EnE-440 Environmental

Engineering

Engr. Gul-E-Hina
Lecturer
[email protected]

Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research

University of Engineering &Technology, Lahore
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
1. Students will be able to ILLUSTRATE the water
characteristics, water distribution criteria and
hydraulics of water supply schemes.
2. The students will be able to ASSESS the design of
water supply schemes.
3. The students will be able to DESCRIBE the
various wastewater sources and hydraulics of
sewerage systems.
4. The students will be able to ANALYZE the design
of sewerage scheme for a community

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 Course Content
• Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Sources of Environmental Pollution. -
municipal, industrial, agricultural. Pollution of water. air and land, and its effects.
• Water Quality Criteria and Standards: Water quality regulations, measurement of
water quality. Quality of drinking water and its importance to human health. Water borne
diseases.
• Water Supply Systems: Selection of sources of water to meet the community water demand.
Environmental and technical considerations for site selection. Intake structures. Layout and
design of water transmission and distribution networks. Water supply: Material and type of pipes,
joints, valves and plumbing fixtures.
• Principles of Process Engineering: Material balance relationships. Reactor theory and
process design.
• Water Treatment: Theory, principles and design of various treatment processes including
sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, filtration, and disinfection.
• Wastewater Collection Systems: Municipal and industrial. Estimation of sanitary sewage
and storm water quantities. Hydraulics of sewers and design of sewerage systems. Sewage
pumping. Water supply and sewer appurtenances: Material and type of pipes, joints, valves and
plumbing fixtures.
• Wastewater Treatment: Characteristics of municipal and industrial wastewater, purpose
principles and design of various wastewater treatment processes including screens, grit chamber,
sedimentation tanks, activated sludge process, trickling filters, waste stabilization ponds and
aerated lagoons. Sludge digestion and disposal. Solids mass balance.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Introduction to environmental impact assessment
and evaluation

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 Lecture breakdown
Week Topics CLO
s
Week-1 Components of water supply system, water consumption, population CLO-1
forecasting, design periods of water supply components
Week-2 Source development (impounding reservoirs, intakes, tube wells), design CLO-2
of transmission line, water distribution system
Week-3 Requirements of water distribution system, Hardy cross method for design CLO-2
of water distribution network, water supply pipes and valves
Week-4 Sources of wastewater (domestic, industrial, and agricultural), components CLO-3
of wastewater engineering, wastewater flows estimation (municipal and
runoff), Types of sewer systems
Week-5 Design criteria for sewerage systems, design of sewage collection systems CLO-4
Week-6 Sewer appurtenances, Sewage pumping station, Sewer materials and CLO-4
strength, sewer bedding
Week-7 Water, Air and land Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control Measures) CLO-1
Week-8 Water quality analysis, Water borne diseases, Water quality guidelines CLO-1
(WHO) and standards (NSDWQ), Sources of water and their quality
Week-9 Mid-Term Exam CLO-1,
2& 3
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 Week Topics CLO
Week-10 Basics of water treatment (mass balance, reactor theory: BR, PFR and CSTR), CLO-1
Sedimentation

Week-11 Coagulation and flocculation, Filtration (slow sand filters) CLO-1

Week-12 Filtration (Rapid sand filters), Disinfection CLO-1

Week-13 Wastewater characteristics and treatment objectives, Wastewater treatment: Screens CLO-3
and Grit chamber, Sedimentation

Week-14 Secondary treatment: Activated sludge process, Trickling filter CLO-3

Week-15 Secondary treatment: Aerated Lagoons, Waste stabilization ponds CLO-3

Week-16 Sludge treatment and disposal, Environmental impact assessment (EIA) CLO-3

Week-17 Final Exam CLO-1

&3

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 Text & reference Books
• McGee, T.J. Water Supply and Sewerage, 6th
Edition. McGraw Hill Inc. 1991

• Davis, M.L and Cornwell, D.A. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering, 2nd Edition. McGraw
Hill Inc. 1991

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Sources, effects, and control
measures of air , water, and
land pollution
 What is Environment?
• Environment is derived from French word
• “Environ” which means “Encircle”
In the simplest words:
“Everything that surrounds and affect an organism
during its lifetime is collectively known as
Environment(e.g. Water , air, land, plant, and animal life)”.
The word is derived from the
french word environer,
which means to surround,
enclose or encircle.

In technical words : The environment can be

defined as surroundings or
conditions in which living
organisms such as plants,

“Environment includes water, air , land & animals, and humans live.

interrelationship among themselves & also with

human being, other living things& property”.
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 Components of Environment
• Environment has basically two components

Environment

Biotic Abiotic

Protists are simple organisms that are neither plants nor animals
or fungi. Protists are unicellular in nature but can also be found as
a colony of cells. Most protists live in water, damp terrestrial
environments or even as parasites.

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 Types of Environment
• On global dimensions:

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 Types of Environment

Biosphere is that part of earth

where life can exist. It
represents integrated and
interacting zone comprising of
1. Atmosphere(consists of
mixture of gases extending
outwards from the surface of the
earth)
2. Hydrosphere(consists of
oceans, the lakes, rivers and
streams, and the shallow
groundwater)
3. Lithosphere(consists of soil
mental that wraps the core of
the earth)
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 What is Environmental Engineering?
Engineering

Environmental
Physical science
Engineering

Life science
• Science:
Improve our understanding of natural processes.
• Engineering:
Use this understanding to develop and apply
technologies that will maintain or improve
environmental quality.
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 Environmental Engineering

“It is the branch of engineering which is concerned with the

application of science & engineering principles for the
management of environment to protect human health from the
adverse effects of environmental factors; to protect the
environment, both local & global, from the potentially
deleterious effects of human activities; & enhance the quality
of human life and welfare by improving the environment
quality.”

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Rule & regulations
Economically ,
Protection of
socially &
human &
political Human health
environment
acceptable in
society Study related Aesthetic
to water, Threats of
wastewater , polluted Cultural
air and soil environment enjoyment
problems
Role of Economic well
being
Environmental
Water & Engineer
wastewater
Focus on
treatment Protection of
careful use of
plant environment
natural &
from human
physical
activities
resources
Deals with
structure,
equipment &
system Design to protect & enhance the
quality of environment & public
health
 Role of Civil Engineering

✓ Civil engineers are particularly involved in such activities

as water supply and sewerage, management of surface
water and groundwater quality, remediation of
contaminated sites and solid waste management.
✓ Also design such structures, equipment and systems to
protect & enhance the quality of environment and human
health.

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 Scope of Environmental Engineering

✓ Every development projects has an environmental

impacts

✓ Environmental impact Assessment Reports are

mandatory

✓ Construction of sewer collection & water supply

system

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Environmental Pollution
 Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution can be

defined as:“Any undesirable change
in physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of any component of
environment i.e., air, water, soil
which can cause harmful effects on
various forms of life or property.”
Or
“Any condition or substance
resulting from human or natural
activity that adversely affect the
quality of environment is called
Environmental Pollution”
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 Environmental Pollution
Pollutant

“Any substance introduced into the environment that

adversely affects the usefulness of a resource or the
health of humans, animals, or ecosystem.”

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 Sources of
Environmental
Pollution
NOx
Natural Anthropogenic

Volcanic Domestic Industrial

eruptions wastewater wastewater

Agricultural
Lightning
wastewater

Wildfire Natural sources contributed more towards pollution as compared to

manmade activities.
❖ 20 million to 90 million tons of NOx per year release from natural
Storm water sources as compared to 24 million tons from manmade activities.
runoff ❖ United nations environment programme(1983) -80 to 288 million tons of
Sox per year from natural sources Vs 69 million tons from manmade
sources worldwide.
 Environmental Pollution
Different forms of Pollution

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 Air pollution
sources, effects and control measures
 Air Pollution
• Definition: the presence of one or more
contaminants in air in such a concentration and
for such duration as to a nuisance or to be
injurious to human life, animal life or vegetation.
• Sources of air pollution:
1. Natural source: dust storms, volcanoes, lightning,
biological decay etc.
2. Anthropogenic Source: Industries & power
plants(fuel-coal(sulphur)), vehicular emissions , burning
of agricultural(pollen) and municipal solid wastes

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 Air Pollution
Types of Anthropogenic
Sources

• Stationary: with
relatively fixed location
(smoke stacks, chimneys
, construction site,
storage piles, industrial
estates)

• Mobile: moving sources

of emissions
(Automobiles, aircrafts,
ships ,trains)
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 Air Pollution Episode
• Meuse valley
• Belgium (1930)
• Donora
• Pennsylvania disaster (1948)
• London disaster (1952)
• Bhopal gas tragedy (1984)
• Southeast Asian haze episode (2006)
• Eastern China smog (2013)

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 Air Pollution Episode

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 Air Pollution Episode

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 Air pollution in Pakistan

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 Air Pollutants

Air Pollutants

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 Classification of Air Pollutants

Air
pollutants

Primary Secondary
Pollutants Pollutants
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 Classification of Air Pollutants
Primary Pollutants: the ones emitted directly into the air.
For Example: Particulate matter contains microscopic solids or liquid
droplets that are so small that they can be inhaled and
cause serious health problems.

1. Particular matter (PM)

2. SO2
3. CO,CO2
4. NOx
5. Hydrocarbon (HC)
6. Lead (Pb)
Major Source:
1. Motor vehicle : COx, NOx, PM, HC, Pb
2. Industries : COx, NOx, PM, HC,SO2
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 Primary Pollutants

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 Classification of Air Pollutants
Secondary Air Pollutants: Produced through
reactions between primary air pollutants, and normal
atmospheric constituent.
For Example: Ground Level Ozone

1. NOx + HC + O2 → O3 + other pollutants →

PAN(photo chemical smog) Peroxyacetyl nitrates

2. SO2 + O → SO3
3. NOx + H2O→ HNO3
4. SO2 + H2O + O→ H2SO4

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 Criteria Pollutants
Criteria US Environemntal
Protection Agency

• Convectional Pollutants: USEPA, through Clean

Air Act (1970) has designated 7 major air
pollutants for which ambient air levels are
mandated : SO2, CO, PM, NOx, Pb, HC,
photochemical oxidants (O3 + PAN).
• Non-Convectional Pollutants:USEPA has
considered some pollutants as non convectional,
setting standards for their emissions.
• These are considered especially toxic and
hazardous. For example; asbestos , benzene,
beryllium, mercury, PCB’s, Volatile hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
a group of manmade chemicals.

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 Effects of Air Pollution
Effects of Air pollution
• Damage to human health

• Damage to property, equipment and facilities

• Harmful effects on plants

• Reduced visibility

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 Major Urban Air pollutants
1. Particulate Matter:
• There are both natural and human sources of
atmospheric particulates
• The biggest natural sources are dust, volcanoes,
and forest fires.
• The biggest human sources of particles are
combustion sources , mainly the burning of fuels
in internal combustion engines in automobiles and
power plants.

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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
Particulate matter: Environmental Effects
• Reduced visibility
• Metal/building corrosion
• Soiling of clothes
• Health problems, bronchitis
• Reduced plant growth

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 Major Urban Air pollutants
2. Carbon monoxide: Incomplete combustion occurs when a combustion reaction
occurs without a sufficient supply of oxygen. The byproducts are
Carbon monoxide (CO), Water ( H2O) and Carbon.

✓Most abundant air pollutant

✓Produced by incomplete combustion
✓Major source (app.77%) is motor vehicle exhaust
Health effects
✓CO enters the blood stream and binds preferentially
to hemoglobin, thereby replacing oxygen; thus
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood reduces.
✓320 times stronger than oxygen
It is toxic to humans at high concentrations as it binds hemoglobin 200–300 times more strongly than O2 to form
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), thus reducing O2 storage and transport in the blood to a concentration where
death may result.

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 Major Urban Air pollutants
3. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx):
✓ Primarily Nitric oxide(NO) and Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)
Sources
✓ Fuel combustion in power plants and automobiles.
✓ Motor vehicles account for about 30 % of emissions of
nitrogen oxides.
✓ In city centers the values rises upto 70% .
Effects
✓ High levels may be fatal, while lower levels affect the
delicate structure of lung tissue.
✓ Affects plant growth
✓ Deterioration of fabrics& structure
✓ Acid rain
✓ Global warming
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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
4. Sulfur oxides (SOx)
✓Formed during combustion of fuel containing sulfur
✓Thermal power plant
Effects
✓Irritation of lung and throat, impairs the respiratory
system’s defence against foreign particles and
bacteria. So increased respiratory tract infections.
✓Damage to plants and structures
✓Acid rain

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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
5. Hydrocarbon:
• Sources
✓Internal combustion engine, refineries, industries
etc.
• Effects
✓Cause oil film after the rain
✓Injure respiratory tract
✓Carcinogens A carcinogen is a substance, organism or
agent capable of causing cancer

✓Global warming
✓Photochemical smog
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 Major Urban Air pollutants
6. Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC):
→VOCs are organic compounds that vaporize easily.
For example
→Gasoline, benzene, toluene, and xylenes.
• Sources
• Burning of fuels, solvents, cleaning supplies, paints
and glues.
• Effects
→Contribute to smog formation
→Can cause serious health problems such as cancer
→Can harm plants
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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
7. Lead (Pb):
✓ Pb is a metal found naturally in the environment as
well as in manufactured products.
✓ Small solid particles of Pb can become suspended in
the air.
✓ Pb can then be deposited on soil and in water
• Sources
✓ Metal processing industries
✓ Lead acid battery
• Effects
✓ Can cause blood, organ, neurological damage in
humans and animals.
✓ Lead can also slow down the growth rate of plants.
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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
8. Ozone (O3):
• Ozone is not emitted directly into the air but it is
created by chemical reactions between oxides of
nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic
compound(VOC) in the presence of sunlight.
Health effects:
• Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health
problems including chest pain, coughing, throat
irritation , and congestion. It can worsen bronchitis,
and asthma.

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 Major Urban Air Pollutants
Environmental Effects
Ozone also effects vegetation and ecosystems:
• Reduction in agricultural and commercial forest
yields
• Reduced growth and survivability of tree seeding
• Increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests, and
other environment stresses(e.g. Harsh weather)

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 Control for Air pollution
• Use cleaner fuels
✓Elimination of the pollutant from the process input
like lead free petrol
✓Low sulphur fuels
✓Better land use planning
✓Reduced use of private cars

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 Control for Air pollution
• Make process changes
✓Combustion temperature to reduce NOx
✓Replace thermal plants with hydroelectric
• Use control equipment for emissions
✓Use of cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, bag
house filter, wet scrubbers An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is defined as a filtration device
that is used to remove fine particles like smoke and fine dust from
the flowing gas.
A baghouse, also known as a baghouse filter, bag filter, or fabric
filter is an air pollution control device and dust collector that
removes particulates or gas released from commercial processes
out of the air.

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 Air Pollution Control Equipments

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 Air Pollution Control Equipment

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 Acid Rain

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 Acid rain
• It is defined as precipitation which has pH < 5.6
• Acid rain or acid snow is a direct result of the
method that the environment clean itself.
• The tiny droplet of water that make up clouds
continuously capture solid particles and gases in the
atmosphere.
• When enough of the tiny cloud droplets clump
together to form a larger water drop it may fall to
the earth as “wet” acid precipitation including rain,
snow , ice , sleet, or fog.
Sleet is defined as pellets of ice that fall as a form of
precipitation.

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 Causes of Acid Rain
• The main precursors of acid rain are emissions of
SOx and NOx, are primarily responsible for the
harmful effects on environment.
Sources of SOx:
Anthropogenic (Man made):
• Fuel combustion in power plant
• Exhaust pipes in automobiles
• Industrial emissions(pulp and paper)
• Incineration of refusal waste Technique used to convert waste into energy. The waste is burned,
producing heat, power or both

• Smelting of sulphur Smelting is a process by which a metal is extracted, either as the element or as a simple compound,
from its ore by heating beyond the melting point

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 Causes of Acid Rain
Natural:
• Volcanic eruptions
• Forest fires
• Out gassings from anaerobic wetlands(decay process)
Sources of NOx:
Anthropogenic:
• Fertilizers
• Fuel burning in automobiles
Natural:
• Terrestrial , tidal, and nutrient- rich oceanic areas
• Decomposition of organic matter
• Sedimentation of rocks
• Lightening strokes

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Environmental Effects
 Environmental Effects

Necrosis Epinasty

Abscission Chlorosis

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 Human health: Building / Monuments:
Kidney failure

Respiratory problems

Eye irritation

• Sandstone, granite- discoloured

• Eroding of building surfaces
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 Control
Reduced Fossil fuel Emissions:
• Fuel desulfurization (remove S from fuel)
• Fluidized bed technology (reduce SO2 during
combustion)
• Flue gas desulfurization (remove sulphur gases
using lime slurry in scrubbers)
• Scrubbers can be used to remove NOx from
industrial emissions
• Catalytic converter and lean burn engines (reduce
NOx in motor vehicles)
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 Introduction
Global Warming

“It is the natural or human induced increase in the

average Global Temperature of the atmosphere near
the earth surface or troposphere is known as “Global
Warming”.

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 Global Warming
Mechanism:

The incoming solar radiations are in the form of:

✓UV Rays (0.1-0.4 μ), 9 %

✓Visible Light (0.4-0.7 μ), 45 %
✓Infrared Rays(0.7-4.0 μ), 46 %

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 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSs0KczxYZg
 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

1. Incoming Energy

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 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”
2. Absorption

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 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

3. Emission

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 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

4. Role of Greenhouse Gases

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 The “GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

5. Human Role

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 Green House Gases(GHG)
• Water vapors account for 97 % of greenhouse process
(Their concentration remains almost constant)

✓ GHGs contribute 3 %,

CO2, N2O, CH4, CFCs

76 % 6 % 13 % 5%

• Due to anthropogenic activities, concentration of

GHGs is increasing, thus resulting in Global Warming.

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 Consequences of Global Warming
Global temperature may rise (1.5 – 5.5 oC) by 2050.

Climatic Change
• A warmer northern hemisphere
• Changes in precipitation patterns
• More droughts, more storms
• More incidents of Malaria
• Extinction of Animal and Plant species

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 Consequences of Global Warming

Impact on Crop Yield:

✓ Faster plant growth
✓ Plants prone to pest attack
✓ More fertilizers, pesticides needed.
✓ Global yield of key crops may decrease by 30-70 % by
2050
Rise in Sea level
✓ 0.2-2.2 m rise by 2050 (Maldives, Bangkok may be
flooded, Threats to ports)

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 Consequences of Global Warming
Impacts on Socio-economics:

✓ Displacement of people
✓ Changes of occupation
✓ Sufferings, Miseries

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 Control Strategies

1. Reduce emissions of GHGs

2. Reduce use of fossil fuels

3. Encourage use of hydal power and solar energy

4. Control gas leaks

5. Employ less fertilizers

6. Stop using CFCs

7. Plant as many trees as possible

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 Introduction

Ozone
• Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in our atmosphere.

• Each ozone molecule contains three atoms of oxygen and

is denoted chemically as O3

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 Chemistry of Ozone

UV-C(0.1-0.28um)
UV-B(0.28-0.32um)

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 Chemistry of Ozone
• In stratosphere
O2→ O+O
O+O2→O3

O3→O2+O
• UV-A(0.32-0.4um) → Not affected by O3, All reaches to
earth
• Ozone Hole: refers to >50% reduction in O3 conc. Over a
particular area

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 Effects
• Significance of UV-B
➢ Damage cells, tissues, DNA

➢ Inhibit photosynthesis, kills phytoplankton Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are

similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain
chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live
and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant
and float in the upper part of the ocean, where

➢ Lower crop and sea food yield sunlight penetrates the water.

➢ Sunburns, skin cancer

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 Causes of Ozone Depletion
Cholofluoro-carbons (CFCs)
Used as : refrigerators, air conditioning, foam production,
solvents, aerosols, insulation material An aerosol may be defined as a suspension of particles
or droplets in the air and includes airborne dusts, mists,
fumes or smoke

• CFC-11(CFCl3),CFC-12(CF2Cl2)

• O3 + Cl → ClO + O2

• ClO + O3→Cl +2O2

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 Ultraviolet rays
from Sun

Chlorofluorocarbons
The Ozone layer in
are entering in to
stratosphere atmosphere releasing
blocks these chlorine. The chlorine
harmful UV rays than break down the
ozone

Oxygen
ozone

Whole in
Ozone layer

chlorine

The chlorine released from CFCs break

down the ozone molecule. More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths
surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
 Causes of Ozone Depletion

Nitric oxide (NO)

(50-70% ozone depletion)
• N2O +O→ 2NO
• NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
• NO2 + O →NO + O2

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 Protection of O3 Layer:

✓ Montreal Protocol (Sept,1982)

✓ CFCs production to stop by 2000

✓ Available CFCs to be recycled

✓ Best alternatives of CFCs:

✓ Butane (C2H10) + Propane (C3H8)

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 80

Solid Waste Pollution, Sources, Effects
and Control measures
 Introduction

Waste ( also known as rubbish, garbage, refuse, trash,

junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
Or
“Any material that no longer has any value to the
person who is responsible for it, and is not intended
to be discharged through pipe”.

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 introduction

Solid Waste can be defined as :

“Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or

gas, is solid waste”

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 Municipal Solid Waste
• Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes
generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-
solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including
treated bio-medical wastes. any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) material

• Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and

demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 84

 Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid waste comes from variety of sources
including;

Household Commercial Street sweepings Hotels and restaurants

Clinics & dispensaries Construction & demolition Horticulture Sludge

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 Municipal Solid Waste
Source Typical facilities, activities or Types of solid wastes
locations
Residential Homes, flats, apartment blocks etc. Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastic
textiles, yard waste, wood, glass, metal
special wastes(eg bulky items such as
white goods ,batteries, oil tyres),
household hazadarous wastes
Commercial Shops, restaurants, markets, office Paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, wood
buildings, hotels, motels, print shops, metals, food wastes, special wastes,
service stations, auto repair shops etc. hazadarous wastes
Institutional Schools, hospitals, universities, prisons, As above in commercial
government centers etc.
Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repairs, wood., steel, concrete, dirt etc.
building demolition.
Municipal services (excluding treatment Street cleaning, landscaping, park and Special wastes, rubbish, litter, sweeping
works) beaches, creek bed cleaning, litter bins. debris general wastes.
Treatment plant Water, wastewater, industrial treatment Effluent plus residual sewage
processes
Municipal solid waste(MSW) All of the above All of above
Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and Industrial process wastes, scrap
heavy manufacturing refineries, materials etc.Non –industrial wastes
chemical plants, power stations, including food wastes, rubbish,
demolition etc. ashes,demolition , and construction
wastes,specail wastes, hazardous
wastes.
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 86
 Terminology
Garbage:
• Garbage is the animal ,fruit and vegetable wastes resulting
from handling, preparing , and cooking food.
• It does not include food processing wastes from canneries,
slaughterhouses etc.
• Garbage originates mostly from domestic kitchens, stores,
markets, restaurants etc.
• These are putrescible and decompose rapidly leading to
development of offensive odour.

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 Terminology
Rubbish:
• Rubbish consists of combustible and non-combustible solid wastes
from homes , stores, and institutions but does not include garbage.
Combustible:
• The combustible consists of paper, rags, wood, tree branches etc.
Non-Combustible:
• Non- combustible includes material which can’t be burned at 700-
1100°C-the organic portion such as tin cans, glass, ashes soil etc.
Organic Wastes:
• Typically the organic wastes include food waste (also known as
garbage), paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, wood, yard wastes etc.
Inorganic Wastes:
• The inorganic fraction includes glass, metals, ferrous and non
ferrous (eg aluminum), and dirt.

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 Waste Composition

The term “Composition” is used to describe the individual

components that make up a solid waste stream and their
relatives distribution, usually based on percentage by weight.

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 Waste Characterization

Waste Category USA Sydney

Food waste 9 27.5
Paper 34 15.2
Cardboard 6 5.6
Plastics 7 7.6
Textiles 2 2.3
Rubber 0.5 0.6
Yard waste 18.5 20.5
Wood 2 0.6
Other organics 0.5 0.6
Glass 8 9.3
Metal cans 6 5.3
Aluminium cans 0.5 0.3
Dirt, ash etc 3 3.6

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 90

 Waste Characterization
Component Lahore Multan Peshawar Faisalabad

Vegetable+ fruit residue 30.32 32.35 13.80 17.2

Paper 2.70 2.4 2.10 2.1

Plastics and rubber 5.63 4.39 3.70 4.8
Leaves , grass, straws 20.32 20.22 13.60 15.6
Rags 7.50 6.98 4.30 5.2
Wood 1.24 1.30 0.60 0.7
Bones 1.03 1.03 1.70 2.9
Animal waste 2.37 2.65 7.50 0.8
Glass 0.7 0.8 1.30 1.3
Metals 0.32 0.3 0.30 0.2
Dust ,ash, stones, bricks 27.83 27.51 7.30 4.6
unclassified 0.04 0.07 - -

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 Solid Waste Generation Rate

Solid waste generation rate refers to “the amount of solid

waste produced by one person in one day on the average”.

• Solid waste generation rate in Pakistan urban centers is

between 0.4-0.8kg/c/d
✓ Lahore →0.84 kg/c/d,
✓ Peshawar → 0.64 kg/c/d,

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 92

 Impacts of Solid Waste Generation
Following problems arises due to solid waste generation:

• Breeding of rats, flies, fleas etc , carrying the germs of

disease and outbreak of diseases e.g. Plague in 14th century
killed half of Europeans.
• Improper management of solid waste give rise to 22 human
diseases.
• Improper management of solid waste give rise to water and
air pollution

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 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM)

• Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to the

collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, resource recovery
and disposal of solid waste in urban areas.

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 Goals & Principles of MSWM
• The first goal of MSWM is to protect the health of the
urban population, particularly that of low-income groups
who suffer most from poor waste management.
• Secondly, MSWM aims to promote environmental
conditions by controlling pollution (including water, air,
soil and cross media pollution) and ensuring the
sustainability of ecosystems in the urban region.
• Thirdly, MSWM supports urban economic development
by providing demanded waste management services and
ensuring the efficient use and conservation of valuable
materials and resources.
• Forthly, MSWM aims to generate employment and
incomes in the sector itself.

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 Life Cycle of Municipal Solid Waste

Generation

Segregation

Storage &
Collection

Transportation

Treatment

Disposal

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 Components of MSWM
a) Generation
Waste generation encompasses those activities in which
materials are identified as no longer being of value and are
either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.

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 Components of MSWM
b) Storage
• Two types of containers are used:
1. Separate containers: used by households and manually
handled .
2. Communal Containers: used by community collectively
and mechanically handled
Good storage offers four advantages
✓ Containment,
✓ Convenience in collection,
✓ Cover,
✓ Environmental protection

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 Components of MSWM
Encourage two bin system at individual premises for ease in
processing and disposal of SW.
1. Wet waste- kitchen waste
2. Dry waste- paper, plastics, glass, metal etc

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 3 bin System

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 Components of MSWM
c) Collection :
Collection includes both the gathering of solid waste
(recyclable and non- recyclable)and the transport of these materials,
after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied,
such as a material- processing facility , a transfer station or a landfill.

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 Components of MSWM
Waste Collection methods include:
• Primary or pre collection method i.e. the waste
collected by street sweepers and sanitary workers
and then transported to collection points via
handcarts, donkey carts and wheelbarrows.

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 Components of MSWM
Waste Collection methods include:
• Secondary Collection method
Two systems are used:
1. Hauled Container System
2. Stationary Container System

• Other collection methods employ:

1. Tractor trolleys
2. Open body trucks
3. Animal carts

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 Components of MSWM
Hauled Container System

Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and returned to original location

or some other location
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 104
 Components of MSWM
Hauled Container System

• Suitable for sources of high generation rate

• Lower container handling time
• Reduced unsanitary conditions
• Flexibility in container size /shape
• Low container Utilization

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 Components of MSWM
Stationary Container System

Storage containers remain at point of generation

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 106
 Components of MSWM
Stationary Container System
• Manual/Mechanical loading/compaction into collection
vehicle.
• Increased container utilisation
• Not suitable for heavy industrial waste/rubbish
• Labour intensive

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 Components of MSWM
d) Transfer and Transport
• SW is collected in small vehicles and transfer by large vehicles
to transfer station or processing centers or disposal sites.
• Transfer stations are needed when disposal sites are located at
long distances and collection vehicles are small in size.
• Transfer stations should be located as to avoid public
inconvenience and environmental degradation.

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 Components of MSWM
e) Solid waste Disposal & Treatment

sorting

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 Solid waste Disposal & Treatment
• Processing and Recovery
Processing includes techniques used to improve the
efficiency of SWM operations. It includes:
• Compaction: used to reduce the volume of solid
waste.
• Shredding : used to reduce the size of solid waste.

Recovery refers to separation of paper, plastics, glass

for reuse.

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 Waste Treatment & Disposal
• Waste treatment and disposal refers to the activities
required to ensure that waste has the least
practicable impact on the environment.

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 TECHNOLOGIES
• Established waste treatment and disposal technologies are:
COMPOSTING
• Water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen all together is a perfect mixture
to combine with organic matter to materialize the process of
decomposition. This procedure will result to productions of compost
which will eventually help the soil become healthy for planting.

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 Lahore compost plant
Composting process takes steps of:

• Screening,
• Second screening,
• Mixing making windrow,
• Packaging.

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 TECHNOLOGIES
Sorting unit

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 Lahore compost plant
• Sorting line

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 Lahore compost plant
Shedder

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 Lahore compost plant
Windrow Management

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 Lahore compost plant
Final Product – compost

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 118

 INCINERATION
Waste destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at
high temperatures. Incineration removes water from
hazardous sludge, reduces its mass and/or volume, and
converts it to a non-burnable ash that can be safely disposed
of on land, in some waters, or in underground pits
Flue gases

Fuel

Air Inlet

Ash door

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 LANDFILLING
Environmentally acceptable disposal of waste on ground.
Sanitary landfills are where non-hazardous waste is spreading
layers, compacted, and covered with earth at the end of
each working day.

water that has

percolated through
a solid and leached
out some of the
constituents.

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 BIOGAS GENERATION
Any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the
mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide produced by the bacterial
decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant crops.
Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.

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 Refuse Derived Fuel

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 Refuse Derived Fuel

• A fuel produced by shredding municipal solid waste.

• Noncombustible materials such as glass and metals are generally
removed prior to making RDF.
• The residual material is sold as-is or compressed into pellets,
bricks, or logs.
• RDF processing facilities are typically located near a source of
municipal solid waste, while the RDF combustion facility can be
located elsewhere.

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 RECYCLING
To treat or process (used or waste materials) so as to make
suitable for reuse: recycling paper to save trees.

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 Material Resource Recovery

It is the process in which manual and mechanical

processes are used to recover useful materials from
the waste like metals , paper, organic material etc.

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Material Resource Recovery(BASIC CONCEPT)
Commingled Solid
Waste

Tipping Floor Organic Material

Tipping floor means an
enclosed floor made of
an Impervious surface
onto which Solid waste
is deposited from a
collection Container or
vehicle
Paper
Plastic Compost
Glass
Conveyor Belt Metal
Wood
RDF

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Water Pollution Sources, Effects and
Control Measures
 Water Pollution

Water Pollution

“Any chemical, biological, or physical change in water

quality that has a harmful effect on human health , living
resources, hindrance to aquatic activities such as fishing,
impairment of water quality with respect to its use in
agriculture, industrial & other economic activities, &
reduction in amenities.”
Major water pollution issue globally
– Lack of disease-free water

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 Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution
✓Surface Water Pollution
✓Ground Water Pollution
✓Oxygen depleting
✓Nutrient pollution
✓Microbiological
✓Suspended matter
✓Chemical
http//: www.eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution

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 Water Pollution
Sewage
• The release of wastewater from drains or sewers
– Includes human wastes, soaps, and detergents
• Causes 2 serious environmental problems:
– Enrichment
• Fertilization of a body of water by high levels of plant and
algal nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
– Increase in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose
biological wastes
• As BOD increases Dissolve Oxygen (DO) decreases

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 Sources of water pollution
What are the sources of Water Pollution?
• Mainly there are two sources of water pollution
1- Natural Sources
2- Anthropogenic Sources

• Natural sources includes; storm water and

agricultural runoff
• Anthropogenic sources includes; municipal,
industrial etc.

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 Sources of water pollution
Other sources
• We can also categories water pollution with respect
to the discharge

1- Point Source

2- Non-Point Source

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 Sources of water pollution
Point Source(Direct)
• Point source of water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a
waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch.
• Examples of sources in this category include discharges from
a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain
Point Sources

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 Sources of water pollution
• Non-Point Source(Indirect)
• Nonpoint source of water pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a single discrete
source.
• These are scattered or diffused having no specific location
of discharge .
• It is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large area.
• Examples are; leaching out of nitrogen compounds from
fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm
water , urban runoff
• Rain water often carry oil, grease, dirt, trash, animal waste
etc. to receiving water bodies.
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 134
 Sources of water pollution
Non-Point sources of Water Pollution

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 Sources of water pollution
Point & Non point Sources

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 136

 Water pollutants
Principle Water Pollutants
Generally water pollutants can be divided into eight categories.
1- Pathogens: Diseases causing agents
2- Oxygen demanding waste
3- Inorganic Chemicals
4- Inorganic Plant Nutrients
5- Organic Chemicals
6- Sediments and suspended matter
7- Radioactive substances
8- Heat
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 137
 Water pollutants
Principle Water Pollution
A. Natural source:
• Storm water Runoff
Pollutants Impacts
Sediments ❑Turbidity,
❑Reduced photosynthesis,
❑Clogging of fish gills,
❑Adherence of toxic
compounds/pathogens on soil
particles

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 Water pollutants
B. Anthropogenic source:
• Municipal Municipal Industrial Agricultural
Pollutants Pollutants Pollutants
• Industrial ❑Organic matter ❑Detergents ❑Nutrients
❑Nutrients ❑Solvents ❑Pesticides
• Agricultural ❑pathogens ❑Heavy metals ❑Sediments
❑Oil
❑Dyes
❑Phenol
compound
❑Salts
❑Acids
❑Alkalis
❑Bleaching agents
❑Pathogens

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 139

 Water pollutants
• Major Categories of Pollutants
CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEM
Category Example Sources
Infectious agents Bacteria, virus, worms Human /animal extract
Organic chemicals Pesticides, plastics, Industrial, household, farm
detergents, oils use
Inorganic chemicals Acids, caustic salts, metals Industrial effluent,
household cleanser, runoff
CAUSES ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION
Category Example Sources
Sediments Soil, silt Land erosion
Plant nutrients NO2,PO4,NH4 Agriculture fertilizer
sewage, sludge
Oxygen demanding wastes Animal & human feces, Sewage, agricultural runoff,
plant residues paper mills& many
industrial wastes.
Thermal Heat Power plants, cooling
water
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 140
 Water pollutants
• Major Categories of Pollutants
Impacts of some organic pollutants on Health
Aldecarb (Pesticides) Attacks nervous system
Benzene (Solvent) Blood disorders, Lekumia
CCl4 (Solvent) Cancer , liver & kidney damage
PCB3 (Industrial chemical) Cancer , liver & kidney damage
CHCl3 (Chloroform) Cancer
Dioxins, Furons (Volatile compd) Cancer
DDT Poisonous ,affects reproduction

*PCBS: Polychlorinated biphenyles

**DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 141

 Water pollutants
Effects on Health through Aquatic Food
• Fish accumulate toxic element such as mercury, cadmium, and
polycyclic hydrocarbon

Chemical Source Disease

Hg Methyl mercury Minamata
disease(brain
damage, death)
Cd Joint disease
Polycyclic HC From oil pollution Potential
carcinogen
Polychlorinated Plasticizers Liver damage,
Biphenyles lubricants carcinogen
(PCBs)

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 142

Agricultural Water Pollution
 Agriculturial water pollution
Agriculture & Water Pollution
• Agriculture contributes a major economic portion
of Pakistan

–Animal wastes and plants residues have

high BOD (Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand)

–Chemical pesticides can leach into

groundwater
EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 144
Municipal Water Pollution
 Municipal water pollution
• Municipal Water Pollution

EnE440 – Environmental Engineering Engr.Gul-e-Hina IEER UET Lahore 146

Industrial Wastes in Water
 Industrail pollution
Industrial Wastes in Water
• Different industries generate different pollutants

– Food processing plants- high BOD

– Paper mills- High BOD and toxic compounds

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Ground Water Pollution
 Ground water pollution
• Groundwater Pollution

A septic tank is an underground chamber made of

concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which
domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic
artesian well, well from which water flows under sewage treatment.
natural pressure without pumping

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General Measures of Water Pollution
Control
 General Measures of Water Pollution Control

1.Adopt pollution prevention approaches

• Use cleaner production technologies in industrial
processes
• Employ good housekeeping in industries
• Reuse wastes, recover materials
• Use natural fertilizers in place of synthetics
• Use less pesticides
2. Treat wastewater
• Physical, chemical, biological methods

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 General Measures of Water Pollution Control

3.Entact pollution control legislation

• Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997)
• National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
• Pollution charges
4.Enhance public awareness

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