Lesson 4

 Plane Areas in Rectangular

Coordinates

Graph:

y  f x 

dA  ydx

xa x  dx xb

A = f(x) x

A = a f x dx
b

Procedure suggested in finding the Area between two curves or a curve and a line.
1. Make a sketch of the area to be determined.
2. Draw a general vertical (or horizontal) rectangular element of area and express
its area as a function of x and dx (or y and dy).
3. Determine the limits of integration from the figure and integrate to obtain the
area.
4. Make a rough check of the result by estimating the area graphically.

Illustrative Problem:
Find the area bounded by the parabola y²= 4x, and 2x – y = 12.
Tabulate:
for 2x – y = 12

x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 4 9/2 5 8 9 10

y -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 4 6 8
for y²= 4x

x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 4 9/2 5 11/2 6

y  1.4  2  2.5  2.8  3.1  3.5  3.7  4  4.2  4.5  4.7  4.9

Using Horizontal Strip:

dA = X R  X L dy
1 1 2
 2  y  12   4 y  dy
 
1
4

2 y  24  y 2 dy 
6
 
 
3
X R  X L dy = 1 4  y 2  2 y  24 dy  1  y  y 2  24 y 
y2

6
A=
y1 4 4 3  4

=
1  63
      
 43   42  24 4  = 41 2 sq.units
 
2
6 24 6
4  3 3  3
Using Vertical Strip:

dA = YU  YL dx

 Y  YL dx
x2
A= U
x1

AOPM  AOPG  APGM

  4x    4x dx  4 x dx  21 3 sq.units
4 4 1 1
A OPG = 2

0 0

=   4 x   2 x  12dx  2 x  x  6dx  20 sq.units

9 9 1 1
A PGM 2

4 4 3
Therefore:
1 1 2
AOPG  21  20  41 sq.units
3 3 3

Procedure in Graphing of an Equation

1. Solve for y in terms of x (or x in terms of y, if simpler).
2. Choose arbitrary values for x, compute the corresponding values for y, and
arrange these in tabular form.
3. Plot the points and draw a smooth curve through them.

Properties considered in drawing a graph

1. Extent – the totality of real values of x which give real values for y is called the
range of x, or the extent of the curve in the x direction.
Y = x ; lies in the first quadrant
x≥0 ; y≥0
2. Intercepts – the values of x where a curve intersects the x-axis are called the x-
intercept of the curve, and the values of y where the curve intersect the y-axis
are called the y-intercept.
Y = 2x + 3
For y-intercept; x = 0
Y=3
For x-intercept; y = 0
X = - 32

y  2x  3

3. Symmetry – two points P and Q are said to be symmetric with respect to a line,
if the line is the perpendicular bisector of a segment PQ. Similarly they are said
to be symmetric with respect to a point if the point is the midpoint of the
segment PQ.
If the equation of a curve is unchanged when any of the following substitutions
of variables are made in it, the curve is symmetric with respect to the line or
point indicated.
1. –x for x, y-axis
2. –y for y, x-axis
3. –x for x and –y for y, origin
4. X for y and y for x, line y = x

x x
Ex. y = -y =
1 x 2
1  ( x) 2
x
y= —————symmetric @ the origin.
1 x2
4. Asymptotes – when a straight line has a position with respect to a curve such that
as the two are indefinitely prolonged the distance between them becomes and
remains less than any pre assigned amount, however small, the straight line is
called an asymptote of the curve.

Ex.
Xy-2x +3y=0
 2x
y= ; x = -3 (vertical A.)
x3

3y
X= ; y = 2 (horizontal A.)
2 y

Lesson 5

 Computation of Plane Areas

Examples:
1. Find the area bounded by the line x-2y+10=0, the x-axis, the y-axis and x=10.
Solution:
For x-2y+10=0, 2y= x+10
x  10
y=
2

x -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 9
2
5 11
2
6 13
2
7
 x  2 y  10  0

dx

Using Vertical Strip:

dA = YU  YL dx

 Y  YL dx
x2
A= U
x1

Where:
x  10
y U = line =
2
y L = x-axis = 0
x1 = 0 ; x 2 = 10
10
 x  10   x  10  1  x2  1  (10) 2 
10 10
A=    0 dx    dx    10 x    10(10)  75sq.units
0  0
2 2  2 2 0 2 2 

2. Find the area bounded by the parabola y² = 4x and the line 2x-y=12.
Steps:
a.) Find the points of intersection.
b.) Drawing a horizontal (vertical) element of area.
c.) In order to evaluate the total area OPM the horizontal elements of area must be
summed from one extreme P to the other extreme M.
d.) For rough check we observe that the area OPM equals approximately one-half
the area of the circumscribing rectangle extending from x=0 to x=9 and y=-4 to
y=6
Solution:
Tabulate:
for 2x – y = 12

x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 4 9/2 5 8 9 10

y -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 4 6 8
 for y²= 4x

x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 4 9/2 5 11/2 6

y  1.4  2  2.5  2.8  3.1  3.5  3.7  4  4.2  4.5  4.7  4.9

Using Horizontal Strip:

xL

(using horizontal strip)

d A = Xofline  Xofparabolady  X R  X L dy  12 ( y  12)  14 y 2 dy

=
1
4
 
2 y  24  y 2 dy
6
1  y3 
1 6
 
A = 4  y  2 y  24 dy    y 2  24 y 
2

4 3
4  4
1  y 3
  (4) 3
 2
    6 2  24(6)      (4) 2  24(4)   41 sq.units
4  3   3  3
OR (vertical strip)

A OPM  AOPG  APGM

Where:
AOPG    4x  ( 4 x )dx  4 x dx  21 13 sq.units
4 4 1
2

   4 x  (2 x  12)dx  2 x  x  6dx  20 1 sq.units

0 0
9 9 1
APGM 2

4 4 3

A OPM  21 13 sq.units  20 13 sq.units  41 23 sq.units

3. Find the area bounded by the curve a 2 y  x 3 , the x-axis , and the line x=2a.
(Solve in two ways)
Solution:
x3
For the curve a 2 y  x 3 ; y
a2
x 0 a 2a 3a -a -2a -3a
y 0 a 8a 27a -a -8a -27a
A. Using vertical strip

 y  yl dx
2a
A= u
0

Where:
x3
yu  y 
a2
yl  0

2a
 x3 
2a 1  x4  1  ( 2a ) 4 
A =   2 dx  2    2   0  4a 2 sq.units
0
a  a  4 0 a  4 
B. Using horizontal strip

 x  x L dy
8a
A= R
0
Where:
xR  2a

 
1

xL  a 2 y 3

A= 
0
8a
2a  a y dy  2ay  ( )a y   2a(8a)  ( )a (8a)  0
2
3
1
3 3
4
2
3
4
3
8a
0
3
4
2
3
4
3

2 4 2 4
A = 16a  ( 34 )a (16)a  16a  12a a 3  4a 2 sq.units
2 3 3 2 3
Exercises:

1. A trapezoid has its vertices at (0,0), (a, h), (a+b1, h), (b2, 0), with all letters
denoting positive quantities. Set up a single integral for the area of the
trapezoid, evaluate the integral, and compare your answer with the known
elementary formula A =½(b1+b2)h
2. Find the area in the third quadrant bounded by the curve x =y²+ 2y.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y =4x-x² and the line y =3.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve y²+ x - 4y = 5 and the y-axis.
5. Find the area bounded by the curve x²= y and the line y-4 = 0.

Lesson 6

 Area between Two Curves

Considering Two-Plane Curves

Using Horizontal Strip:
dA = X R  X L dy

 X  X L dy
y2
A= R
y1

Using Vertical Strip:

dA = YU  YL dx

 Y  YL dx
x2
A= U
x1

Examples:
1. Find the area bounded by the parabolas x²-2y = 0 and x²+ 2y – 8 = 0.
Solution:
x2
For x²-2y = 0; y= x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3
2
y 0.13 0.5 1.13 2 3.13 4.5

 x2  8
For x²+ 2y – 8 = 0; y=
2
x 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2
y 3.88 3.5 2.88 2 .88 -.5 -2.13
Graph

x2
A   y dx
x1

where:
y  yU  y L
 8  x2   x2 
y      
 2   2 
y  4  x2
x₁ = -2 and x₂ = 2
Then;
  23 
2
 x3 
2

2
 2

A   4  x dx  4 x    42  
 3  2  3 
 8  8  32
A  8      8    square units
 3  3 3


Problem 1.
LEARNING ACTIVITY

Find the area of the region bounded by the two curves y  x3  6 x 2  8 x and y  x 2  4 x.
Problem 2.
Find the area bounded by the curve y  xx  1 , the y-axis, and the line y=2.
2
 MODULE SUMMARY

In module I, you have learned about Integration. You have learned their
indefinite and definite forms. You have also learned their properties and procedures in
graphing an equation.

There are six lessons in module I. Lesson 1 consists of indefinite and definite
integrals and its properties.

Lesson 2 deals with the application of simpler power formula.

Lesson 3 is the classification of integrands with odd or even functions through

the application of theorem 17 or theorem 18.
Lesson 4 is to know the procedure in graphing of an equation, finding the area
between two curves or a curve and a line.
Lesson 5 and Lesson 6, is the application of solving the area bounded between
two curves or a curve and a line.

Congratulations! You have just studied Module I, now you are ready to evaluate
how much you have benefited from your understanding by answering the summative
test. Good Luck!!!