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Lec3 - IoT - Perception Layer - Sensors

Sensors are needed to provide awareness of surroundings and allow interaction with the environment. Common things that can be sensed include light, sound, heat, chemicals, object proximity, and physical orientation. A wide variety of sensor types exist, including ultrasonic, visual, color, magnetic, orientation, motion, voltage, and chemical sensors. Sensor costs vary significantly depending on type, from around $5 for simple smoke detectors to more for specialized sensors. Ease of use also varies, with NFC having short range radio communication and potential uses like mobile tickets or payments.

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sasith.wickrama
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38 views

Lec3 - IoT - Perception Layer - Sensors

Sensors are needed to provide awareness of surroundings and allow interaction with the environment. Common things that can be sensed include light, sound, heat, chemicals, object proximity, and physical orientation. A wide variety of sensor types exist, including ultrasonic, visual, color, magnetic, orientation, motion, voltage, and chemical sensors. Sensor costs vary significantly depending on type, from around $5 for simple smoke detectors to more for specialized sensors. Ease of use also varies, with NFC having short range radio communication and potential uses like mobile tickets or payments.

Uploaded by

sasith.wickrama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IT5070 Internet of Things (IoT)

Lecture 3
IoT Perception Layer: Sensors
IoT Architecture
5 sensors
Sensors
Why do we need sensors?
What can be sensed?
What sensors are out there?
What can they do?
How much do they cost?
How easy are they to use?
Why Do We Need Sensors?

Provides “awareness” of surroundings

What’s ahead, around, “out there”?

Allows interaction with environment


Robot lawn mower can “see” cut grass

Protection & Self-Preservation

Safety, Damage Prevention, Stairwell sensor

Gives the machine capability to goal-seek

Find colorful objects, seek goals

Makes things “interesting”


What can be sensed?

Light: Presence, color, intensity, content (mod), direction

Sound: Presence, frequency, intensity, content (mod), direction

Heat: Temperature, wavelength, magnitude, direction

Chemicals: Presence, concentration, identity, etc.

Object Proximity: Presence/absence, distance, bearing, color, etc.

Physical orientation/attitude/position: Magnitude, pitch, roll, yaw, coordinates, etc.


What can be sensed?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?

Active (emitting)
• Oscillator generates IR reflections off objects
• Filtered receiver looks for “reflections”
• Pulses may be encoded for better discrimination
• Typically, frequencies around 40KHz
• Doesn’t work well with dark, flat colored objects

Passive (sensor only)


• Pyro-electric (heat sensor)
• Look for IR emissions from people & animals
• Used in security systems & motion detectors
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
What sensors are out there?
Feelers: Whiskers
What sensors are out there?
Feelers: Bumpers & Guards
What sensors are out there?
Sonic (Acoustic): Detecting sound, Mechanical vibrations

Active
• Emit pulses & listen for echos
• Times round trip sound travel (~1ft/mS)
• Reaches far fairly beyond robot (30-50 ft)
• Relatively simple, not cheap, analog output
• Directional, not everything reflects sound
• Noisy!!!!
Passive (sensor only)
Sensor listens to ambient sounds
Filters or scans selected frequencies
ADC measures conditioned signal amplitude
CPU performs signal analysis on what it hears
What sensors are out there?
Resistance Relevant to
Sensor Application
Performance your project

Passive (sensor only)


Measures electrical resistance between objects
Measure sensor that varies resistance
Use absolute or differential readings
Other ideas?
What sensors are out there?
Capacitive

Detect capacitance difference due to underlying material density.


Emit an electric field below the sensor.
Nulled to a known “void” wall area.
What sensors are out there?
Inductive

Active (emitting)
Magnetic waves
• Metals affect sensor
• Current flows through inductor
• Magnetic field mostly ignores non-metals
• Inductance changes with metallic proximity
• Short range applications (~cm or mm)
What sensors are out there?
Visual

Ex: CMUCam, Linear Optical Array


Active (emitting)
• Camera with field of view illumination
• Looks for particular reflections
• Filter removes non-significant light sources
• Linear array senses single axis of motion
Passive (camera only)
• Scans field of interest
• Looks for objects, artifacts, features of interest
• Processes digital data to simplified interpretation
What sensors are out there?
Color
This sensor emits red, green, and blue light in turn watching the photocell’s response to each
color.
With calibration the system can detect a surprising range of colors though greens and blues
that are close together confuse it.
What sensors are out there?
Magnetic
Security and military applications such as detection, discrimination and localization of
ferromagnetic and conducting objects, navigation, position tracking.
What sensors are out there?
Orientation

Rate Gyros
Output proportional to angular rotation speed
Integrate to get position
Differentiate to get acceleration
DC Accelerometer
Output proportional to sine of vertical angle

Compass
Track bearing & distance to determine position
What sensors are out there?
Motion

Rate Gyros
Silicon Sensing Systems

Servo Accel
What sensors are out there?
Voltage

Passive – Senses electric field


Fluke Electric Field Sensors
What sensors are out there?
Chemical

Smoke Detectors - Cheap, readily available, $5


Oxygen concentration sensors - CO, H4S, CH4, pricey
How much do they cost?
http://www.dinsmoresensors.com
http://www.fluke.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http:// www.lynxmotion.com
http://www.magnetometer.org
http:// www.nubotics.com
http:// www.parallax.com
http://www.raztec.co.nz
http:// www.robotics.com
http:// www.robotroom.com
http://www.sensorland.com
http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder
http:// www.solarbotics.com
How easy are they to use?
NFC (Near Field Communication)

Short range radio communication


Builds on specifications laid out for earlier RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
technology
Usually operates within a 4 cm range, but specifications allow for a range up to 20 cm
Uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz
Possible transfer rates are 106, 212, 424kbps
How easy are they to use?
NFC (Near Field Communication)

Use phone, like a contactless credit card


Also could work as a coupon or gift card
Apple patent shows ideas for digital concert tickets, coupons 10
Can download tickets to phone with NFC enabled computer
How easy are they to use?
NFC (Near Field Communication)

Smart posters/tags
These tags can link to relevant websites
Can be used to perform actions in applications that are NFC enabled
Could be used to download and run a guide program in a museum
How easy are they to use?
NFC RFID Bluetooth Wi-Fi
Maximum Operating 10 cm 3m 100 m 100 m
Range
Operating Frequency 13.56 MHz Varies 2.4 GHz 2.4/5 GHz
(802.11n)
Directional Two way One way Two way Two way
Communication
Bit Rate 106/212/ 424 Varies 22 Mbps 144 Mbps
Kbps
Potential Uses e-Tickets, Credit Tracking items, Communicate Wireless internet
card payment, EZ-Pass between phones,
Membership peripheral
card devices
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Questions?

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