Iman Khallaf
Part 1 : Morphology
A flowering plant
Leaves
Definition:
The leaf ia a lateral outgrowth or an appendage on the stem from
which it differs in structure and organization. It possesses neither
node nor internodes and having a bud in its axial.
• The leaf is composed of 3 parts:
1- The leaf base.
2- The blade (lamina).
3- The stalk (petiole).
Types of leaves
1- Cotyledons 2-Foliage 3-Bracts 4-Modified
(Seed leaves). leaves (green Leaves
ordinary
leaves)
Tendrils
Two Seed Leaves
and One Tiny True Needles and
Leaf Spines
Morphology of The Leaf
Morphology of leaf
1- Condition
2- Colour
3- Odour
4- Taste
5- Texture: brittle, coriaceous, papery, fleshy, membranous,,
etc..
Membranous Papery Coriaceous Succulent
Very thin Thin but slightly Thick and Thick and fleshy
thicker leathery
6- Insertion: position of leaf on the stem, may be:
Cauline Radical
Leaves spread on a long stem Leaves are crowded together above the
(stem divided into nodes and internodes). top of the root around a short stem, near
ground or just above it.
7-Phyllotaxis - Arrangement of leaves on a stem
Alternate Opposite Opposite Whorled or
decussate clustered
Leaves are inserted When a pair of Each pair is When three or
singly at the node leaves is developed inserted at right more leaves occur
at regular intervals. at each node. angle to the above at each node.
and below pairs.
8 - Leaf base
Stipulate exstipulate
9 – Petiole
(Leaf-Stalk)
Petiolate. Sessile
10 - The Lamina (Leaf Blade)
• Flattened, and green in color. According to the surface:
1- Simple leaf 2-Compound Leaf
Entire lamina Lobed lamina
.
arranged on coming
a central out from
axis called the top of
palmately lobed pinnately lobed
Rachis the petiole
toward the petiole toward the midrib
Lobed leaves
Pinnately lobed Palmately lobed
•Incision directed towards • Incision directed towards
the midrib. the top of the petiole.
Compound Leaf
❑ Lamina is completely divided into a number of
separate leaflets .
.
Compound Leaf
Pinnate Palmate
Two or more leaflets arranged Two or more leaflets coming out
on a central axis called rachis
from the top of the petiole
Binate Ternate
Pinnate
Pari-pinnate Imparipinnate
Description of Lamina
• Shape of Lamina
• Apex of Lamina
• Margin of lamina
• Base of the lamina
• Venation
• Surface of the lamina
Shape of lamina
Apex of lamina
Margin of lamina
Base of lamina
Symmetric Asymmetric Decurrent
Equal on both sides of • Unequal Continuous
the midrib.
downwards as
wings along
the petiole).
Leaf Venation
The lamina is traversed by vascular strands ( form the veins).
Leaf
Venation
veins and veinlets runs in all
directions & anastomose Parallel
Reticulate
forming a fine network appearance
venation venation
Pinnately Palmately
reticulate reticulate
with several divergent main
one main veins arising from the top of
vein the petiole
Venation
Parallel Reticulate
Punctate
Surface
of the
lamina
Pubescent or
Glabrous
hairy
Part2: Structure of the leaf
(Microscopical characters)
Histology of leaf
• Lamina Region • Midrib Region
1-Upper & lower 1. Upper & lower
epidermal cells. epidermal cells.
- Cuticle 2. Hypodermis.
-Stomata
-Trichomes 3. Cortical tissue.
2-Hypodermis. 4. Endodermis
3-Mesophyll. 5. Pericycle
-Palisade layer
-Spongy Tissue 6.Vascular bundle.
I-lamina
Waxy cuticle
1. Epidermis Epidermis
- It is formed of single
Palisade
layer of tubular cells
mesophyll layer
without intercellular
spaces except for the
stomata. Air space
- The anticlinal wall is
the wall perpendicular
Spongy
to the surface & may mesophyll layer
be:
Stomata
1. Straight
Epidermis
2. Wavy
• Straight anticlinal
wall
• Wavy anticlinal
wall
Cuticle
❑ Is a protective film
formed covering the
epidermis, it may be:
❑Smooth or striated
(appears in surface
view)
❑It may be Thin or
thick (appears in side
view)
Smooth cuticle
Straight walls
Wavy anticlinal walls
Stomata
– Stomata consists of 2
Guard Cells, parallel to
one another and
enclosing an oval space
called Osteole .
• Differ from epidermal cell:
A- Smaller
B- Containing chloroplasts
and starch granules.
Stomata
Stomata (cont.)
Function:
Guard cell
Transpiration.
Gaseous Exchange.
Osteole
osteole
2-guard cells
Subsidary cells
Occurrence of Stomata
• Stomata may be:
Completely On lower On upper Equal More
absent from surfaces surface numbers on numerous
both only both on lower
surfaces surfaces surface
Aquatic in Coca in floating Leaves In shade
plants. leaves of having plants
water Lily. lamina in
vertical
plane.
e.g. Senna
Types of Stomata
Anomocytic or Paracytic or
Ranunculaceous Rubiaceous
Irregular-celled Parallel-celled
type type
e.g.Digitalis e.g.Senna
Anisocytic or
Diacytic or Cruciferous
Caryophyllaceous
Unequal-celled
Cross-celled type type (1 smaller
subsidiary cells than the
perpendicular to others)
the osteole. e.g.
Mentha e.g. Solanacea
Trichomes or Hairs
• Epidermal cells extended
papillae
outward forming small
projection “ papillae or
long hairs”.
• Trichome has two parts:
Body
one is embedded in the
epidermis; called foot and
free part called body. Foot
When it falls it leaves a
cicatrix.
Trichomes or Hairs
Non-glandular hairs
1-
Unicellular
Unbranched Branched
e.g.,
e.g., Warty lavender
hair of senna, and
Cruciferae
Non-glandular hairs
2- Multicellular
B- Branched
A- Unbranched
Pluriseriate
Biseriate (2 (more than 2
Uniseriate (1 row) rows) rows)
twin hair in Shaggy hair
arnica
belladonna
(biseriate bicellular)
pyrethrum calendula
(T-shaped (biseriate
hair)” multicellular)”
Non-glandular hairs (cont.)
2- Peltate
Multicellular Candelabra
Stellate
B-
Branched
Simple Peltate
Stellate Candelabra
branched (scale hair)
uniseriate body very short stalk
surrounded by Central uniseriate axis
ending in two
e.g. Boldo plate-like with unicellular lateral
branches as in structure.e,g. in branches. e.g. Lavender
Tobacco Cascarilla
Unicellular unbranched
Unicellular
branched
T-shaped Candelabra
hair hair
Stellate hair
Peltate
hair
Multicellular
biseriate
Shaggy
hair
Twin-hair
Multicellular- uniseriate Bicellular biseriate
Glandular hairs
Unicellular Multicellular
Uniseriate Stalk
Unicellular Head Multicellular Head
1- 2-to-3- 1celled stalk 1-or more celled Very short, 1-
celled celled stalk and 2 celled stalk and many celled stalk and
stalk e.g head celled ovoid a head of eight
e.g. Belladonna head e.g. radiating cells
Digitalis clavate hair in e.g. Labiaceous
solanaceous hair
leaves
Glandular hairs (Cont.)
Biseriate stalk and biseriate Pluseriate Stalk and a head Branched Stalk
head with eight radiating cells (Branched hair)
Compositae hair. Cannabis Hyoscyamus muticus
Clavate hair Unicellular head
Unicellular stalk
Glandular shaggy hair
Bicellular head
Unicellular stalk
Compositous
T.V. S.V. hair
S.V.
T.V.
Labiaceous
hair
2-Hypodermis:
➢ One or more layers of
cells devoid of
chlorenchyma separating
mesophyll from epidermis
➢ Protective tissue or water
storage.
➢ It may be
sclerenchymatous,
collenchymatous, or
parenchymatous
3-Mesophyll
Mesophyll differentiated to upper
palisade and spongy tissue.
A. Palisade layer
❖ 1or more layers of columnar cells
perpendicular to the epidermis.
❖ Narrow intercellular spaces.
❖ Interrupted by the cortical tissues
in the midrib region.
✓ Upper palisade may form a
continuous layer over the midrib as
in Senna or a discontinuous layer
as in Datura.
❖ The mesopyll may be either
isobilateral or dorsiventral
Isobilateral leaf Dorsiventral leaf
➢ Mesophyll symmetric on ➢ Mesophyll not symmetric.
both sides
➢ (upper &lower) below the ➢ One palisade layer (upper
upper and lower epidermis palisade)
➢ e.g. Senna upper
palisade
➢ e.g. Belladonna
lower
palisade
T.S. in lamina region
T.S. in lamina region
B. Spongy Tissue:
Formed of chlorenchyma
with large intercellular
spaces .
Cells are irregular forms
and rich in
chloroplasts
It may contain groups of
collenchyma or
sclerenchyma,
secretion ducts or latex
tissue, oil or mucilage
cells.
II-The midrib region
1-Upper and lower epidermis.
2-Hypodermis.
3-Cortical tissue.
➢ It is present in the midrib region
➢ may be parenchyma as H.muticus, or
collenchyma as Uva ursi or both as Datura.
4-Endodermis:
➢ Innermost layer of
cortical tissue .
➢ Usually endodermis
indistinguishable
➢ Sometimes
containing starch
forming starch endodermis
sheath.
5- Pericycle
➢ Lies between phloem and
cortical tissue
➢May be differentiated or
undifferentiated
➢It is formed of Pericyclic fibre
parenchyma as in Datura,
or collenchyma as in xylem
Digitalis or fibers phloem
Pericyclic fibre
as in Senna or
sclerenchyma as JaborandiCortical tissues
Different types of pericycle
Parenchyma Collenchyma
Fibres
6-Vascular system
➢ Consists of network
structure continuous
with the stem.
➢ Appears in transverse
section as an arc.
➢ Opens above with the
phloem towards the
lower surface of the leaf
and the xylem towards
the upper surface.
Phloem
➢ Small thin cellulosic wall
➢ Formed of sieve elements
and companion cells
➢ It allows passage and
translocation of food
➢ The cambium is
usually
undifferentiated
Xylem
➢ radial rows of vessels
➢ Protoxylem towards the
upper surface and
metaxylem towards the
lower surface
➢ Separated by rows of
wood parenchyma.
➢ Water-conducting tubes
and support.
➢ Medullary rays may be
visible , traversing the
xylem and phloem
(radiating lines)
Collateral
Vascular bundle
Xylem
Phloem
Numerical Values
Used to differentiate between closely related species
1-Vein Islet number = no of vein islet / mm2
2-Stomatal number: Average number of stomata / mm2
3-Stomatal index (SI):
SI = (S / S + E) X 100
S = no of stomata E = no of epidermal cells
4. Palisade Ratio = Average no of palisade cells under one
epidermal cell.
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