsa Nqvk vkSj eglwl fd;k tk
ldrk gS] gkMZos;j dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] tSls dhcksMZ] fizUVj] ekWfuVj] LihdlZ]
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 8

ekml bR;kfnA

lkWQV~o;s j
lkW¶Vos;j] dEI;wVj dh Hkk’kk esa fy[ks x, izksxzkeksa ¼funsZ”k ds lewg dks izksxzke
dgrs gaS½ ds lewg dks dgrs gS] ftlds vuqlkj dEI;wVj fdlh fo”ks’k dk;Z dks
lEikfnr djds bfPNr ifj.kke nsrk gSA
fdlh dk;Z dks izkjEHk djus ds fy;s gkMZos;j] lkWQV~os;jls feyus okys funsZ'kksa
ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA lkWQV~os;j nks rjg ds gksrs gSa & flLVe vkSj ,fIyds'kuA

buiqV
dEI;wVj dks dke djus ds fy, vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA vkadM+ksa dks
dEI;wVj esa mlh :i Mkyus dh t:jr gksrh gS ftls og mldk bLrseky dj
ldsA dEI;wVj esa tks MkVk Mkyk tkrk gS mls buiqV dgrs gSaA dhcksMZ buiqV
fMokbl dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV

lh- ih- ;w- dks dEI;wVj ds fny rFkk fnekx ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA lh- ih-
;w- ds eq[; Hkkx dUVªksy ;wfuV ¼lh;w½] vFkZesfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ¼,- ,y- ;w-½
vkSj izkbejh eseksjh gksrs gSaA ;s fn;s x;s buiqV ij dk;Z djus vkSj mudks
vkmViqV esa cnyus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA

dUVªksy ;wfuV ¼lh- ;w-½

bl bdkbZ dk dke gksrk gS gekjs vkns'kksa dks le>dj mudk lgh&lgh ikyu
djkuk rFkk dEI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkxksa ij utj j[kuk vkSj mUgsa fu;fU=r djukA

vFkZesfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ¼,- ,y- ;w-½

blds }kjk dEI;wVj esa lHkh rjg dh x.kuk;sa vkSj rqyuk;sa dh tkrh gSa tSls &
tksM+uk] ?kVkuk] xq.kk djuk vkSj Hkkx nsukA blds }kjk fn;s x;s ifj.kke eseksjh
esa pys vFkok LVksj gks tkrs gaSA

eseksjh
ftl izdkj ge viuh Le`fr esa cgqr lh ckrsa ;kn j[krs gSa] mlh rjg dEI;wVj
ds ftl Hkkx esa lHkh MkVk] izksxzke vkfn j[ks tkrs gSa] mls dEI;wVj dh eseksjh
dgrs gSaA euq"; ds fnekx vkSj dEI;wVj ds eseksjh esa cgqr varj gSA
dEI;wVj dh eseksjh yk[kksa NksVs&NksVs [kkuksa esa caVh gksrh gSA ,sls gj ,d [kkus
dks ,d yksds'ku ;k ckbV dgk tkrk gSA ftl izdkj edkuksa ij uacj iM+s gksrs
gSa mlh izdkj eseksjh dh ij Øe la[;k,a iM+h gksrh gSa vkSj bu Øe la[;kvksa
dks eseksjh dk irk dgk tkrk gSA
dEI;wVj esa Hkjk tkus okyk lHkh izdkj dk MkVk 1 vkSj 0 ds :i esa dEI;wVj
dh eseksjh esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj mlh :i esa mlij lkjk dke fd;k tkrk gSA
dke djus ds bl rjhds dks ckbujh flLVe dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj dk lkjk
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 9

dke ckbujh flLVe esa gh pyrk gSA

fdlh dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dk vkdkj ckbVksa dh la[;k esa ukik tkrk gSA
dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ftruh cM+h gksrh gS og mruk gh rst vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh
ekuk tkrk gSA
eseksjh dh bdkbZ;ka%

8 fcV~l & 1 ckbV & 1 v{kj

1024 ckbV~l & 1 fdyksckbV ¼ds- ch-½
1024 ¼ds- ch-½ & 1 esxkckbV ¼,e- ch-½
1024 ¼,e- ch-½ & 1 xhxkckbV ¼th- ch-½
1024 ¼th- ch-½ & 1 VsjkckbV ¼Vh- ch-½
dEI;wVj dh eseksjh nks izdkj dh gksrh gS%&
Hkhrjh ;k eq[; eseksjh daI;wVj dh lh- ikh- ;w- dk gh ,d Hkkx gksrh gSA fdlh
lk/kkj.k ekbØks daI;wVj ;k ih- lh- dh eq[; eseksjh dk vkdkj 16 esxkckbV ls
1 th- ch- vFkok vf?kd gks ldrk gSA
ckgjh ;k lgk;d eseksjh MkVk dks yEcs le; ds fy, LFkk;h :i ls lqjf{kr
djus ds fy, gksrh gSA ;g daI;wVj dh lh- ih- ;w- ls ckgj gksrh gSA bls
lsdsUMjh eseksjh Hkh dgrsa gSSaA blds mnkgj.k fuEu gSaA
pqEcdh; Vsi] gkMZ fMLd Mªkbo] ¶ykih fMLd] lh- Mh- Mªkbo] Mh- oh- Mh-
Mªkbo] isu Mªkbo vkfn gksrsa gSaA budh {kerk lSdM+ks&
a gtkjksa esxkckbVksa vkSj
xhxkckbVksa esa gks ldrk gSA

eq[; eseksjh dks Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS%&
jSe (RAM) vkSj jkWe (ROM)A jSe dk iwjk uke *jSUMe ,Dlsl eseksjh* gS
ftldk vFkZ gS fd bl eseksjh dks ge viuh bPNk ls dSls iz;ksx dj ldrs
gSaA okLro esa blesa ,sls MkVk vkSj izksxzkeksa dks j[kk tkrk gS] ftUgsa FkksM+s le;
rd j[kuk gksA ;g MkVk rc rd ogha cuk jgrk gS] tcrd mldh txg ij
nwljk MkVk ugha j[k fn;k tkrk ;k dEI;wVj cUn ugha dj fn;k tkrkA
dEI;wVj cUn dj nsus ij jSe esa j[kk gqvk lkjk MkVk xk;c gks tkrk gSA
jkWe dk iwjk uke *jhM vksuyh eseksjh* gS] ftldk eryc gS fd bl Hkkx esa
MkVk dks ge dsoy i<+ ldrs gSaA okLro esa bl Hkkx esa dEI;wVj cukus okyh
dEiuh }kjk lwpuk,a] MkVk vkSj izksxzke j[ks tkrs gSa] ftudh gesa T;knkrj vkSj
jkst t:jr iM+rh gSA jkWe esa j[ks gq, MkVk dks u rks ge gVk ldrs gSa vkSj
u mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj dj ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj dh fctyh cUn gks tkus ij Hkh
jkWe esa j[kk gqvk MkVk lqjf{kr cuk jgrk gSA
ladfyr Le`fr ¼dS”k eseksjh½%
;g NksVh vR;f/kd xfreku rFkk ewY;oku eseksjh gksrh gS] tks izkslslj rFkk
eq[; eseksjh ¼jSe½ ds e/; dk;Z”khy jgrh gSA bldk ,Dlsl Vkbe izkslslj xfr
ds lerqY; gksrk gSA pwafd dS”k eseksjh eq[; eseksjh ls vf/kd xfreku gksrh gS
blfy, izkslsflax xfr dks rhoz j[kus ds fy, MsVk dks eq[; eseksjh ls yk dj
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 10

dS”k eseksjh esa dEI;wVj }kjk izokfgr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

vkmViqV ;a=
vkmViqV ;a= dEI;wVj ds ml Hkkx dks dgk tkrk gS ftleas gesa vius vkns'k
;k izksxzke dk ifj.kke izkIr gksrk gSA vkmViqV ds fy, dbZ e'khusa ;k lk/ku
gksrs ldrs gSa ftls gesa vyx&vyx rjg dk vkmViqV feyrk gSA oh- Mh- ;w-
(Visual Display Unit) ;k ekWuhVj (Monitor) lcls ljy vkSj gj txg
ik;k tkus okyk lk/ku gSA

gkMZos;j midj.k
buiqV midj.k
dhcksMZ
dhcksMZ dh dqath;ksa dks fuEufy[khr Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS&
QaD”u dqaft;ka%& ;s lkjh dqaft;ka izk;% lcls
mij ds drkj esa gksrh gSa ftuij F1 ls F12
rd vafdr gksrk gSA ;s T;knkrj mi;ksx dh
tkus okys funsZ'kksa ds fy, “kkVZdV ds :i esa
bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSaA bu dqaft;ksa dks
lkW¶Vos;j ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k jgrk
gSA

Vkbfiax okyh dqaft;ka%& dhcksMZ ds eq[; Hkkx esa ;s lkjh dqath;ka gksrh gSaA
buij lkjs v{kj] uEcj vkSj dqN fo'ks"k tSls VSc (Tab) dUVªksy (CTRL)]
vkYV (ALT)] bUVj (ENTER)] dSIlykWd (CAPSLOCK) bR;kfn gksrs gSaA
uEcj okyh dqaft;ka%& dhcksMZ ds nkfguh rjQ ;s lkjh dqath;ka gksrh gSaA bUgsa
U;weSfjd dh&iSM Hkh dgrs gSa ftuij 0 ls 9 rd vafdr gksrk gSA bl dqath
lewg ds }kjk ge ,d gkFk ls uEcj okys MkVk Mky ldrs gSaA bl iSM ls ge
djlj dks Hkh fu;fU=r dj ldrs gSaA ueykWd (NUMLOCK) dqath dks
nckdj ge nksuksa :iksa esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA

ekml
ekml ,d IokbafVax midj.k gS tks vklkuh ls gkFkksa esa fQV gks
tkrk gSA blds enn ls LØhu ij fn[kus okys IokbaVj] ftls
vDlj ekml IokbaVj dgk tkrk gS] dh gjdrksa dks fu;fU=r
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkFk gh LØhu ls pquko Hkh fd;k tkrk
ldrk gSA ekml ds mijh Hkkx esa nks ;k rhu cVu yxs gksrs gSaA
dqN ekml esa NksVk ifg;k Hkh gksrk gSA ekml dk fupyk fgLlk
lery gksrk gS tks ekml dh pky dk irk yxkus dh iz.kkyh
ls ;qDr gksrk gSA
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 11

LdSuj
,d vkWfIVdy LdSuj dks lk/kkj.kr;k LdSuj ds rkSj ij tkuk tkrk gSA ;g
ykbV lasflax buiqV fMokbl gSA LdSuj fizaVsM VSDLV o xzkfQDl dks i<+rk gS
vkSj ifj.kke dks ,sls QkWeZ esa cny nsrk gS ftls dEI;wVj bLrseky dj ldsA
lokZf/kd yksdfiz; LdSujksa esa ls ,d ¶ySVcsM LdSuj gSA ¶ySVcsM LdSuj
MkD;weasV dks isij ij dkWih djus ds ctk; bls viuh eseksjh esa Qkby ds #i
esa LVksj dj ysrk gSA blds flok ;g cl ,d dkWih e'khu dh rjg dke
djrk gSA ,d ckj ;g vkWCtsDV dks LdSu djrk g]S fQj ;g vkWCtsDV dks
LØhu ij fMLIys] LVksjst fefM;e esa LVksj] fizaV] QSDl vkSj bZ&esy eSlt
s dh
rjg vVSp dj ldrk gSA

ykbVisu
;g isfUly dh rjg cuk gqvk bysDVkWfud isUVcz'k gSA bls lk/kkj.k :i ls
dEI;wVj LØhu ij ,d vkdkj esa ?kqekus ij ml vkdkj dh rjg fMtkbu cuk
nsrk gSA ;g xzkfQDl iSdst esa pquus] cukus] cnyus ;k fMyhV djus ds fy;s
bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
vkmViqV midj.k
fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV ¼ekWfuVj½
ekWfuVj vkmViqV midj.k gS] ftlij ge vk¡[kksa ls VSDLV]
xzkfQDl vkSj fofM;ks bUQkesZ'ku ns[k ldrs gSaA ekWfuVj ij
bUQkesZ'ku bysDVªkfud rjhds ls gksrh gSA

fizaVj
fizaVj ,d ,slk vkmViqV fMokbl gS tks dkxt ij fQftdy ek/;e ls VSDLV
vkSj xzkfQDl eqfnzr djrk gSA fQftdyh ekStwn fizaVsM lwpuk,a gkMZ dkWih
dgykrh gSaA

MkWV eSfVªDl fizaVlZ

MkWV eSfVªDl fizaVj yks&DokfyVh dk fizaV fudkyrk
gSA ;g fizaVj MkWV ls best cukus ds fy, gSej vkSj
fjcu dk bLrseky djrk gSA fizaVsM best dh gk;j
jstksY;w'ku ds fy, T;knk MkWV gSej dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA mRikn vkSj fizaVj ds ekWMy ds vk/kkj ij MkWV
eSfVªDl fiaVj ds fizaV gSM eSdsfuTe esa 9 ls 24 rd
fiusa gksrh gSaA fiuksa dh la[;k T;knk gksus dk eryc
T;knk MkWV fizaV gksx a s] ftlls gk;j fizaV DokfyVh
feyrh gSA
bad tSV fizaVlZ
bad tSV fizaVj dkxt ij rjy L;kgh dh NksVh cwansa fNM+d dj v{kjksa vkSj
xzkfQDl dks fizaV djrk gSA bad tSV fizaVj dh DokfyVh bldh jsT;wys'ku ;k
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 12

xzkfQDl ;k 'kkiZusl vkSj DySfjVh ls ekih tkrh gSA vkmViqV esa fizaVj dh
jsT;wys'ku] izfr bap MkWV~l vFkok MhihvkbZ dh la[;k ls ekih tkrh gSA T;knk
MhihvkbZ dk eryc mÙke fizaV DokfyVhA badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh dh cwan ,d
MkWV dk dk;Z djrh gSA

ystj fizaVlZ
dkxt ij mPp dksfV dh best fudkyus ds QksVksdkWfi;j e'khu dh rjg dke
djus okys gkbZ LihM fizaVj dks ystj fizaVj dgrs gSaA ystj che ykbV
lsaflfVo Mªe ij best dh vkd`fr cukrh gSA Mªe Qkbu ikoMj bad ysrk gS]
tks dkxt ij best dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA

lsds.Mjh LVksjst fMokblsl

izkbejh LVksjst cgqr ugha gksrk vkSj tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd blesa MkVk
tcrd dEI;wVj py jgk gksrk gS rHkh rd LVksj jgrk gS vkSj dEI;wVj ds
vkWQ gks tkus ij og lekIr gks tkrk gS] blds vykok bldh {kerk Hkh
lhfer gksrh gSA LVksjst fMokblsl iwjd] LFkk;h] lsds.Mjh vkSj T;knk LVksjst
ds rkSj ij tkuk tkrk gSA ;s Hkfo"; ds fy, MkVk] baLVªD'kal vkSj bUQkWesZ'ku
dks lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSaA

¶ykWih fMLd
¶ykWih fMLd ,d eSXusfVd ek/;e gS ftlij MkVk dks LVksj
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yphys] xksykdkj IykfLVd inkFkZ ls
cuk gksrk gS tks fd eSXusfVd vk;ju vkWDlkbM ls <adk
gksrk gSA xksykdkj fMLd ,d lqj{kk dop ls <adk gksrk gSA
¶ykWih fMLd ?kj ds o ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ij lkW¶Vos;j]
dEI;wVjksa ds chp MkVk VªkalQj vkSj NksVk cSdvi cukus ds
fy, bLrseky gksrh jgh gSaA ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds fy, gkMZ
Mªkbo yksdfiz; gksus ds igys] dEI;wVj ds vkWijsfVax flLVe]
,fIyds'ku flLVe vkSj vU; MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy,
¶ykWih fMLd vDlj bLrseky dh tkrh FkhA ¶ykWih fMLd
nks lkbt Øe'k% 5-25 bap vkSj 3-5 bap esa miyC/k gSaA
¶ykWih fMLd dh Nerk 1-44 ,e- ch- ;k 2-88 ,e- ch-gksrh
gSA ¶ykWih fMLd dk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd mls ,d
txg ls fudky dj nwljs txg ij ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA

¶ykWih fMLd ls MkVk lekIr u gks lds blds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij
/;ku nsuk t:jh gksrk gS%&

& fjdkWfMZax lQsZl dks dHkh u Nq,aA

& ¶ykWih fMLd dks /kwy ls cpk;sAa
& ¶ykWih fMLd ij dksbZ Hkkjh oLrq u j[ksAa
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 13

& eSXusfVd {ks=] xehZ vkSj izdk'k ls ¶ykWih fMLd dks nwj j[ksaA

gkMZ fMLd%
gkMZ fMLd og LVksjst fMokbl gS] ftlesa dEI;wVj MkVk LVksj djrk gSA gkMZ
fMLd Mªkbo dks gkMZ Mªkbo ;k fQDLM gkMZ Mªkbo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA T;knkrj
dEI;wVjksa esa dEI;wVj dsl ds vUnj ,d gkMZ fMLd fLFkr gksrh gSA gkMZ Mªkbo]
IysVl dgykus okyh ?kwerh gqbZ fMLd ij vR;f/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks pqacdh;
rjhds ls LVksj djrh gSA gkMZ fMLd le; dh cpr dj ldrh gS] D;ksfa d
¶ykWih fMLd ds eqdkcys gkMZ fMLd ij Qkbysa ,Dlsl djuk 20 xquk T;knk
rst gksrk gSA;wtlZ ekursa gSa fd ¶ykWih fMLd ds eqdkcys gkMZ fMLd ij
Qkbysa ,Dlsl djuk T;knk vklku gksrk gSA orZeku ilZuy dEI;wVj dh gkMZ
fMLd 80 ls 5000 th- ch- ;k blls T;knk MkVk LVksj dj ldrh gSA

dkWEiSDV fMLd%
dkWEiSDV fMLd ;k lh- Mh- jkse ¼jhM vksuyh eseksjh½ ,d ,slh fMLd gS ftlesa
dEI;wVj }kjk ,Dlsl djus ;ksX; MkVk gksrk gSA lhMh jksEl xsEl o
eYVhehfM;k ,Iyhds'kal lfgr dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j forfjr djus ds fy,
yksdfiz; gSaA gkykafd fMLd dh mPpre {kerk rd blesa dksbZ Hkh MkVk LVksj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d LVSaMMZ 120 ,e-ch- lh-Mh- jkse esa 650 ;k 700 ,e-ch-
MkVk gksrk gSA

lkW¶Vos;j
lkW¶Vos;j] dEI;wVj dh Hkk’kk esa fy[ks x, izksxzkeksa ¼funsZ”k ds lewg dks izksxzke
dgrs gaS½ ds lewg dks dgrs gS] ftlds vuqlkj dEI;wVj fdlh fo”ks’k dk;Z dks
lEikfnr djds bfPNr ifj.kke nsrk gSA
lkW¶Vos;j eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%
1- flLVe lkW¶Vos;j
2- ,fIyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j
flLVe lkW¶Vos;j%
flLVe lkW¶Vos;j os lkW¶Vos;j gS] ftudk lk/kkj.k ;wtj ls dqN fo”ks’k lEcU/k
ugha gksrkA flLVe lkW¶Vos;j eq[; :Ik ls dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vosj
dss e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir djrsa gSa rFkk dEI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkxks dks lqpk# :i ls
pykus ds ;ksX; cukrsa gSaA vkWijsfVax flLVe Hkh flLVe lkW¶Vos;j dk ,d
mnkgj.k gSA
,fIyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j
,fIyds”ku flLVe lkW¶Vos;j os lkW¶Vos;j gS] ftuds iz;ksx ls ;wtj dEI;wVj
ij foHkUu fo’k;ks ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%
 iSdst ¼cus cuk;s ;k jsMhesM½ lkW¶Vos;j
 dLVekbt+ ¼vko”;drkuqlkj cuok, x, ;k Vsyj esM½ lkW¶Vos;j
 Introduction of Computer Fundamental 14

Software
LkkW¶Vos;j ds fofHkUu izdkj%
izdkj%

System Application
Software Software

Operating Language Device Drivers Utilities Package Customized

System Processor Interface Perform house General Utility Software
Keeping
DOS / Windows Program between OS & Function Software according to a
etc. Converter Hardware e.g Virus removable user’s need

vkWijsfVax flLVe%
vkt ds ifjis{k es flLVe lkW¶Vos;j rFkk ,fIyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j ds ,d cM+s
lewg dks vkWijsfVax flLVe dgrs gSaA vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wCj gkMZo; s j rFkk
;wtj ds e/; leU;o; LFkkfir djrk gS rFkk ;g ,d ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj
djrk gS ftlls fd ;wtj vklkuh ls dEI;wVj iz;ksx dj ldsA
funsZ'kksa dks le>uk vkWijsfVax flLVe dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gksrk gSA
;wtj ftl dek.M dks Vkbi ;k fDyd djrk gS] mls dek.M baVjizsVj }kjk
i<+k tkrk gS vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSaA
 MS DOS ¼,eñ ,lñ MkWl½
 MS WINDOWS ¼,eñ ,lñ foUMkst+½
 LINUX ¼ykbZusDl½
 MACANTOSH ¼eSdsUBks”k½
 APPLE MAC ¼,Iiy eSd½
 SOLARYS ¼lksykfjl½
dEI;qBj foKku esa vkWijsfVax flLVe og vk?kkjHkwr lkW¶Vos;j gS tks dEI;qBj
dh lEiw.kZ dk;Ziz.kkyh dks dks fUk;fU=r djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds rhu
eq[; dk;Z gksrsa gSaA
1- ;g fdlh okº; ,ifyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dks dEI;wVj ij pyus ds
fy, lrg iznku djrk gSA
2- ;g iz;ksxdrkZ rFkk dEI;wVj ds e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
3- ;g dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu gkMZos;j ds e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
vkWijsfVax flLVe ,dy izk;ksfxd vFkok cgqizk;ksfxd gks ldrs gSaA ,dy
izk;ksfxd vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d le; es dsoy ,d dk;Z lEikfnr djrs gS
blds foifjr cgqizk;ksfxd vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d le; es ,d ls vf/kd dk;Z
lEikfnr dj ldrs gSaA dk;ksZ dh la[;k dEI;wVj dh izkfFed Le`fr ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 15

vkWijsfVax flLVe ds izdkj%

lhñ ;wñ vkbZñ% ¼dSjDs Vj ;wtj bUVjQsl½ bl izdkj ds vkWijsfVax flLVe es
dsoy v{kjks rFkk izrhdksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds lkW¶Vos;j dk
iz;ksx rhljh ih<h rd ds dEI;wVjksa esas fd;k tkrk FkkA lhñ ;wñ vkbZñ vkWijsfVax
flLVe ds mnkgj.k MkWl] ykbusDl bR;kfn gSA

thñ ;wñ vkbZñ% ¼xzSfQdy ;wtj bUVjQsl½ ;g u;s izdkj dk vkWijsfVax flLVe
gS] ftldk iz;ksx vk/kqfud ;qx es fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkWijsfVax esa
v{kj] izrhd rFkk fp= nksuks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA thñ ;wñ vkbZñ vkWijsfVax
flLVe ij dk;Z djuk rFkk bls lh[kuk ljy gksrk gSA ,eñ ,lñ foUMkst]
ykbZusDl] eSdsUBks”k bR;kfn thñ ;wñ vkbZñ izdkj ds vkWijsfVax flLVe ds
mnkgj.k gSA
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds eq[; QaD”kUl
& buiqV@vkmViqV dk dk;Z
& lalk/kuksa dk O;oLFkkiu
& eseksjh dk izcU/ku
& Qkbyksa dk O;oLFkkiu
& lqj{kk
& xyfr;ksa dks crkuk

usVodZ vkWijsfVax flLVe

usVodZ vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d ,slk lkW¶Vos;j gS tks Qkby vkSj fizaVj dks 'ks;j
djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g dEI;wVjksa ds chp lEcU/k
LFkkfir djrk gSA ukWosy usVos;j] foaMkst ,u- Vh-vkSj ySuLekVZ blds dqN
eq[; mnkgj.k gSaA

,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j
,fIyds'ku izksxzke tks ;wtj ds fy, [kkl dke dks iwjk djrs gSa] ,fIyds'ku
lkW¶Vos;j ;k ,fIyds'ku dgykrs gSaA ,e- ,l- vkWfQl, BSyh] QkWDlizks]
vkWVksdSM bR;kfn lkekU; :i ls bLrseky gksus okys ,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;lZ gSaA
dqN izksxzkEl xzkgdksa ds t:jr ds vuqlkj Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSa tSls isjkSy
flLVe] buosUVªh dUVªksy flLVe] jsyos@,;jykbu fjtosZ'ku flLVe bR;kfnA

izksxzkfeax ySaXost
dEI;qBj esa fdlh dk;Z dks lEikfnr djus ds fy;s mls dEI;qBj dh Hkk’kk es
fyf[kr funsZ”k nsuk gksrk gSA funsZ”k nsus ds fy;s ftl fo”ks’k dEI;qBj Hkk’kk dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls izksxzkfeax ySaXost dgrsa gSaA lHkh ,fIyds'ku lkW¶Vos;j
rFkk iSdst dEI;wVj ySaXost esa gh fy[ks x;s gksrs gSaA
Introduction of Computer Fundamental 16

dEI;wVj ySaXost dk oxhZdj.k%

yks ysoy ySaXost
dEI;wVj dsoy 0 vkSj 1 dks gh le>rk gSA bls ckbujh ySaXost ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA bl ySaXost esa fy[ks x;s izksxzke cgqr gh fDy"V gksrsa gSa vkSj
dfBurk ls le>s tk ldrs gSaA
vlsEcyh ySaXost
vlsEcyh ySaXost dqN fØIVsM dksM vkSj flEcYl ls cus gksrs gSaA ;s flEcYl
vlsEcyj dk iz;ksx djds ckbujh esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA
gkbZ ysoy ySaXost
;s vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds leku gksrs gSaA gkbZ ysoy ySaXost esa fy[ks x;s izksxzke e'khu
ySaXost esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA ;g ifjorZu ,d Lis'ky izksxzke ftls
dEikbyj@baVjizsVj dgk tkrk gS] ds }kjk gksrk gSA gkbZ ysoy ySaXost ds
mnkgj.k & csfld] dkscksy] ikLdy] QksjVªku vkWjsdy] lkbcsl] buQkWfezDl
bR;kfnA

dEI;wVj usVodZ%
nks ;k nks ls vf?kd dEI;wVjksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dh ,slh O;oLFkk rkfd
dEI;wVjksas ds e/; MkBk rFkk lwpukvksas dk vknku iznku fd;k tk lds]
dEi;wVj usVodZ dgykrk gSA dEI;wBj usVodZ eq[; :i ls nks izdkj ds gksrsa
gSaA
LAN ¼ySu½
WAN ¼oSu½
blds vfrfjDr ySu rFkk oSu ds la;ksx ls ,d vU; izdkj dk dEI;wVj usVodZ
Ckurk gS ftls MAN (eSu) dgrsa gSaA
dEi;wVj usVodZ cukus ds fy, vko”;d gkMZos;j NIC ¼usVodZ bUVjQsl dkMZ
vFkok ySu dkMZ½ rFkk gc@fLop gksrs gSA
MsVk dks izokfgr djus ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k dsfcy ftls CAT-5/ CAT-6 dgrs
gS] dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bUVjusV%
dEI;wVj ds usVodksZ dk ,d fo”kky oSf”od usVodZ bUVjusV dgykrk gSA
bUVjusV ls tqM+s lHkh dEI;wVj ,d eq[; dEI;wVj ftls loZj dgrs gS] ls tqM+s
gksrs gSA loZj vius ls tqM+s lHkh dEI;wVjks ¼DykbUV½ dks ekaxs tkus ij lwpuk
iznku djrk gSA