!

=$ jg ;DkbfMcj:yf dxTj tyf jg ljgf;sf sf/0f / ;+/If0fsf pkfo

jg ;DkbfM
 jg tyf jg If]qdf kfOg] h}ljs / ch}ljs cjojx?sf] ;di6LnfO{ g}
jg;Dkbf elgG5 . of] k|s[ltsf] cd"No gLlwsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
 ?v, lj?jf, h8La'6L, bfp/f, :ofpnf, ls6kt+u, hLjhGt', r/fr'?+uL,
9'+uf, df6f], lu6L, afn'jf cflb jg;Dkbf leq kb{5g .
jg;Dkbfsf] cj:yfM
 s'n jgIf]qn] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmnM $$=&$ k|ltzt
 g]kfnsf] k|ltJoflQm jgM )=@ x]S6/ / ?v ;+Vof !!!
 ;+/lIft If]qn] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn @#=$ k|ltzt
 /fli6«o lgs'~hM !@, ;+/lIft If]qM ^, jGohGt' cf/IfM ! lzsf/ cf/IfM !
 k|b]zut?kdf ;a}eGbf a9L jg If]q ePsf] k|b]zM s0ff{nL k|b]z sdM
dw]z k|b]z
 ;fd'bflos jg ;+VofM @@,^*@, wfld{s jg ;+VofM !*^, ;fem]bf/L jg
;+VofM #!, lghL jg ;+VofM %$^), sj'notL jg ;+VofM &(&^
 jg P]g, @)&^, /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)^( , jg gLlt, @)&%
nufotsf sfg"gx? sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf
g]kfndf kfO{g] jgsf] k|sf/M
e"w/ftnLo prfO{, xfjfkfgL cflbsf] cfwf/df jgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5M
s_ pkf]i0f/pi0f ;bfafxf/ jg (Tropical Evergreen Forest)
 t/fO{,efj/ tyf r'/] kxf8sf] sl/a !@)) dL=prfO{
 o; If]qdf jiff{ / tfkqmd al9 x'g] x'+bf ?vx? cUnf,df]6f / ;bfafxf/
x'G5g .
 ;fn,l;zf},vo/ cflb s8f vfnsf ?vx? / ;f+a] 98\8L h:tf 3f+;
kfO{G5 .
 oxf+ u}8f,xfQL,af3,efn' kfOg] uf]lx,clh+u/ h:tf 3;|Lg] lhjhGt' ;d]t
kfO{g] .
 k|l;4 rf/sf]z] emf8L o;} h+undf k5{ .
v_;dlztf]i0f/df}ifdL ktem8 jg (Temperate Deciduous Forest)
 sl/a !@)) b]lv @!)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df cjl:yt
 lxp+bsf] ;dodf kftx? em5{g . oxf+sf ?vx? klg cUnf / df]6f x'G5g
.
 oxf+ ;fn,;Nnf,rfFk,s6';,cf]v/,b]jbf? cflb ?vx? kfOg] .
 oxfF jf3,efn',xl/0f,d[u,lrt'jf cflb hgfj/ kfO{G5 .
u_ sf]0fwf/L jgM (Temperate Evergreen Coniferous Forest)
 dxfef/t kj{tsf] sl/a @!)) dL=b]lv ##)) dL= ;Ddsf] prfO{df
kfO{g] .
 oxfF clwsf+z ;do 708f s'g} / af/Daf/ lxpF kl//xg] x'+bf oxfFsf
?vsf kftx? dfly lt/ r'Rrf] k/]sf cyf{t sf]0f k/]sf x'G5g .
 ;Nnf,b]abf?,w'kL,s6';,l;dn,lrnfpg] h:tf g/d vfnsf ?v kfO{g] .
 xl/0f,d[u,3f]/n h:tf hgfj/sf zfy} 8fFkm],d'gfn,Rofv'/f h:tf
r/fr'?uL kfO{g] .
3_ n]sfnL-cNkfOg_ jg:ktL (Alpine Grass Lands Forest)
 sl/a ##)) b]lv %))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df cjl:yt jg If]q .
  pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf jif}{ el/ lr;f] / z'is hnjfo" kfOg]
x'Fbf oxfF cUnf / 7'nf ?vx? kfO{b}gg . sl/a #^)) dL6/ sf] prfFO{
;Dd s]lx emf8L h:tf ?vx? kfO{G5g .
F_ 6'08\f jg:ktL -lxdfnL ;'Vvf jg:ktL_ (Cold Desert Vegetation)
 sl/a % xhf/ dL6/eGbf dfyL kfOg] .
 afx|} dlxgf lxpFn] 9flsg] x'Fbf jg:ktL k|foM kfO{b}g .
 lxdfnsf vf]+r,9f+6x?df kfOg] sfO{,n]p,emofp o; If]qsf jg:ktL x'g .
 Ps k|sf/n] of] If]qnfO{ jg:ktL ljlxg If]q klg elgG5 .

ag P]g @)&^ cg';f/ agsf] alu{s/0fM

ag P]g, @)&^ n] agnfO{ & efudf alu{s/0f u/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M
/fli6o ag- ;/sf/L ag _
;/sf/4f/f Jojl:yt ag
;fd'bflos ag
sa'lnotL ag
wfld{s ag
;+/lIft ag
lghL ag

jg ;Dkbfsf] dxTj -"xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg" _

 k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng sfod /flv hLjg / hutaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/
agfpg
 af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo nufot k|fs[lts ljkbsf] Go'lgs/0f ug{
  k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] hu]{gf ub}{ ko{6g ljsf;, /f]huf/L / cfo{cfh{gdf
6]jf k'of{pg
 agdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?nfO{ cfjZos sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ u/L
b]zsf]] cf}wf]lus ljsf;df of]ubfg k'of{pg
 h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{
 b'n{e aGohGt' / cd"No h8La'6Lsf] ;+/If0f ug{
 hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf ;fy} kz'kfngdf 6]jf k'of{pg
 e" ;+/If0f / s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ hLjGt /fVg
 dfgj hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ clS;hg pT;h{g Pj+ dfgj
nufotsf k|f0fLx?sf nflu xfgLsf/s sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] vkt ug{
 h8La'6Lsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg / Jofkf/af6 /fHosf] /fhZj clea[4df 6]jf
k'of{pg
 d?e"lds/0fjf6 hf]ufpg' .
ag ljgfzM
k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo sf/0fn] agh+unsf] k'g{pTkfbg x'g] b/ eGbf
pkof]u tyf Ifo x'g] b/ clws ePsf] l:ylt xf] ag ljgf; .
k|s[ltsf] cd"No lgwLsf] ?kdf /x]s]f ag dfgj nufot ;Dk"0f{ k|f0ffLsf]
hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] . of] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] e08f/ xf] . oxL ag tyf
ag:klthGo QTjx?sf] cToflws bf]xg,cfunfuL, km8fgL, cltqmd0f
nufotsf sf/0faf6 ag;Dkbfsf] IfoLs/0f ePsf] cj:yf xf] ag
ljgf; .
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu s'n e"efusf] $# k|ltzt ag If]q
/xg'kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf]df g]kfndf $)=$ k|ltzt ag If]q / $=$
k|ltzt e"efu emf8L a'6\ofgn] 9fs]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %!- ^ _
df jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos e"efudf ag If]q sfod ug]{
gLlt pNn]]v 5 .
 agnfO{ ag afx]s cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ ag ljgfz xf] .
ag ljgf;sf sf/0fM
 k|fs[lts sf/0fM
 af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo Hjfnfd'lv ljikmf]6g, hnjfo' kl/jt{g,
r6\of+u
dfgjLo sf/0fM
 pRr hg;+Vof j[l4 / dfgj j:tLsf] lj:tf/
 clgolGqt a;fO;/fO{ Pj+ cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f
 ul/aL, clzIff / hgr]tgfsf] sdL
 cJojl:yt ljsf; lgdf{0fM ;8s, ejg tyf cGo pBf]u /
snsf/vfgf lgdf{0fdf ag km8fgL / jg ;Dkbfsf] Jofks k|of]u
 sf7 bfp/f / h8La'6Lsf] cj}w lgsf;L
 sdhf]/ ag ;'/Iff k|0ffnL tyf lkmtnf] cg'udg tyf b08 ;hfo
 phf{sf] a}slNks >f]tsf] sdL h:t} 3/]n' OGwgsf ;|f]tsf] ?kdf
bfp/f k|of]u x'g'
 ag ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/Ltf sdhf]/ x'g'
 ag h+unsf] cltqmd0f tyf ag 89]nf]
ag ljgf;sf] c;/ jf ag ljgf;sf gs/fTds kl/0ffdM
af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf a[l4
h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f;
hnjfo' kl/jt{g Pj+ cltj[li6L, cgfj[li6, d?e"lds/0f h:tf ;d:ofdf
j[l4
ef}ule{s kfgLsf ;|f]tx? 36\g uO{ o;sf] pknAwtfdf sdL, hn
rqmdf k|lts'n k|efj
 k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{df x|f;
afo'd08ndf clS;hgsf] dfqf 36\g] / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9\g
hfG5 h;n] ubf{ ljZjJofkL pi0ftfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf x'G5
aGohGt' / kz'k+IfLsf] af;:yfg tyf vfB kbfy{df ;+s6
sf7 nufot cGo ag k}bfj/sf] sdL eO o;;+u cfl>t pBf]ux? aGb
x'g yfNb5g
kfl/l:ys k|0ffnL vNalng uO{ lglh{ljs/0f tkm{ pGd'v x'g yfNb5g
;du| k|f0fL / jg:kltx?sf ljleGg k|hftLx? Nff]k x'g uO{ ;d:t hLjd08n
g} ;+s6u|:t cj:yfdf k'ub5 .
ag ;+/If0fsf pkfox?M
 hg;+Vof j[l4nfO{ jfl~5t l;dfleq sfod u/L Plss[t j:tL ljsf;
/ Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fsf of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug]{
 j}slNks phf{sf ;|f]tx?sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf u/L ag k}bfj/ / sf7
bfp/fsf] dfu 36fpg]
ljsf; Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf clw a9fpg],
ljsf; of]hgf ;+rfng ug'{k"j{ jftfj/0f k|efj d"No+sgnfO{ clgjfo{
agfpg]
b}lj ljktaf6 ljgf; ePsf] agh+un If]qdf tTsfn ljIff/f]k0f u/]/
k'g:yfkgf ul/xfNg], j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{nfO{ lgoldt / k|efjsf/L agfpg]
agh+un ;+/If0f / o;sf] kmfObf ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf km}nfpg]
agh+unsf] lj:tf/sf ;ffy} To;sf] lbuf] ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug]{, /fli6o lgs'~h tyf ;+/If0f If]qsf] If]qkmn a9fpg]
h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ Jofoj;flos ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ / ;d'bfosf] ;fem]bf/L
a9fO{ ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{
 sfa{g Jofkf/af6 k'/:s[t ePsf] ag If]qnfO{ ;fd'bflos/0f ub}{ n}hfg]
 ag ;++/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt lgod sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{
;du|df, /fHosf ;a} lgsfo, /fhgLlts bn / ;/f]sf/jfnf hgtfx?n] ag
cltqmd0f lgoGq0f, ag ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;femf k|ltj4tf xfl;n
ug'{kb{5 .
ag ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfndf ul/Psf Joj:yfM
;+j}wflgs sfg"gL tyf gLltut Joj:yfM
k|:tfjgdf lbuf] ljsf; k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf
:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs wf/f #)
k|fs[lts ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLltM
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos e"efudf ag If]q sfod /fVg]
wf/f %! - ^ _
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)&^ / lgodfjnL @)&&
ag P]g @)&^ / lgodfjnL @)&&
kmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkg P]g @)^*
kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg /fli6o gLlt @)%#
/fli6o lgs''~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g @)@( / lgodfjnL @)#)
k|fs[lts ;+/If0f sf]if P]g @)#( / lgodfjnL @)$!
/fli6o l;df;f/ gLlt @)^(
ag gLlt @)&!
lbuff] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ g]kfnn] cfTd;fy u/]sf] - nIo g+ ^ df
:j:y kfgL / ;/;kmfO{ Pj+ !! df lbuf] ;x/ / ;d'bfo _'
rfn" cfjlws of]hgfdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL /0fgLlt to u/LPsf]
$) dfOqmf]geGbf sdsf] Knfli6s pTkfbgdf k|ltjGw nufOPsf]
 ljleGg cGt/fli6o tyf If]qLo ;GwL dxf;GwL cg'df]bg u/L kIf /fi6
agL bfloTj lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf]
nufot cGo ;Da4 sfg"g tyf gLltut Joj:yf
@)&! b]lv @)*) ;DdnfO{ ag bzs 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
/fi6klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmd
! ?v sf6\bf @% ?v /f]Kg'kg]{ Joj:yf
ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{k"j{ clgjfo{?kdf jftfj/0f k|efj d"No+sg
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
;+:yfut Joj:yfM
k|ltlglw ;ef cGtu{t s[lif ;xsf/L tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ldlt Pj+
/fli6o ;ef cGt{tu lbuf] ljsf; tyf ;'zf;g ;ldlt
ag tyf aftfj/0f dGqfno / ;f] cGt{utsf lgsfo
s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL ljsf; dGqfno / ;f] cGt{utsf lgsfo
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifb
/fli6o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if
!@ /fli6o lgs'~h, ^ ;+/lIft If]q, !# dWojtL{ If]q, !) l;df;f/ If]q,
! lzsf/ cf/If, ! aGohGt' cf/If
;fd'bflos ag ;DaGwL ;+:yfx?