Pipes & Fittings
Considerations in choosingmaterials:
• Quality and durability.
• Resistance to external and internal
contact with foreign matters.
• Resistance to acid waste and other
chemical elements that will pass
into it.
• Cost of materials and labor.
Pipes & Fittings
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
• Most popular and generally specified
material for drainage installation. Extensively
used in the 60s and 70s.
• Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
• Commercial length: 600 cm
SPIGOT
• Diameters: 50-150mm HUB
•Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
2 Types:
1. SV type - generally used; for building installations
2. XV type - extra duty; for underground installations
Pipes & Fittings
4 Varieties:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe
Pipes & Fittings
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
• Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
•Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations
where acid wastes are being discharged
•Brittle and cracks easily, thus
horizontal runs have to be
Supported at every 1.50 meter
interval to prevent sagging
Asbestos Pipe
• Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
• Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
• Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
Pipes & Fittings
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
• Cheapest of all types of pipes
• Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take
slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out of its
joints.
• May be softened/damaged by excessive hot
water or chemical flow
Vitrified ClayPipe
• One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
• Highly resistant to most acids
• Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks
easily when laid on unstable ground
• Made in short lengths of 750mm
Pipes & Fittings
LeadPipe
• The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
• Highly resistant to acid
• Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption
Galvanized Steel Pipe
• Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
• Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
• Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”),
20 (3/4”), 25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and
100 (4”)
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
• Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
• More resistant to acid waste
Pipes & Fittings
Copper Pipe
• Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
• Easy to install
• Smooth interior surface
Classification:
✓ K type- heaviest; recommended for undergroundinstallations
✓ L type- lighter; available in both rigid and flexible
form; recommended for residential water supply line
and radiant heating installations
✓ M type- thinnest; available only in rigid form; for
small water supply lines and radiant heating
installations
BrassPipe
• Most expensive
• Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
• Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior
surface
Pipes & Fittings
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
• Developed in Germany in 1935
• Most are produced from synthetic resins
• Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy
to cut, is flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and
is cheaper than steel
2 Types:
1. Rigid type (pipes)
✓ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
✓ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
✓ Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
✓ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
✓ Polypropylene (PP)
✓ Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
1. Flexible type (tubing)
✓ The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
✓ The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
pipe fittings are attached to theend of
pipes that allow it to:
Elbows: Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. Most commonly
in 90 degrees and 45 degree turns. The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a
transition or change in direction is made.
Street Elbows: One end of the pipe fitting has male threads and the other end
has female threads. These are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe.
They are convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work
well in tightquarters.
Tee Fittings: Shaped like the letter T. Allows for branch lines.
Couplings: Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of the same diameter.
Reducers: Used to join pipe of different diameters. Makes a gradual change in
diameter.
Bushings: Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They are different
from reducers because they make an abrupt change in diameter and take little
space.
Unions: Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a
piece of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement.
Adaptor Fittings: Used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or
female threads as needed. Most commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing
jobs.
Caps:Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe.
Plugs: Used to close an ending on a pipe fitting normally used for inspection or
cleanout.
Nipples: Short lengths of pipe threaded at both ends.
Wyes: Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV(drain-waste-vent) systems.
Valves: Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas through or from a pipe.
(Compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves,
etc)
PVCFittings: Come in a wide variety of configurations and may be glued (S) or
threaded (T)
Copper Tubing Fittings: Use compression fittings. Common fittings are
couplings, ells, andtees.
Pipes & Fittings
Types of Fittings:
COUPLING/ MALE
SOCKET ADAPTOR
EXTENSION
PIECE/ FEMALE
NIPPLE ADAPTOR
45°
REDUCER STREET
ELBOW
90°
REDUCING STREET
ELBOW ELBOW
Pipes & Fittings
UNION
CROSS
TEE
PLUG
REDUCING
TEE
DOUBLE
HUB
CAP
Pipes & Fittings
Other water Service
Fittings & Devices:
CORPORATION
STOP
METER
STOP
CURB
STOP
WATER
METER
CURB
STOP
BOX
Pipes & Fittings
SANITARY FITTINGS
Pipes & Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
Piping Symbols for Plumbing:
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVEGROUND
DRAIN OR WASTE BELOWGROUND
VENT
SD STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER
S SPRINKLER MAIN
SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD
Pipes & Fittings
G G GAS
A COMPRESSED AIR
V VACUUM
S - CI SEWER – CAST IRON
S - CT SEWER – CLAYTILE
S-P SEWER – PLASTIC
Pipes & Fittings
PlumbingAbbreviations:
ITEM ABBR. ITEM ABBR.
Cast Iron CI Hot Water HW
Centerline CL Laundry Tray LT
Cleanout CO Lavatory LAV.
Cold Water CW Medicine Cabinet MC
Copper COP. Plastic PLAS.
Dishwasher DW Plumbing PLBG.
Floor Drain FD Water Closet WC
Galvanized Iron GAL. I Water Heater WH
Hose Bib HB WaterSoftener WS
Pipes & Fittings
Pipe & Fitting Symbols:
Pipes & Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
CONTROLS AND VALVES
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
Rules Regarding Location
of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they arenot
too visible while remaining
accessible to users
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely closeor
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supplyand
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or TaperedDisc
The Double Disc Valve
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve isan inlet
3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling
The Conventional Disc Valve (BallType)
-for shutting
The Composition Disc Valve
-for steam and hotwater
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Check Valve Main function is to preventreversal
of flow (backflow) in the line
4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve
The Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
Horizontal Check Valve
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Angle Valve Operates in the same manneras
globe valve (disc & seatdesign)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints
Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the
pumps
Used mainly to prevent lossof
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines&
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Compression Operates by the
compression of a
Cock soft packing upon
a metal sheet
Key Cock Operates with a
round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fitfor
a hose
Ball Faucet Constructed with a
ball connected to
the handle
INSPECTION AND TESTS
Water Testing:
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems
Air Pressure Testing:
Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping
system with compressed air (use of soap suds
in locating escaping air)
