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Wheat and Sunflower

This document describes the morphology of a grass species. It has hollow, jointed stems with nodes and internodes. The leaves have parallel veins and ligules. The inflorescence is a spike of spikelets with two-rowed florets containing lodicules, three stamens, and a single pistil. The fruit is a caryopsis. Key characteristics include inflorescence and floral parts typical of grasses.

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60 views

Wheat and Sunflower

This document describes the morphology of a grass species. It has hollow, jointed stems with nodes and internodes. The leaves have parallel veins and ligules. The inflorescence is a spike of spikelets with two-rowed florets containing lodicules, three stamens, and a single pistil. The fruit is a caryopsis. Key characteristics include inflorescence and floral parts typical of grasses.

Uploaded by

toushifadib1290
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Habit : Cultivated annual herb

solid nodes
(culm

hollow internodes

Simple,The leaf blade is thinlanceolateentire


acute and hairy with parallel venation
Erect simple herbaceoususually glabrous
cylindrical with 5-7 solid nodes and hollow
The internodes are shorter at base and
internodes
increasing with height of the stem.
Adventitious and fibrous.
A thin membranous,
colorless and jagged
ligule present at
inner side of the
junction of leaf blade
and leaf sheath

two clamp shaped


hairy auricles at both
ends of the junction.

isobilateral and is divided into leaf


sheath and leaf blade
The leaf sheath is thick, fleshy and amplexicaul.

sheath pulvinus.
The terminal leaf, which
encloses the
inflorescence, is flag
leaf.
Inflorescence

Spike of spikelets
Spikelet
Sessile,

borne on
unbranched and
zigzagged rachis,

arranged in two
rows with a single
terminal spikelet.
Glume 1 Glume 2

It is composed of a minute rachilla, variable number of


florets (3-7) and boat shaped two empty glumes
Lower florets are fertile
Floret while
upper florets are sterile.

Fertile floret consists of a


lemma, a palea and a
flower.

Lemma is large, boat


shaped and awned.
Flower
Minute sessile bracteate incomplete
bisexual zygomorphic

irregular and
hypogynous

Lodicule

The perianth is represented by 2 broad, thick,


fleshy and transparent lodicules, lies beneath the
ovary.
Androecium

Anther

Filament

Stamens-3 polyandrous (free) filament short and slender

anther large 2-lobed (dithecous) versatile


Gynoecium

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Carpel-1 (monocarpellary), ovary superior and unilocular

stigma bifurcated and style reduced placentation- basa


feathery
Floral formula: Br. % O P 2 (lodicules) A 3 G 1
+
Family : Gramineae/ Poaceae
Identifying Characters:
i. Inflorescence spike of spikelets.
ii. Anther versatile and stigma plumose type.
iii. Fruit caryopsis.
iv Stem culm

Other related crops:


Rice: Oryza sativa
Sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
Maize: Zea mays
Barley: Hordeum vulgare
Millet: Sorghum vulgare
Conclusion:

 Inflorescence = Spike of spikelets


 Spikelet = 2 empty glumes + florets
 Floret = A lemma + a palea + a flower
 Flower = 2 lodicules + Androecium +
a gynoecium

 Fruit = Caryopsis
Habit : Cultivated annual herb

Herbaceous erect cylindrical (at initial


stage),
angular (at maturity),Normally
hairy surface rough
unbranched
solid, woody (at maturity)

Tap root system, highly branched


Leaf and Inflorescence
Head or
capitulum,
Surrounded by involucre of bracts

Simple exstipulate petiolate


alternate, lamina-ovate Serrate

apex-acute surface-rough

mid rib prominent reticulate venation


Flower
Heterogamous i.e., inflorescence consists of two kinds of florets,
disc floret and ray floret

Located at the center of the


head

Disk floret
bracteate sessile, incomplete
bisexual actinomorphic epigynous
Sepal
Modified into paper like
structure known as pappus, two
in number
Corolla: Petals-5, gamopetalous,
aestivation -valvate

Androecium: Stamens-5,
epipetalous, syngenecious,
fillament short, anther long,
basifixed.

Gynoecium : Carpels-2, syncarpous,


style filiform, stigma-bifurcated, ovary
-inferior and single chambered,
placentation- basal
Ray floret :
Located at the periphery of the head
bracteate sessile incomplete,
either pistillate or zygomorphic
neutral epigynous

Calyx : Pappus-3
Corolla :
Petals-3 gamopetalous elliptic
ligulate aestivation-valvate

Androecium : Absent

Gynoecium :
Carpels-2 syncarpous style filiform stigma-bifurcated

ovary-inferior and single placentation- basal


chambered
Fruit : Cypsela

a small one seeded dry fruit which develops from


bicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary, the pericarp
(fruit wall) and seed coat are free from each other
Floral formula:
Disc floret: Br. ⊕ OK 2 ( Pappus ) C ( 5 ) A (5) G ( 2 )
+

Ray floret: Br. % O K 3 ( Pappus ) C ( 3) A0 G ( 2 ) (


+
pistillate )
Floral diagram:

Other related crops:


Lettuce: Lactuca sativus
Safflower: Carthamus tinctorius
Dahlia: Dahlia sp.
Chrysanthemum: Chrysanthemum
sp.
Marigold: Tagetes sp.
Ray floret Disk floret

Family: Compositae

Identifying characters:
1. Inflorescence head or capitulum surrounded by an involucre of
bracts
2. Calyx modified into pappus
3. Androecium syngenecious
4. Fruit cypsela

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