Reviewer 2nd Quarter

Music

Classical Period
 period from 1750-1820
 significant changes in musical forms and style distinguishing the music from those of the
previous era
 called “The Age of Reason” or “Age of Enlightenment
 falls between the Baroque and the Romantic periods.

MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1820)

 cultural life was dominated by the aristocracy
 Significant changes in musical forms and styles were made
 Instrumental music was patronized primarily by the nobility
 Europe began to move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts, known
as Classicism.
 Important historical events: French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the American
Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the American Revolution.
 “classical” denotes conformity with the principles and characteristics of ancient Greece
and Roman literature and art which were formal, elegant, simple, freed, and dignified.
 Harmony and texture are homophonic in general.
 The dynamics of loud and soft were clearly shown through the extensive use of crescendo
and diminuendo.
 A style of broken chord accompaniment called, Alberti Bass was practiced.

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)

 “Father of the Symphony”
 one of the most prominent composers of the classical period
 life is described as a “rags-to-riches” story
 s hired by rich patrons and eventually became a musical director for the Esterhazy family
for 30 years.
 His music reflects his character and personality: mainly calm, balanced, serious but with
touches of humor.
 able to compose over 100 symphonies and developed them into long forms for a large
orchestra.
 Most of symphonies have nicknames such as the “Surprise Symphony”, “The Clock”,
“The Military”.

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791)

 child prodigy and the most amazing genius in musical history
 At age five, he was already playing the violin and the harpsichord
  at six, he was recognized as an exceptional pianist
 at seven, he was already composing excellent music.
 At age thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and
operas, and operettas.
 experimented with all kinds of music and composed over 700 works
 due to mismanaged finances, he lived his life in poverty, died young, and was buried in
an unknown grave.
 composed wonderful concertos, symphonies, and opera such as “The Marriage of Figaro”
(1786), “Don Giovanni (1789), and “The Magic Flute” which became popular. Other
known works: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Major, and Sonata No.
11 in A Major K311.
 “Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria.
 “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, and “The Magic Flute” are examples of
popular Opera Buffa

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

 composer who bridged the late Classical era and the early Romantic era.
 famous compositions include 32 piano sonatas, 21 sets of variations, 9 symphonies, 5
concertos for piano, 16 string quartets, and choral music
 works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818- 1823) and the opera “Fidelio” (1805). His
known symphonies are Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9 (Choral),
 began to go deaf in 1796 but this did not become a hindrance. He continued composing
with the help of an assistant and hearing gadget

VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

SONATA
 A multi-movement work for solo instrument
 came from the word “Sonare” which means to make a sound
 This term is applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument such as a keyboard or
violin.
 Three movement of Sonata
o 1st movement: Allegro (fast movement)
o 2nd movement: Andante (Slow Tempo): mostly lyrical and emotional
o 3rd movement: Minuet – three-four time and in moderate or fast tempo
SONATA ALLEGRO FORM
 The most important form that developed during the classical era consists of 3 distinct
sections: Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.
o Exposition - the first part of a composition in sonata form that introduces the
theme
 o Development - the middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are
being developed
o Recapitulation - repeats the theme as they first emerge in the opening exposition.

CONCERTO
 multi-movement work designed for an instrumental soloist and orchestra.
 classical form of music intended primarily to emphasize the individuality of the solo
instrument and to exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative abilities of the performer
 solo instruments in classical concertos include violin, cello, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet,
horn, and piano
 A concerto has three movements:
o 1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro forms with expositions of the orchestra and
then by the soloist.
o 2nd Movement: Slow: Has more ornamentation than the First movement.
o 3rd Movement: Fast: Finale: usually in a form of a rondo, resembling the last
movement of the symphony, and usually a short cadenza is used.
SYMPHONY
 A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived from the word
“Sinfonia” which means “a harmonious sounding together”.
 It is classical music for the whole orchestra, generally in four movements.
 4 movements of the symphony:
o 1st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form
o 2nd Movement: Slow: gentle, lyrical – typical ABA form or theme and variation
o 3rd Movement: Medium/Fast: uses a dance form (Minuet or scherzo)
o 4th Movement: Fast: typically, Rondo or Sonata form

CLASSICAL OPERA
 Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform in a theatrical setting
 two distinct styles of opera, Opera Seria and Opera Buffa
 The Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama that employs
mythological characters, which was inherited from the Baroque period.
 The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from Italy made use of everyday characters and
situations, and typically employed spoken dialogues, lengthy arias, and was spiced with
sight gags, naughty humor, and social satire.

ARTS
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
 period of economic progress, period of artistic experimentation.
 period stirred enthusiasm for the study of ancient philosophy and artistic values.
 Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th century
 era of great artistic and intellectual achievement with the birth of secular art.
  focus was on realistic and humanistic art.
 Renaissance painters depicted real-life figures and their sculptures were naturalistic
portraits of human beings.
 Renaissance art was characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and deeper
landscape.
 Architecture was characterized by its symmetry and balance.

ARTS OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

 cover artworks produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe.
 word Renaissance comes from the word, renaitre, which means, “rebirth.”
 pertains to arts, particularly in Italy, such as sculptures, paintings, music, architecture, and
literature.
 Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the early
modern age.
 Renaissance art is the art of calm and beauty.

LEONARDO DI SER PIERO DA VINCI (1452- 1519)

 a painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician
 popularized in present times through the novel and movie, “Da Vinci Code.”
 known as the ultimate “Renaissance man” because of his intellect, interest, talent and his
expression of humanist and classical values.
 widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most
diversely talented person to have ever lived.
 known works were: The Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting of all time),
and the Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied portrait.)
 other works were: The Virtruvian Mar, The Adoration of the Magi, and the Virgin of the
Rocks.
 “Mona Lisa” stems from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari.
Mona, in Italian, is a polite form of address originating as Madonna- similar to Ma’am,
Madamme, or My Lady in English.

RAFFAELLO SANZIO DA URBINO (RAPHAEL) (1483-1520)

 an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance period
 admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of
interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines.
 One of the traditional trinity of great masters together with Michelangelo and Leonardo
da Vinci
 main contributions to art: his unique draftsmanship and compositional skills.
 famous works were: The Sistine Madonna, The School of Athens, and The
Transfiguration. Transfiguration was Raphael’s last painting on which he worked on up to
his death.
MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO BUONARROTI SIMONI (1475-1564)
  Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.
 considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime,
 considered as one of the greatest artists of all time.
 outstanding works as sculptor were the following: Pieta, Bacchus, Moses, David, Dying
Slave, Dawn and Dusk. Two of his best known works, The Pieta and David, were
sculpted before he turned thirty.
 created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the
scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and the Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine
Chapel in Rome.
 convinces himself and his spectators of the divine quality and the significance of these
figures by means of earthly and perfect beauty

DONATO DI NICCOLO DI BETTO BARDI (DONATELLO) (1386- 1466)

 one of the Italian great artists of the period.
 early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence
 known for his work in bas- relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture.
 works included the following statues and relief: David, Statue of St. George, Equestrian
Monument of Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc, and The Feast of Herod.
BAROQUE PERIOD
 Baroque was derived from the Portuguese word “barocco” which means “irregularly
shaped pearl or stone.”
 a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension, and grandeur
 describes a fairly complex idiom and focuses on painting, sculpture and architecture.
 Baroque art above all reflects the tensions of the age notably the desire of the Catholic
Church in Rome to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation

ARTS OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD

 arts of the Baroque Period are more elaborate and full of emotion.
 developed in Europe around the 1600’s.
 type of art form was highly encouraged by the Catholic Church to propagate its dogma
 Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma, either directly in Biblical
works or indirectly in imaginary or symbolic work.
 Baroque sculpture, typically larger than life size, is marked by a similar sense of dynamic
movement, along with an active use of space.
 Baroque architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion.

PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577- 1640)
 a Flemish Baroque painter
 well known for his paintings of mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits,
and Counter Reformation altarpieces.
 works were mostly religious subjects, history paintings of magical creatures, and hunt
scenes
  famous works were: Samson and Delilah, Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene
Fourment, and The Three Graces.

REMBRANDT HARMENSZOON VAN RIJN (1606-1669

 a brilliant Dutch realist, painter and etcher.
 generally considered as one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art.
 He followed no particular faith, but was interested in spiritual values and often chooses
religious subjects.
 produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings, and 2000 drawings.
 His well- known work was his “Self portrait in Old Age
DIEGO VELASQUEZ (1599- 1660)
 one of the finest masters of composition and one of the most important painters of the
Spanish Golden Age
 worked out solutions to pictorial problems of design that transcend the style of any
period.
 His famous works were: The Surrender of Breda, Las Meninas (The maids of honour),
Los Barachos (The Drinker), and Maria Theresa

MICHELANGELO MERISI OR AMERIGHI DA CARAVAGGIO (1571- 1610)

 better known as Caravaggio
 Italian artist who wanted to deviate from the classical masters of the Renaissance.
 an outcast in his society, because of his own actions and the lack of modesty and
reverence for religious subjects in his own paintings
 famous paintings were: Supper at Emmaus, Conversion of St. Paul, and Entombment of
Christ.

GIAN LORENZO BERNINI (1598-1680)

 an Italian artist and the first Baroque artist.
 practiced architecture, and sculpture, painting, stage design, and was also a playwright
 last in the list of the dazzling universal geniuses.
 first artworks date from his 8th birthday.
 early works were: The Goat Amalthea with the Infant Jupiter and a Faun, Damned Soul,
and the Blessed Soul.
 greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as seen in his design of the Piazza San Pietro in
front of the Basilica.
 The famous “Ecstasy of St. Teresa” was his greatest achievement and the Colonade of the
Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome.
BAROQUE INFLUENCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
 In the 16th century, the Baroque style was carried by the Spanish and Portuguese to the
Philippines where it became the prominent style of building for large and small churches.
 Large Baroque churches often have a proportionally very wide facade which seems to
stretch between the towers.
 The Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda to spread Catholicism throughout
the Philippines.
 During three hundred years of Spanish colonization, the Philippine architecture was
dominated by Spanish influences.
 Some baroque churches in the Philippines:
O San Agustin, Manila
O San Agustin Church, Paoay, ilocos Norte
O Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church, Miag-ao, Iloilo
O Baclayon Church, Bohol
O The “Sta. Maria Church” in Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur