SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
MD. MINTAJUR RAHMAN MARZIA SULTANA
ID No: 12104011
Reg: No: 000015462
Year: 1st Semester: 1st Department of CSE
Session: 2021-2022
Department of Mathematics
Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur
COMPUTER NETWORKING
1.Introduction to Computer Networks.
2.Types of Networks.
3.Network Topologies.
4.Networking Hardware
INTRODUCTION TO A COMPUTER
NETWORK
1. A computer network consist of two or more computers that
are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and
CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
2. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites etc.
3. A popular example of a computer network is the Internet,
which allows millions of users to share information.
Every Network Includes:
1.At least two computers that have something to
share.
2.A cables or wireless pathway, called Transmission
Media, for computers to signal each other.
3.Rules, called Protocols, so that computers can use
the unified principle of data communication.
4.Networking Interface Cards (NIC)
Advantages of Computer Networks
• File Sharing: Networks offer a quick and easy way to share files
directly.
• Resource Sharing: All computers in the network can share
resources such as printers, fax machines, modems and scanners.
• Communication: Those on the network can communicate with
each other via e-mail, instant messages etc.
• Flexible Access: Networks allow their users to access files from
computers throughout the network.
• Sharing of Information: Computer networks enable us to share
data and information with the computers that are located
geographically large distance apart.
Network Computing Models
Centralized Computing
(Client-Server Network)
1.A client-server network is where every client
is connected to the server.
2.Server or mainframe computer has huge
storage and processing capabilities.
Network Computing Models
Distributed Computing (Peer-to-Peer
Network)
1.All devices have some power.
2.It interconnects one or more computers.
3.Centralized backup is not possible.
Uses of Computer Network
What is Ethernet?
o A group of standards for defining a local area network that includes
standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent over those
cables as well as the hardware that connects those cables.
o Independent of the network architecture.
o Flavors of Ethernet:
1. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Specification
2. Great detail specifying cable types, data format, and procedures
for transferring that data through those cables
3. IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Specification
APPLICATIONS OF NETWORKS
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio
Different types of Networks
Depending upon the geographical area covered by a
network, it is classified as:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
1. A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or home.
2. LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware
devices that may be needed by multiple users.
3. Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no
more than a mile.
4. Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps 10 Gbps
5. Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each
device.
6. Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
Local Area Network (LAN)
1. LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fibre
optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s
2. Every LAN uses a protocol-a set of rules that governs how packets
are configured and transmitted.
3. Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These
topologies include:
Bus
Ring
Star
4. LAN’s are capable of very high transmission rates (100s Mb/s to
Advantages of LAN
• Speed
• Cost
• Security
• E-mail
• Resource Sharing
Disadvantages of LAN
• Expensive to Install
• Requires administrative time
• File server may fail
• Cables may break
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1.A metropolitan area network (MAN) is large
computer network that is usually spans a city or a
large campus.
2.A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area
than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of
buildings to entire cities.
3.A MAN might be owned and operated by a single
organization, but it usually will be used by many
individuals and organizations.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1.A MAN often acts as a high speed network to
allow sharing of regional resources.
2.A MAN typically covers an area of between 5
and 50 km diameter.
3.Examples of MAN: Telephone company
network that provides a high speed DSL to
customers and cable TV network.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN covers a large geographical area such as
country, continent whole world.
A WAN is two or more LANs connected together.
The LANs can be many miles apart.
To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data
over leased high-speed phone lines or wireless
links such as satellites.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices
such as bridges, routers, or gateway, which enable them
to share data.
The world’s most popular WAN is the internet.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
• A PAN is a network that is used for communication
among computers and computer devices (
including telephones) in close proximity of around
a few meters within a room.
• It can be used for communicating between the
devices themselves, or for connecting to a larger
network such as the internet.
• PANs can be wired or wireless.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network used for communication among
computer devices, including telephones and
personal digital assistants, in proximity to an
individual’s body.
• The devices may or may not belong to the
person in question. The reach of a PAN is
typically a few meters.
What is a Topology?
• Network topologies describe the ways in
which the elements of a network are
mapped. They describe the physical and
logical arrangement of the network nodes.
• The physical topology of a network refers to
the configuration of cables, computers and
other peripherals.
Different Types of Topologies
1.Bus Topologies.
2.Star Topologies.
3.Ring Topologies.
4.Mesh Topologies.
5.Tree Topologies.
6.Hybrid Topologies.
Bus Topology
• All the nodes (file server, workstations, and
peripherals)on a bus topology are connected by
one single cable.
• A bus topology consists of a main run of cable with
a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) are connected to
the linear cable.
• Popular on LANs because they are inexpensive and
easy to install.
Bus Topology
Advantages of Bus Topology
• It is Cheap, easy to handle and implement.
• Require less cable.
• It is best suited for small networks.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
• The cable length is limited. This limits the number of stations that
can be connected.
• This network topology can perform well only for a limited number
of nodes.
Ring Topology
• In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbours for
communication purposes.
• All messages travel through a ring in the same direction.
• A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down
the entire network.
• To implement a ring network we use the Token Ring technology.
• A token, or small data packet, is continuously passed around the
network. When a device needs to transmit, it reserves the token for
the next trip around, then attaches its data packet to it.
Ring Topology
Advantage of Ring Topology
• Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the
opportunity to transmit.
• Easier to Mange than a Bus Network.
• Good Communication over long distances.
• Handles high volume of traffic.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
• The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail.
• The movement or changes made to network nodes affects the performance of
the entire network.
Star Topology
1. In a star network, each node (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) is connected to a central device called a hub.
2. The hub takes a signal that comes from any node and passes it
along to all the other nodes in the network.
3. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or
concentrator before continuing to its destination.
4. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all
functions of the network.
5. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by
connecting all of the systems to a central node.
Star Topology
Advantages of Star Topology
1. Easy to manage.
2. Easy to locate problems (cable/workstations).
3. Easier to expand than a bus or ring topology.
4. Easy to install and wire.
5. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
1. Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
2. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
3. More expensive because of the cost of the concentrators.
Tree Topology
1) A tree topology (hierarchical topology) can be viewed as a
collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy.
2) This tree has individual peripheral nodes which are required to
transmit to and receive from one other only and are not required to
act as repeaters or regenerators.
3) The tree topology arranges links and nodes into distinct hierarchies
in order to allow greater control and easier troubleshooting.
4) This is particularly helpful for colleges, universities and schools so
that each of the connect to the big network in some way.
Tree Topology
Advantages of a Tree Topology
1. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
2. Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
3. All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate networks.
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology
1. Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
2. If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
3. More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
Mesh Topology
1. In this topology, each node is connected to every other
node in the network.
2. Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and
difficult.
3. In this type of network, each node may send message to
destination through multiple paths.
4. While the data is travelling on the Mesh Network it is
automatically configured to reach the destination by
taking the shortest route which means the least number
of hops.
Mesh Topology
Advantage of Mesh Topology
1. No traffic problem as there are dedicated links.
2. It has multiple links, so if one route is blocked then other routes can be used for
data communication.
3. Points to point links make fault identification easy.
Disadvantage of Mesh Topology
1. There is mesh of wiring which can be difficult to manage.
2. Installation is complex as each node is connected to every node.
3. Cabling cost is high.
Hybrid Topology
• A combination of any two or more network topologies.
• A hybrid topology always accrues when two different
basic network topologies are connected.
• It is a mixture of above mentioned topologies. Usually, a
central computer is attached with sub-controllers which
in turn participate in a variety of topologies.
Hybrid Topology
Advantages of a Hybrid Topology
1. It is extremely flexible.
2. It is very reliable.
Disadvantages of a Hybrid Topology
1. Expensive
What is Networking Hardware?
Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals,
interface cards and other equipment needed to perform
data-processing and communications within the network.
Networking Hardware
1. Network Interface Card.
2. Hub.
3. Repeater.
4. Router
5. Bridge.
6. Switch.
7. Gateway
Network Interface Card
1. Network interface cards, commonly referred to as NICs, are used to
connect a PC to a network.
2. The NIC provides a physical connection between the networking
cable and the computer's internal bus.
3. Different computers have different bus architectures; PCI bus
master slots are most commonly found on 486/Pentium PCs and
ISA expansion slots are commonly found on 386 and older PCs.
4. NICs come in three basic varieties: 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The
larger the number of bits that can be transferred to the NIC, the
faster the NIC can transfer data to the network cable.
Network Interface Card
Hubs
• A hub joins multiple computers (or other network
devices) together to form a single network.
• On this network, all computers can communicate
directly with each other.
• The networking hub is a junction box with several
ports in the back for receiving the Ethernet cables
that are plugged into each computer on the LAN.
Types of Hubs
1. A passive hub serves simply as a passage for the data,
enabling it to go from one device to another.
2. Intelligent hub include additional features that enables an
administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the
hub and to configure each port in the hub.
3. Switching hub, actually reads the destination address of
each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct
port.
Hubs
Repeater
1. Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is
often necessary to boost the signal with a device called a
repeater.
2. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal,
cleans it of unnecessary noise, regenerates it, and
retransmits it at a higher power level so that the signal can
cover longer distances without degradation.
3. A good example of the use of repeaters would be in a local
area network using a star topology with unshielded twisted-
pair cabling.
Repeaters
Switch
1. A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one local area network (LAN).
2. Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a
switch generally contains more intelligence than a hub.
3. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data
packets as they are received, determining the source and
destination device of each packet, and forwarding them
appropriately.
4. Allow several users to send information over a network at the same
time without slowing each other down.
Switch
Router
1. A device to interconnect SIMILAR networks, e.g. similar
protocols and workstations and servers.
2. A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or
more computer networks, and selectively interchanges
packets of data between them.
3. Each data packet contains address information that a
router can use to determine if the source and destination
are on the same network, or if the data packet must be
transferred from one network to another.
Router
Bridge
1. A bridge is a device that connects a local area network (LAN) to
another local area network that uses the same protocol (for
example, Ethernet or token ring).
2. The function of a bridge is to connect separate networks together.
Bridges connect different networks types (such as Ethernet and Fast
Ethernet) or networks of the same type.
3. Bridges map the Ethernet addresses of the nodes residing on each
network segment and allow only necessary traffic to pass through
the bridge. When a packet is received by the bridge, the bridge
determines the destination and source segments.
Types of Bridge
Bridges come in three basic types:
1. Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
2. Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area
network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges have
been replaced with routers.
3. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect
remote stations to LANs.
Bridges
Gateway
Gateways are used to interconnect two different
networks having different protocols.
Networks using different protocols use different
addressing formats.
A gateway is a network point that acts as an
entrance to another network.
Gateways are also called protocol converters.
Gateway
What is the difference?
Bridge: device to interconnect two LANs that use the
SAME logical link control protocol but may use different
medium access control protocols.
Router: device to interconnect SIMILAR networks, e.g.
similar protocols and workstations and servers.
Gateway: device to interconnect DISSIMILAR protocols
and servers, and Macintosh and IBM LANs and
equipment.
