1

A 'f .IIX1 BOOK OF

BHAISAJYA
•
KALPANA vuNANA
PI-IARMACJ~UTICAJ., SCJJ~NCI~
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• • • • • • • •• •
• v~f "Jo.:~· '..1'- '

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----------- --~-~ --~ ;.,:' :<:~E~:;f;

- .,\~
Ravindra Angadf-Y·i ·_REVISF:n:
Dr. , - ' ' ._-· .. , . .. · ·,_-,, ..

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --1:EDITION . ·, ._ ..., _,
 ATEXTBOOK
of
BHAISA
•
JY AKALPANA VIJNANA
( PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE 1

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 THE
Cfl AlJK HAM BI\ AYtJRVROA STt JfJfEs
9
,&lfil/~

A tEXTBOOK
of
BHA~AJYA KALPANA VUNANA
[ PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE ]

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( As per CCI M UG & PG Syllabus )
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By
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DR. RAVINDRAANGADI
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M.D. (RS & BK)

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Associate Professor
Dept of PG. Studies in RS & BK
s.D. M. College of Ayurveda
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Kuthpady, Udupi, KamataJ<a

CHAUKHAMBASURBHARATIPRAKASHAN
VARANASI
 PREFACE TO SECOND
EDITION
. . . - .. -
ad to co m e befo re the fr
I am gl of Ay ur ve ~ with the se
cond
XT BO OK OF B H A ;:m ity
ed iti on ol the 'TE · JYA KALPANA . Myself
as author
er s of the b k
and the publish re m or e th a0 happy for the response we go t
s: ' ka
for the first edition of thi 00 .
·
N ow the second editio n IS offers m ore to the renc ad ers in terms of
of the book
a1 . The significant co epts

A
d pr ac tical kn ow led ge
conceptu an d .h . . pects · an d at the sa m e
ar e more el ab or at el y disc usse wit their ap pl ied as
.
~ e , tdhe book is
po m te .
tri m m ed in m an y ar
ED
eas to m ak e it mo:.e appealing an d
V
iti on ar e m ad e ke ep in g in mind the interes ts of
Al l th e ch an ge s in this ed syllabus fra m ed by CO M
.
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lar s an d th e m os t re ce nt
th e UG an d th e PG sc ho ts:
orized into three segmen
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e bo ok m ay be ca teg
Th has hi sto ry & th e
ch ap ter 1 to 4 which
Y

• Fi rs t se gm en t is from
ience.
fu nd am en ta ls of this sc
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th e
be re co gn ize d as th e 2nd se gm en t which ha s all
• Ch ap te r 5 to 41 m ay explanations an d typi
cal
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ep ar at io ns wi th th eir
ph ar m ac eu tic al pr
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ex am pl es . te r 42 to SO wh ic h de al s
co ns id er ed fro m ch ap
• Th e th ird se gm en t m
ay be
PA

io ns .
m od er n as pe cts of th e pharmaceutical pr ep ar at
ab ou t th e Th ird
re m ain cr uc ial for bo th UG & PG sc ho lar s.
Fi rs t tw o se gm en ts t ag ai n
A

ad di tio na l kn ow led ge for UG stu de nt s bu

se gm en t will be an
s.
es se nt ial for PG scholar pt di re ct an d
fir st ed iti on , th e co nc epts of the bo ok ar e ke
As do ne in
be tte r under-standing of
all th e un de r
ss ib le ex ten t fo r th e
sim pl e to th e po
e di pl om a stu de nt fra ter ni ty of Ay ur ve da . I
an d th
gr ad ua te , po stgra du at e co nd ed iti on of th e bo ok
will co nt in ue
an.cl ho pe th at thi s se
sin ce re ly be lieve
de nt co m m un ity.
to serve the ne ed s of stu
 CO N T E NTS v ii

rwf;N.¥ ;,, $ 1'C()ll d £d;tion XI

t. ~ ,1r1.i·!,·ds<·,,,t1, ,
\N,1rh1i,1I hw~ am Kra m ik a Vik as a
Kalp ana : Iti ha sa ev
· L t{h ,1i",-1 jya men t ;,ajya
of Bh ai Kolpanrl)
ic al D ev el op 18
(li is tl)I-Y & C hr on ol og
ts & M ea su res)
~, l\ tirna Paribha~a (Weigh k
a S i d ~ 's of Bhai~ajya Kalpa na (Bas '}0
,,. .\d h5rabh ut
Pr in ci ples of Bha~ aj ya
K al pa na ) 52
uf ac tu ri ng U ni t)

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as al a (T he D ru g M an
·L rnw ~nj5ga ra /R as 60

ED
lp an a (F un da m en ta l Prep ar at io ns )
3. k.tt~5ya Kn 63
ressed Juice of D ru gs )
n. Swnrasa Ka Jpana (Exp 68
:-. "-alka Ka1p ;'.\ •-:a (P as te
of D ru gs) V 71
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ecoc tion )
~- Kw:Hha KaJapana (D 78
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fu.sion)
9. Hin h1 Ka lptm a (Cold Jn
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81
Infusion)
10. PhJ1_1ia Ka lp ana (H ot
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Hcd uctio n)
85
11. Ctm)a Kalpa rla (Size 101
Kal pana
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!2. Upnknlp,1n a's of Kwatha

f<alpana 11 0
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11 Up ak al pan5's of Him J
115
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a tjon)
1-l Ark,, Kalp nna (D isti!J
sa rn , <Ji,111,1· 1,1 ttv a , Gha nava ti an d Ph an it-:1 124
JS . Rn sa k riy 5, Gh;,irw • '

16- l\ vn lehn Ktl lpan fl (( · 01 ,1.,, . 1 11 ,, 11 ♦)

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128
I~. ~h,nryq ~ Kn lp ;urn (C
rJnul'"u· l'rt:pora tio11 s) 139
S11 1k,1 r .'1 K1' ll°''•'tl""' 1 . ' yru rm)
(S 147
l8.
19. C ud. a11·,' k Il K,1 I pc1 n,1 ! /1tMutF)'Hr- f'y c· 11 1'..... l H}l lh )
' 151
I .
_, · '-l llgg u llp ·1J. I( j of Guggulu)
"') I '

." ,1. ~Mt 1i1 0 'n ·p c1r;1tio

m-J 157
21. Sa t tw .i ,.
.. (
, '
t K,1 p,m .1 (L
>. 1r,w f 101 f . lattt l'Vli1 te riaJ) 17.1
1
, n· (" f 1 ,, Sftlrc hy I
Jl) ·J
22. L.1 vn nn Kt1 t t i IV I.' ( lt ,if 111J Sr1J t I' pa ra tk H19)
· ~ ( re 17S
.... ). Aynskr ti k ,I Ip ,.1 1M. (( .l. 1•ir d 1 ,11MPtho I .
')"l

, - , l of M e tc1 J /\d m in i:i lr a ti on ) 180

24. Masi K~1 lp ,1n,\ (l '.1 rh .
11/,t l in n of Dt·us.rn) l ~'-11
25. K~.i r,1 Ki.1!p an j (l' r . o1 •1 LH 111 ',r Pl
.,..h. ·v~111 K,llJ-,,in ri (,-1,,) 1)l1(P·' I J'H I I "H iOn t Lri tilPr i,P •.. ) l~H
~1 . I( ( ;it It•',)
. I
lq •
 xiv

. • _ (H , ·b• I ~t1 pp(lSHnrit•$)

27. Varti.J<alpn11t'\ l t ,J ' · • (GJ1ncinl
-~ I Mtirt"1' 11i111,1 , . ... ' Processing of R·aw
28. Tht' Concept nt " nc ,.,
Oil/ Ghcd . )
'.29, Snr ho 1(,1lp.•i 11,1 (Mrdir,,rcd c1iJ / C'1i~tt , I )
. I , tin• I ,·rrM I El t ons
.,l.) c,,ndhiir'ul 1',,f}Jtlllll (l ••rmw11 -
i

::n . Palh \\'\ K,, lprm,1 (P1v p,irl1tams, t )f l >iC't)

" • ._;I\'.~ ,
·
J2. t r·.,.1"K.,Jpnnu (I lerb.,I /\pplic\1lilHl~) j
1 '
l\r ~·t·1l1,1rl1, Ur
--l!\. ·'I.\ "l'al'I.tl , "f
,·v\ ,'), , ..\"•It} ll I •
n ,l llt1I"·
1 unc
.
Other Ka lpana~s
((1intnwtH, r m1ltit.:l' ,md
Othl~r Prepara tions). 16()
~4. Ne-tr._t Ciki~li Kalp,rnii (Op ht1,c1 lm k Prcpc1rations)
367
JS. N11sya Ka lpnna (Prt"p,Hntions fo r Nasal Route) 381
:\o. Dhfanap.i nc1 (M.~dicatcd Cigars)

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. . 397
~7. Dhflpa na Kalpc1na (Preparati ons fo r Furn1ga~t~n)
ED
-· 404
38. .i\h1khJ Kalpana Kt1 valagraha -Ga1~~u~a -Prahsara.t:ta-Man1ana
(Ora] Liquids and Gargles)
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408

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39. Basti Ka Jpana (Herbal Enema Preparati ons)
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413
40. Paribha$a Prakarai:,.a (Definitions of Significan ce) 426
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41. Dravva Sodhana (Purification of Poisonou s Drugs) 444

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42. Liquid Dosage Forms 453

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43. Semisolid Dosage Forms 460

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44. Tinctures 467

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45. Package, Labeling, Prescription, Routes of Administ ration,

Drug Delivery Systems and Newer Drug Delivery Methods
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of Pharmace uticals 468

46. Mixing, Homogen ization and Drying
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476
47. Standardi zation and Analytica l Paramete rs
480
48. Standardization Para.meters to All the Kalpana' s
495
49. Drugs & Cosmetics Act (DCA) & Good Manufac turing
Practices (GMP)
499
50. PharmacovigiJance
506
51 . Ancient & Modern Machiner y & Equipme nts
515
Few Other Important Pharmace utico-Ana lytical Instnune nts
and Equipmen t
533
Question Bank for Rasasastra and Bhai~ajya Kalpana (Paper II) 539
~~ .
548
•••
 1
Uh . · hasa evarn kram,ka Vik:isa
~• ~tlJya kalpanii'<:,1IU
D
tl h,l rn, & lh1nnolrn,to C\iclopttwrit of Hhn1Nt1JJ ri K 1l} 'un
l)
• c •
.- . a--- -· ~ • -· r

Hehn\~ lno wn w thr hist{.lhl

th J1/!l
., I ' 1 , or (lpenodtcol df•\('/orrnenlof Hha1Sil1.nd
Kl n,~ tl' 1.
d be familiar with both the ter
'hh,11:,,l/V
;L.1lr,m•~ , onp l-- lOU
.l\a rc1na

A
Bh,~a,a
nw word 'hhe$ajA ' or 'bhai~ajywha' kh
FC\" of the> ~,gmfJC,m t definitions,
ED
lil'<!ta Hy tncitll s 'au$c1d hc1' (med ,u ,,, )
reveal the concise m,•,1nr11~, are Js
V
bt'lm, :
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4 3a JH~ ~ I ,W wf 3'4ffifa ~ ~ : 11 (<,1od.1h1lp.id rt1m, 1 )

i, 1q~
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(Ca . Su. I I l34 ;

~ ~ ~ Q~ l(IH mi ~ I
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ich win s the fear of dis ease or res tores the health of d person by
at wh
l1'1
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or 'bh a~a jya '.

,ta hl11.in g the do~ as is 'bhe$aja'
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Au~adhz and Bhe~aja o r the

clarify the acc ura te meaning
\fa ny cla ssi cal boo ks do no t
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ver the se
bet we en bot h the se terminologies; and moreo
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dif fer enc e

syn on yms.
tc.")rrn ino Jog ies are con sid ere d as
efi ned .
two wo rds can be sep ara tely d
Fir s t Jet us see tha t ho w the se
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Au~adha
:I
1ITTit ~ W: , li t~ dn:@' ~~~ 3/ '.;7)
~ ~ : ll (Ka ;yctpasMnhi ta; Khtld sthana
~ . ~
ya '; c1nd
the inh ere nt pro per ty of a 'dr av
o,) a me ans 'ra sa' ; thi s 'ra sa ' is
1ud ic1ous use of thi s 'ra sa'
len ds hea lth .
old
s 'rasadh fi ra·1~a'(drug that withh
Therefore, the dravya wh ich doe
rnsa in it) is 'au~ad ha ' or 'au(,ad
ha dra vy a '.

Bhe~aja
;I ftlqftifltt (tRRti i-if ~ ~& fff ll
filqfi'ct~l4 4 Uft.Wt ~~~
( K,isy,1p,1; Kh il,l sth ana3 / 27)

1vya, wh ich is fit to be kno wn by a 'bhi~ak' (physi cia n) is also

The drc
 2 Bhai~ajya Kalpanii VijFzana

called as 'bhe~aja '. Since it is helpful in d kitsa (treatment) it is called

'bhai$ajya'.
So, with identical meAning, both 'aU$adha' and 'bhe~ajo' are synonyrn~.
However, A thi n line of d ifference that ca n be drawn between both thee:;('
termsis as shown below;
-
I Au~adha Bhe~aja
• 'Snrvadrrruym it n11~adl1atva111 '; all the raw • Different formulation s prep ared out r,f -·
I

.I
herbal drugs available on earth are these herbal drugs may be considered ac,
considered 'au$adha '; 'bhe~aja'; I

I
• The 'au$adha' are meant particularly • The term 'bhe~aja' encompasses both '
for treatment purpose; 'au$adha' and 'ahara' dravya .
• Au~adha dravya can be known to • Bhe$aja (prepared medicine) can be know; '
common peopleothe r than physician. only by physician (bhi~ak).

A
Cikitsa-synonyms
~Pct,R~-Hi ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~
~ .,:ltNf..tl&llf.t. ......... II
ED g~ffl~1q.j ftnq_ 11
(Ca. Ci.l /3J
V
• Cikitsita : Since it is used as a chief means of cikitsa.
R

• Vyadhihara:r:ia : Called so. because of its 'vyadhihara:r:ia' property.

U

• Pathya : 'Cfflf ~ ~ I That which is soothing to srotas.

Y

• Sadhana : It's a major tool to cure the diseases.

A

• Au~adha : 3nm~rB :, ~ m : z j ~ ~ ~ ~ : I
That which does rasadhara:r:ia is called 'au~adha'.
A

• Prayascitta : Behind onset of every illness there lies some wrong

R

doing by man in the form of a.hara and vihara; so here

PA

tre::1tment is a kind of 'prayascitta' done to get rid of the

disease condition.
r.
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• Prasamana : That which does the samana of prakupita do~a.

• Prakrti sthapana : That which brings back health by stabilizing the do~a.
• Hita : Since it does hita to the body by maintaining good
health.
I
I, Kalpana
c6e-a:I afcnfura 3raT fcffu: I (Sabdakalpadruma)
Kalpana is the 'process' or the 'method' employed for the preparation of
pharmaceutical products.
T~e processes like grinding, heating, frying, boiling etc are included in
the hst, which are the in tegral part
of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical
preparations.
l1cfif-Q:f ~-h<h{OI'{_ ~ I (Cakrapiii:tl)
Bhai~ajya Kalpana: Itih-asa evan1 K .
ramzka Vik--asa
Kalpana - or praka1Pana ~15
· . 3
samskarai:ia, atapa-sam·s· k.ar 'sathsk·a·rana'
.
(agni-sarnsk arat:ta, jala-
4 4'-it
cfi&Q -1~ ~~: I at;\a etc).

__ .
Kalp~na is the 'yojmla' (the yadatta)
preparation of a medidn es. plan or the stra·tegy) dev I (Arur

e oped for the

Bhai~ajya and Kalpana
~J4 Hi cli@:4..:fl "m ~~c fi ~::0- I
tt,

The scie . d .
nce whi ch dea l s in
. · • - etatl ab t th e preparatio f d' . -
med 1an es 1s call ed as the 'bh • . ou
ai~aJya kalpana'. n ° 1fferent
. . .
S1gn1f1cance of bhai~ajya kalpana

A
This scie nce exp lain s vari ous m eth ods of processing a drug in order to
mak e the dru g;

• Mor e pala tabl e; ED

V
• Rich wit h pote ncy ;
R

• Plea sing wit h goo d odo r, color etc; and

U

aration;
• Lon g last ing or imp rov e the shelf life of the prep
ical references;
Y

To sup por t this we may hav e the following class

f: 11
'h~ild'~ ,;i~a¼[email protected]'( 1~ fi~~,Rl~HqcfilMfifctiHgfffiR
A

dtc-tlfQifQ
(Ca. Kalpa 12/ 48}
A

~: 11
'h~ild'tii ~'1<1¼[email protected]'(, ~~f?fi~Aqfa~HqcfitMfifctiH~RtiH.Ka
Jtc-tlf<-UfQ
R

(A. Jpa 2/61)

PA

two drugs), vis l~

Sam.yoga (com bina tion of two or more than
ts), kala (keeping the drugs
(separation or dele tion of drug 's undesired effec
a (jala-samskarru:ia, agni-
A

together for desi red time period), sarhskar

ce) are the processing's to
sarnskarai:ia etc), yuk ti (by one 's own intelligen
make a sim ple dru g into an efficient medicine. -a ~Oll@l-
~ F: ~ ~&UOiiiiR:lfi@il~: I fffcfiiU ft ~Oll4Hit114Si'Ad I
cHI~ ~: i:filMOcfi~~i'114ife:flliJTUT-
'tllfr .:r-f tfs:t cfitf -~-~ -~-c tiTF f-cm :A'.' "'Qi

~ II . h essing of the drugs. This

here is t e proc .. f h
Karana or sam skar ana
· . f hang es in the qualities o t e
. ·
samskarai:ta is solely responsible or any c
. /pun·ftca ·
· bon
drugs (gun· anta radh ana) . _• , ikarsa) cleamng
Jala and agni sarhskar at:ta (toyagmsann · h. ' · condi'ti'ona (desa) '
. ( th na) atm osp eanc
, ,
rrun g man _a ' _ . ) • pregnation (bhavana),
(sou ca/s odh ana ), chu 1

storing of the drug s (kala), flavo ~mg (v(bahs~~a ') :tc are the samskarana ·
· -1 k ) onta mers the apn a erties of the drug
; c . inhe rent prop
preservation (ka apr__a a~~a
that cause 'gw:,.antaradhana (changes in
or the formulations) .
 4 Bflai~ajyn Kalpanii Vljl1ih,a

HISTORY OF BHA1 $AJYA KA

L.PANA
Introduction
M,m' s rel cntlesH asp ira tio n
to ov ercome the ail nw nti;
hi n1srl f hP,l lth y hil s (ot np ell an J lo kee p
ed hill'\ to try ma ny remedf
o l mc
ogur<'s that
incl ud ~;
• n,,i ,•,wy.,p asrnya d kitsa
• Yuklh•y3 pa srayJ d kHsa
• S,,t l\ 5vn jaya cikits a
Amon g these remedial measu
res , use of pla nt kin gd om
' yap .H raya ci kit sa) to combat ail (yukti -
ments is the one, wh ich go t ma
:-:co pe . ximum
'Oaivavyap asraya' refers more
towards the spiritual healing

A
·sa ttvava jaya' is winning over ma and
na thr ou gh yoga, dh ya na etc to
co mb at the
ED
djseases.
How all this began .. !!!
V
Stone age ma n lived in ha rm on
y wi th other animals an d he ha
eve rything from nature. He trie s lea rnt
R
d to learn an d imitate wh ate ve
aro un d him. r he saw
U

He gradually made ou t tha

t the other animals an d bir ds
Y

vegetation aro un d to get rid of eat the

their ailments .
A

Initially he too consumed the

pla nts in the ir na tur al form
unknowingly wa s benefited fro and
A

m the immense medicinal pro

herbal drugs. pe rti es of
R

This particular act of 'co ns um

ing the me dic ina l pla nts ' wi
PA

intentio n of curing his ailments th the

, ma rks the ori gin of Ay urv ed a.
In the strides of evolution as he
gre w cu ltu red an d intelligent
A

ex perience, he became sm art en by his

ou gh to identify the medicinal
the pla nts aro un d him. properties in
Gradually he tried to make tho
se medicinal pla nts 'm ore palat;
'm ore pleasing' to his sense ible' and
org an s by ch an gin g the ir forms
ka lka etc). (to swarasa,
This ac t of 'ch an gin g the forms
of na tur al medicinal pla nts ' bec
beg inning of 'Bhai.$ajy a-k alp an omes the
a'.
11: cla ssics of Ayurveda, we do no
t find 'Bhai$ajya kalpana' separa
menh oned as an y of its eight br tely
anch es.
There is no special focus laid
on thi s bra nc h since the essenc
I subject is scattered in all the eig
ht bra nc hes.
In later periods, all the scattered
was compiled an d a sep ara te na
inf orm ati on of this subjectin the
e of this

classics
me 'Bhai~ :ijya Ka lpa na ' was giv

i
en to it.
Bhai~ajya Kalpanii: ltihiisa evam Kramika Vikiisa
5
th
Up to 7 centu. ry, only herba l drug< ! w ,. . . .. . .
. . " ere in use for· Pharmac euttcal as
well as therap eutic purpo ses where ii, the ph . . . h'
the medic ines for th.e treatme.nt.of his <>wn Pys t~ctan · imselJ used to prepare
o 1ents.
In eighth and 9 "cento ry, the use of mineral dru s w .
1

and used for the purpose of treatment. g ere also processed

However, L_ip to earlier parts of 14 centu"''
1h no uth ,
focus on this branc h. ~ 1 · a or tried to put more

It was Acary a Sarng adhar a for the first time com·p 1'led au th e re1evant
· · d ·
mform ahon an systematically wrote a book in his name.
These ~ook 'Sarng adhar a Sarhhita' deals in detail with the
pharmaceutical metho ds adopt ed for the preparation of medicines.
As 'Carak a Sarilhita' is, the most preferred referral book for 'Cikitsa' and

A
only
'Susru ta Sarilhita' for 'Salya tantra ', the Sani.gadhara Sarilhita is the
comprehensive reference book for as Bhai~ajya Kalpana.
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
ED
V
I. Primitive period
R

One canno t find the writte n evidence of the origin and prosper of this
U

science from primitive 'Stone Age' period.

in
Howe ver, the know ledge about the use of different herbal drugs
Y

the
treatm ent preva iled for sure, as it is reflected in the 'Vedic literature',
A

earliest writte n evidences we have.

A

II. Vedic period

The knowledge about the herbal drugs and their therapeutic usage was
R

many
perhaps docum ented for the first time in Vedic literature. There are
PA

these
instances where clear references of au~adha dravya are traced in
books.
A

of
The terms 'bhi~ak' and 'au~adha' were framed durin g the period
a' and
'~gve da' itself. Many references indicate about the 'bhi~ak' or 'vaidy
the utmost social respect he commanded.
Au~adha and its fame in ~gveda:
a:mnft: -mr ~ ~&1c1dt: ~ : 1 31'~ ~ t1f'Gtrcdh:ff'6U:QH~Wll-)cf: 1
(Maz:tgala 10, Sukta 97, Stitra 3)

~ qnn~G) ~cfh,q,a I ~.ll (f llT cm:r ~ ~~I

(MaJ;lgala 10, Si'ikta 97, Sitt· 1 4)
In the references given below the terms of drugs, which appea r in versus
:
indicate the knowledge about those au~adha dravya during Vedic period
Pippali
~ffq-1'~ ~ : ~ f4fa~I~ "Wffl ~ fci~ I
ct~t{I~: ~ ~ ct~i~M~: ft«:rt' ";t" ~ II (Mai:i-gala 1, Sukta 164, Sutra 22)
 6 IJ!tai!;ajya l<.alpana Vijnana

Semala
Q+iU~~ ~ tflJI~! ~ I 11ft ·~ ~I
ftttQ) ~ ~ftitFtfq~=fi tn ~ ~ rtfm ftfml 1ffl'i'r II (MM)QAl,i 7, Sukta '10, Sutr;i '•1

Vibhrtaka
~ll ffl c~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ll~ ~ ~ :I
~ ;aflllf4.f.:fh,n~ ~ ~ ~~~•FH4 Vtnm II (Ma,:1qa la 7, SCtkta 86, Sutra ,:., 1

Pramathya
~~ ~ fltlllt ~ I t'IP.ti ~ :JJn'tJtt "J!{_tl
(Mc1(l~a la 8, Sukta 79, Sutra 2J

Asw.atth.a
Jt~ ll1' ~ 1fUl"' "flfatirfit1i I tni41Jt $~<"tiff~ 4H-f ..ff~~ ~ II
(Mar:tc;lala 10, Sukta 9'7, Sutra s1

A
By Jooking at the establishment of 'vajdya' during' ~gveda ', it becomes
obvious tha•t there existed a definite treatment pattern. ED
However, detruls about the forms in which the 'au!?adha' was
V
administered in those days is obscure. Consequently, all the kalpanas
R

established in samhita perhaps had very little scope during vedic period.
There are other probabilities that the basic kalpanas which were named
U

in samhira might have been in practice in vedic period but were not called
Y

by a particular name and were not given the due importance as kalpana.
A

✓Soma.rasa' was called the king of all the 'au~adha' and is mentioned in
manv references of 'vedic literature'.
A

,;

art tir 7fffif ~ ~ ~ ~ $1=44¥!Qlqfl: I

R

3ff fJrqcrr ffl' 8mn Wf R fflin 1U~4~6Q ~ II (Mar:ic;lala 9, Sukta 84, Sutra 3)
PA

&ii QUlJ: fia~4f ~ ~ TijfT I

The ninth segment of '~gveda' explains the significance of 'somarasa'.
A

Even in 'Atharvaveda' we find many references of this drug.

1.T'?IT mrJ ~it:rrf{ ~~~:I (Atharvaveda 6/ 15/ 3)
\Ve find another reference from 'Gopatha Brahmar.rn' claiming
'50marasa' as the king of all the medicines-WT ~ I
However, 'soma' is a drug unknown to the world of Ayurveda
pr~sently. 'Tai:,qya Brahmar:ta' mentions the drug 'pfltikii' as the substitute
of soma' and further says that drug 'arjuna' is the substitute of pi1tika.
This implies that some drugs were not availnble in those days also and
they were substi~ted.
If it is thought on these lines, there might have been
m~ny plants which were known for their therapeutic efficacy but have no
ex1stence now.
Though all the four 'vedic literature' enlighten about the medicinal
 nm Kram t · _sa ·
'ka vika
Wtnhprjya J<alpana: lfihii-ea ev 7

e . th .
e, Ath arva ve da is th
rtanc
drugs a~d thei r impo plant kjnvd, m r tr one at Ja.ys maximum
emphasta on the us e of
. n ' ,or eatm
f.!nt purposes .
, .
b f ~ , .
to
th/ .
• sa id
da
Th erefore, A th ar vu ve 18 birth to r,; (BUhJf?.a~_y
edaJ or -~;•1,:i--;:
(Bhaif;ajyavedil) a~ it ha. .
s gi ve n
. scumce ca ed A rveda' ·
yu
. _ .
au ~adh a dr av
Atharvnveda da ss Jf, vi ' an d 'm anusr'. ya mto four categon es as -
es
ai
'athnrva,:,i', 'ii ng ira si', 'd
oi f I ~ : TJ ~
~ ~ TJrur ~.:q ftt 11
3TTet doft<1f} n:ft~4hf1&a JJr
(A th arvaveda 11/ 4/16)
bJ
, . ,
fe re nc es fro m ,A th arvaved a ' are. gi.ven e ow.
Few of th e s1gn1fica.nt re · ·
to retain their ori · al"ity
Id E · ·h
J15 of ve rs us is ke pt as it is gm
Th O n? tra ns la tio n .
. c exte nt.
to th e po ss ible d much
re fe re nc es an d ex pl an ations may not be require
t-Lrue: The below gi ven ve r for PG scholars this knowledge is essential.

A
we
by un de r gr ad ua tes, ho in 'old
ua ge ' an d explanation

ED
ar i la ng
1!1e, ve rses are i!1 _'o 1d D ev an ag
.
it no t so ea sy to un de rs ta nd the m ea ni ng
Englis h . Therefore, 1s
V
Mufija 41~~teg ? ~ 11
~I~ TI7f -c41f.flcf -c
R

"lfWT ffl T.f ~ i4 1~ ~t af rl

(Atharvaveda 1/ 2/ 14)
U

en), so
be tw ee n ea rth an d fir m am en t (sk y or heav
Just as lig ht ha ngs
Y

ys en tery'.
in g m ed ic in e st an ds be tw ee n 'fe ve r' an d 'd
does 'm un ja ', a he al aja Nighai:itu' as follo w
s;
A

t 'm ui ija ' w e fin d in 'R

Further re fe re nc e ab ou fQ+1~i6QtflQ5: 11
:Jct_ l iiliOII-) lJW: lf@'
A

}fiffk'--4ffen'm
~ ~ ~ttqff}~Y. (Raja ni gh an tu)
R

ur in e
re , cu re s 'v is ar pa ', diseases pe rta in in g to
tu
'Mufija' is co ld in na fe ve r,
PA

ta ste , re m ov es th irs t. The he rb ·re m oves

t in
an d ey es . It is sw ee
y as well.
di ar rh ea, an d dy se nter
A

Yava ;;;qr I
4ctil0 s~ ~ "ff QH1<"41 fdHt-4 fi?IHfq; 8, Sutra 3)
~Q)t,tl- (~ - Mar:ic;lala 2, Siikta
11
~8 ill ~' i0 g
~ ~F::ia-4191 -4 4 of 'b arle y' is se pa ra te d fro
m
w n an d silve fy _see d
Ju st as th e ta w ny -b ro alk , so m ay th e kn ow le dg e of God ,
en d
fro m th e st
the hu sk, an d 'se sa m e' so u], an d re le as e it from the bo nd ag e
of this
el ls th e
this body in w hi ch dw
m or ta l fram e.
PrsnaparQi
~ ~ 01fR i fm1" <1mftf
!l'l~~Ri:4 11
qmrr 'i~ 44 04 ,:1 1a c1 , 25, Sutra 2)
tt~414t.i (~ . Ma1_19ala 2, Siikta
earth, w as
or io us po w er , th e gu ar di an of the su n an d ces,
Th is is God 's vict r ai d, I cleav e th e he ad of in fa m ou s vi
g. With he
pr(.'sen t in the begi nnin
a!> it w er e of a bird 's .
 8 Bflni$ajyr, Kalpana Vij ftifr1a

Aswattha
~ ~:
.
q
R
-t1H
,,s~·(§faue:,t.4. 'tt ~
1
•
-AiN'1'! 11D"', . ,mr;:r
\I ),h '(•~ "
lUIH:fi l{ irr;rt 1fuf ~ Tl tm{_11
(l~s. M,u:ic,la la 3, Suktn 6, SCttr,1 1
1
, •
) lrce grow :,
Just ns the 'pipa la' (Ficu s re,Hs~igt~:y he des troy from 'khndira' (Acasl,1
my enem ies, who hatt•
catechu), so the hero born of a , e1 o. ..
me and whom I detes t.
Apamarga _""'7TT a:5t
---' -£-~
~~ 11-i14, ~•q~''"'' ~ee f~, Clcfi 'I'' cmt I ~ ~ lfi'f 3tl~\1 q?.f ft.4q4'
Ir?.' 11
s· k·~ 17 C.~
(J~s. Mat:1c;la la 4, u w , ;:mtr,1KJ
d
The 'apam arga' is alone the lor · 0 f 11 ~ 1;e
wipe away whatever disease hath attacke · t '
ad
an ts that grow . With thic; w1•
O pa ti en t, get rid of it and
live long.

A
Plaksa aswattha, khadira, dhava, nyag rodh a, pan:ia Tr.n'r""'2TP-.
~.'t(Wl~
ED
~ n - : : r ~ 'ffl ~ ,,e,"!-'~ ~ m II
'
IRilf'fa~f!.pQ;(ffilt( __...,r-r
&fa:<::r 1( Ucrnt_ I o
~ 50-1?<-1•..w,..rn1._ - - -
(~s. Maf.lc;lala 5, Suk.ta 5, Sutra JJ

I
V
Th .
ou spnn ges t from blest 'plak sa' · '
'aswa ttha', 'khad ira', 'dhava',
h f'll f
'nyag ro dha,, ,paI"l)a,, so come thou to use , O medi cine, t e 1 er o w oun ds.
R

Laksa
U

ft<o~ccuf ~ ~ ('1hnncc~ 1 31q1q ~ ~ ma) q@f ~~ "ff 11

Y
A

(~s. Mai:tc;lala 5, Sukta 5, Sutra 6-7)

Gold coloured, lustrous, adoro us, hairy bodi ed one, the sister
of the
A

water art thou. 0 'lac', thy soul is wind .

Soma
R

tim 'ffllf ~ ~ ~: l {1('11~11 ~~1011fqct1~ "'!lm4

PA

Y,"H '4: II
(~. Mai:tgala 6, Sukta 15, Sutra 3)
A

Just as 'som a' fias qeen made the best of all oblat ions amid the
medicinal
plants, so, as wealth is best of worl dly supp orts may I be chief
.......
of all.
Visanaka
..,;,. .'filq\>1~!1\>l "11\:r:1 ~-IOl<lil '!l1f ~ ~ '£Hl~f(•li11 <mftq,!141~1:fl II
1 ·, , (Atharvaveda 6/ 44/3)
I
I Rainy wate r from the thun derin g cloud is "the source of pro-l
onged life.
0 medicine, thy name is 'vi~ar:iaka'. Thou removest illnes s cause
d by wind,
and upro ot the disea se inher ited from fa ther and mother.
'Vi~aDaka ' medicine deno tes the fa mily of medicinal plant
s named as
'ajasrngi', 'avar taki', 'srngi', 'vrscikalI' and 'rohi.t:li'.
Pippali

f q c q < - f t ~ 3 ~ l " f f i ~: f!q&;~~fS!tj Jlfua

ctl ~ II
(Rs. Maf.lciala 6, St1kta 109, SC,tr,, I)
 .
Bhai~ajya Kalpanii: Itihasa eva m Kramzk a Vikiisa
9
Pip pal i hea ls ins ani ty·, it h eaIs th e dee ply . . . ph .
. pie rcing wou nd. The
c1ans pre par ed and fash ion ed it. Th.is h ath suff icie nt o ,. - . . ys1-
. P we r for Jon gev1ty.
Dru g ind ica ted in vid rad hi
..~ ffl:>o~-
~ c!ifo1ifH4 H) ft?I"-' cf~ W<l I ft. tt ~&; f41:lo qt.f ll1f'itJtf: ftf~r# ~ II
(~. Mai:1<;IaJa 6, Siik ta 127, Sii tra 1)
Of abs ces s, of con sum ptio n of . fl
amm a_hon of the eyes, 0 plan t, of
pai nfu l itch , tho u her b' let no~ a pa r t~l
1c e rem am.
Cip udr u
'::rr.r r ..~ -::tQ+ n-,,-,.+ ,1_,.
~ ~ dlHlfl ffttie?I: ~ ~ I~
<.J!GI~ " ~ ~q\1 1 ~l!Jg~R:J~
~ II
(Ath arva veda 6/12 7 / 2)
.
ch stan d closely hid den in th
_Those two eru pho ~s~ con sum ptio n whi · cure. y
udr u' 1·s the mag ic
gro in- I kno w the med 1cm e for the m, 'cip

A
ED
Dar bha
~ -;ft- ~Si Hqg fl: 11
~ <IJ-4 I f.:I ~ 'ffl?J" tie I f.:l qpr: I ~ ~ cfcf:
(~. MaJ )gal a 11, Siik ta 6, Siitr a 15)
V
'So ma' rule s as 'lor d', 'dar bha ',
To the five kin gdo ms of the pla nts whi ch
R
y thes e dru gs deli ver us from
'bh ang a', 'yav a', 'sah a' and 'mufi.ja' ma
U

dise ase s.
Y

Ku sa
A

~1aa;10:s) ~~= eg~qof -aft:R: , ~er~~~ <si~114,sq 11

(~. MaJ)gala 19, Suk.ta 32, Siitra 1)
A

whi ch is a forceful, ene rgiz ing

R

0 ma n, I (ph ysic ian ) tie this kus a-g rass ,

wit h tho usa nds of leav es and far
her b, wit h hw 1dr eds of ree ds, infallible,
PA

ng you r life spa n.

effi cac iou s tha n oth er her bs, for len gth eni
A

Gu ggu lu
fatd ~~~ l©8 ;1U 1PfT 3l$1cfT ~I
~~~ Cti:11241~ fi~f }Ct' ( 11
(Ath arva ved a 19/ 38/ 2)

y like the fast run nin g dee r,

All kin ds of con sum ptiv e dise ase s run awa
gul u, from the tree s gro wn by the
from this med icin e, wh ich is call ed gug
rive r-si de or even by the sea -co ast.
Ku~!ha
'Q]_ ~q~ fCtL UOI : ~ ftqc f(H. Qfl I ffcf&fi4 ~ ~ ~~ ~ : II
(~. Mai;tc;la la 19, Su kta 39, St'it ra 1)
of s upe rfin e q uali ties com e to
Let the her b, 'ku~ tha ' by nam e, pos ses sed
unt ain . Let it des troy all kin ds of
us pro tect ing from the sno w-c ove red mo
s.
feve rs and all sorts of pai n-g ivin g dise ase
 10 Hhai¥Jj1/a Y..alpana Viin
ana
EMPHASlS LA10 B
Y V£D lC IS i EltAT
o N AHA'RA KALl 14- lJIU!
.l
Vl~l,, 't. w ~"~ t> not: tlw
includt"l.i t1very th lt,~ 1o, ,,ndha ~m11 thilf4, buNtAH\c,,t ,-ncydop<td
n1Jftvtmt Know l••df~n h l!t. L. A
t, l Ji. I
ia, ths~,'/
wa~ mm"' lh .1n thl'll 0110U t mn, ra ~3tP 1'n,., pt•rhap-..,
"lf au ~1dh o Jrnvya .
M'fln ~lw.w:. ir; ~ hi nd
t'1.S4 ' in ttw
fottd he con&um i'fJ. vV
iw rid d ' or th ~ JJ y to twth 1•r it i1t 'V(ld1i
day life, th e bmdr innU
od o( man r.nn.aim;
A , we try lo m ake
dalk ious food ik.m 1ame.
"' ... 1.,blr, m
th<' i;imilar way In .a au t of differf;rnt ve
11 ~tabll-•,,
'vcd k pe riod' alno
J1 lfen-'fl t ' Jh.Jra kolpan.5 '. man Mff tr1ed out
Man y dr ug names tak
t?n for the preparatio
hter at ut e' are un kn ow ns of food items in 'ved
n todo.y, nevertheles ,,
Man y su ch refere nces s few of them are still re
ar c av allable and are lf!Vant .
gi ve n be low;

A
Different 'a nna ka lpan
a ' are
-~,,,fo ;,{4 ai l osW ~ ~ Q'M it-Q prominently referred in Ved ic literature.
~ ~f ,t tt41:11.::QQ
~8Pl'l*t1, It
I

(R,6, Ma1)(Jala 2, Su lda

ED
ftne, t4 fa {'1 fq ;(,.Rt I I
V
Ya va has re ference 8, Sutra 1J
in ma ny cont exts of
'A th ar va ve da '. 'ig ve da', 'Yajurveda'
R

and
~J,~.qlt
U

,~4 ~
I , ,
O bt ai n the kn owledg
Y

e of m ed icin al plan ts
like 'somalata', 'y ava' fr om fa m ou s med icin
al dr u~
A

etc, whi ch are respon

ur-n~~ : lff li1 l: qfla1q sible for ' an na sam skar
: -qm- ~ : , t-11qt4 ~ 1ftrt alµl' .
t anftn
A

D ha na (fried yavadi ~n ~ -qq n

dh anya), ka rambha
(chu rned food iter,,s)
R

(roa st ed flo ur), pari , sa ktu

vapa (-qfu{ = surr ou nd
like ha ving seed s all , ?.fl"q = bijarohar:ia ie w
PA

over might be roas ted hich looks

(curd) , soma (d ra vy dhanya), payas (milk),
a vi se~a ), amik ~a (m dadhi
(liquid pa rt whi le pr ilk + curd = gh an a dr
av ya), vajind
A

eparin g amiks,a) an d
names of ahara dra vy m ad hu (honey) are
a in use du rin g vedic fe w of the
~ : ~ 'f f i tnl ~ pe ri od.
f f ~ 'q'q: msf1 qflt!E11 'f{t
From yava of god. hi 1 ~ 6Q""41t:i444 ~ I
im a colour , ku ts ita
parisru ta ghec etc on
e has to do ya jna .
phaln, honey, milk, so
ma,
m ~: ~➔, ~ tm:rt ittf: m
:qfl~
Yava, ka rkand hu bhir m f1I ~ ~ 6QR'(\<ftl
~ 11nd~ 1
od hu (might be a fo
m ad hu ), laja, mas ara,
pa ya, soma, pil ri srtn gh t)d ite m of kn rl<andhu and
nam es fou nd in vedic rta, m i\d hu , 5jyn etc ar~
pe riod. other
~ u -q ~ n -q m'fffl l -q flffflu -q ~ u -q-
lP 'fT U -q- ~c.1~-au -qs
~Ql•Hq,il~J -q ~ B J
-q TtlqqTU -q ~ IJ ,q- ~ vt?-{B ~
0 ther th f.fi~411'{_ I (Yajitrveda 18/'1 2)
an this 'v r,h i, yn va
, mfo:iu, n1udgn, khu\
v a, priym1g u, mef.l a,
- m Kramika Viki:isa 11
Bhai$ajya Kalpana: ltihasa eva

lpa na s wh ich are menti oned

in
um a, ma su ra ar e the ka
sy am ak a, go dh
Ya jur ve da fo r yajfia. -· d ravya
thi s, in dif feren t co nte xts tno ·
ny references• fo r a-h ara
Ot he r th an. f . · , ara -
ka lpa nii ' (fe rm en ta t·iv~ pr ep
d D ct re ere nc cs for 'm ad .ya
are fo un, . 1re . , 'd dh 1., a' (b utter), 'sa rpit:i' (ghee ),
), 'na vo nit
tion~),_ ~a~~~~,, a _(c ur~ rice)
a (p arc he d ne e), sa kt u', 'ka ram bh a', 'odana ' (cooked
'pa nv ap a, foJ
ture.
etc ar e fo un d in ve dic lit era t
the dr ug s in the ab ov e ref ere nc es are un fam iJi ar an d no
M an y na me s of ve da . On e ca nn ot rul e ou t
the
es en t wo rld of Ay ur
kn ow n to th e pr ct. Al l su ch dr ug s are to be en lis ted
as
ch dr ug s be ing ex tin
po ssi bil ity of su
d fo r fu rth er res ea rch.
'ex tin ct dr ug s' an d su bje cte
III . Sarhhita pe rio d
1. Caraka Sarhhi ta:

A
i
gs to 2-3 ce nt ur y B. C. ori gin all y wr itt en by 'M ah ar$
Th is bo ok be lon by
aq ,i Ca rak a' an d co mp let ed

ED
ari lsk ara i:i a do ne by 'M ah
Ag niv es a', pra tis ba la'. It ha s 8 sth an a an d 120 ch
ap ters
the ch ap ter s by 'D rc; lha
ad di ng few of V
in it.
Nu mb er of Chapters
R
Sth an a
30
Sii tra sth an a
U

8
Ni da na sth an a
Y

8
Sa rir a sth an a
A

8
Vi ma na sth an a
12
Ka lpa sth an a
A

12
Sid dh i sth an a
12
R

Ind riy a sth an a

30
PA

Cik its a sth an a

is the old es t tre ati se of Ay ur ve da kn ow n to us .
Ca rak a Sa rh hit a pe rh ap s
sy ste ma tic ap pr oa ch to 'Bhai!j,ajya
A

sci en tif ic an d
Th is bo ok of fer s us a
Ka lpa na '. 'ka lk a',
st bo ok to lis t ou t fiv e 'ka!j,aya ka lp an a' as 'sw ar as a',
It is the fir
'sr ta' , 'si ta' an d' ph ai: ita '. (C h. SC1. 4 / 7)
fiC "Q 4fq f?I ffU m' -
G3-€4~ti cfilflllc
fiv e ka! j,ay a yo ni (so urc e) to ma ke a po in t on wh y
Ca rak a als o ex pla ins
co ns ide red by him .
on ly fiv e ka $a ya ka lpa na are (C h. Stt. -1 / 6)
ilfi<-lls'<-'14i'41lf: I
~ 4it illf 41 4lf ~ 'Q~ <cf ya-
ya , am la ka $a ya , ka tu ka!j,aya, tik ta ka ~a ya , ka:;,a
M ad hu ra ka $a dh ur a, am la, ka~u,
ya ; ar e the ka $a ya yo ni he re. Ou t of '$ac;i ras a'; ma d ar e
ka ~a
ras as ha ve pl en ty of k5 $t.hayoni (h erb nl so urce ) an
tik ta an d ka$a ya
rea dil y av ail ab le.
 12 Bhaiqajya Ka /pan a Vi/M
na
·n u~sl' fh'l' ~·on be
In l\11 Y form . ,1f , 'paf'ieavklha
Th ~t'l'k 'l't', th 1..'l-l'-' flv
1..' k,,~llyn will ylc'ld ~ ~aya kalpana' .
l)nl\' I.W ,l\' I\ d, lt. 'B no f,v c ka ~ yo ka lpana .
t h;rvt.' 'kn~thnyonl'
,uw '-'' the ·p,,i\c,wid on d it is no t p ~~iblc to
ho k,, ~,,yo' form s. bring it
lb t.'rd lWC, th e cnnc ..,
-er,t t)f Hvc 'ko~oya ka . .. , , . . .
,,b~.Wt' corh.'l-- pt nf 'M nb lpano 11, JUSt1f_1ed w .
nr~i Ca roka ', which ith th,.
A \'\ ll' Vl' d, \ .
is wid ely tlccepb·d m
the field c,f
· Th ~~l' k,1 :;,nyn kalp
ana widely indica te
pr c~ nt l'd in diverse that a si ngle dr ug
fllrms with impr qvcd can hf.
,,dv,mtag;e:- to l,1ekle potency an d man y
different disease co nd other added
\.

O th er th,m five 'ki\~ itions.

aya kalpana' , Car aka
dosage fo nn s like 'cu ha s also mentioned
n~a' , 'vaW, 'ava leha manyothf..-r
ure adYised to be used ', 's neha ', 'asavari ~t
in different disease a' etc, w hich
These can be mentio conditions wit h ad de
d benefits.

A
ned under the head
they come next to th ing derived dosage
e basic five 'ka!?aya ka forms a~
Caraka Samhita, basi
names of different
kalpanas in treatm
lpana'.
cally is a 'cikitsa gr ED
antha'; therefore, he
takes the
ent aspect of diff
V
conditions. erent disease
Netra, nasya, basti, m
R

adya, vati, guµka, gu

found in vogue in th ggulu, sn eh a, etc ka
is book. lpana are
U

It has also explaine

d many number of 'a
Y

takra, pupa, pupalik .hara ka lp an a' like lq

a, laja, sa!?kuli etc. sa ra, odana,
A

2. Susruta Samhita
:
This book belongs
A

to 2ndcentury A.D .
Pratisamskarclt:'a of th w ri tt en by 'Mahar$i
e book was done b y Susruta'.
R

In addition, 'patha ' Acarya N ag ar ju na ' th

suddhikaral)a' was in 4 century.
PA

l0lhcentury A.O. This done by 'A ca ry a C

book also has 5 stha an dr a~' in
nas an d 120 ch ap te rs
in it.
Sthana
A

N um be r of Chapte
Siitrc sth an a rs
Sarira st ha na
46
N id an a st ha na
10
Cikitsa sth an a 16
Kalpa st ha na 40
80
'Susruta Sa1ilhita'
is the book pl aced
chr?n?~~gical ord~r. af ter 'C ar aka Sam
It has of course all th hita' in
Saritluta along with e es tablished kalp anas of
some additional know 'Caraka
Susruta ad ds ~ ir a (m ledge.
ilky exudates of the
kalpana' explained plants) to the lis t of fiv
by Caraka an d expl e '~ ya
ains six ka ~a ya ka lp
~ W : i:fi('q,jl-f?ll ~ anas as below.
: Slfff~ ~ ~.
~ :m ~ '4q,i,(.,(i c:{Wft< d ~ ~I
: gfe:6i!,1: II
(Su. Su. 44 / 91)
•
evam Krr,111ikr, Viknsfl 13
8/Jai~ajya Knlpn11ii: ltihiisn
ana' of
kn lkr 1, sr 11~, ~H ~, c
_01 '~o on.: six 'ka~a ya kalp
K$i~a, s:"~nr~sa, on nf Alx 'ka ~a ya ka
lpana' srerns
k~ wt :v rr, ht s np in1
MahRr$J ~m,1 utc1 . f
ilk y t•x ud nt c of th1.' plants) ka lpan a' can be
11·n (m
inap pro~1n at e ns the k$ Am i 'ri'l n~n' undl•r 'ka Jko ktl
lpana'.
':,;w, u·aso k,1 lp,11, 1 ~'
m«:r~Tt.'d m ii '. In his
'rs on lo cm ph os izc more on 'k~a ra ka lpan
Hl' is tlw firs! p< U'3ed for
ec ifi c tim e du ra tio n for ro Jlc di on of drug A
opin ion, th t'rc i_s n, o sp
'"~.1 r.1 prepnr.1t10n . hL,;
an y nu m be rs of 'au $a d ha -a hara kalpana' in
Susruta ha:,; in cl ud ed m ction of an imal orig in dr ugs like m
ilk,
ab ou t co JJe
book. \,V hile ex pl ai ni ng ts fo rw ar d a th eo ry th at they
are to be
d etc he pu
ur in e, ha ir, na il, bl oo sted .
af te r food ta ke n by an im al is properly dige
collecte d
&i ~& i'( I ~fh~,1~flq1fo1
;;flo1f8t~! ~ II
-ll iH
\jf Nq Hi cf cf :~ rff i (Su . Su . 36/13)
ra, m ad ya etc

A
a, gh rta , ale pa , ut ka rika, ayaskrti, k~arasiit
Taila , av al eh ya va gu , vilepi,
khaz:1c:Ja, maJ)c:Ja, peya,
au~a dh a ka lp an a an
pr th uk a, yu~a, ra sa la
d ki irc ik
, raga-~
a,

Su sr ut a'.
od
ac
an
:Ja
a,
va , ve sa va ra ED
etc ahara kalpana ar e
V
ex pl ai ne d by 'Mahar~i
R

3. A~µnga Saitgraha: th
ce nt ur y A.O. wi th 6 sth
an as an d
wr ot e th is bo ok in 6
V rd dh a Va gb ha ta
U

150 ch ap te rs .
Y

Number of Chapters
Sthana
A

40
Su tra sth an a
12
Sa rir a sth an a
A

16
Ni da na sth an a
R

24
Ci kit sa sth an a
8
PA

Ka lpa sth an a
50
Ut tar a sth an a
_
A

4. A~fanga Hrdaya: rs ag ai n wa s wr itt en by

'A cary a
as an d 120 ch ap te
This bo ok wi th 6 sth an
Laghu Va gb ha ta ';
Nu mb er of Chap ters
Sthana
30
Su tra sth an a
6
Sarira sth an a
16
Ni da na sth an a
22
Ci kit sa sth an a
6
Kalpa sth ana
40
Uttara sth an.i
rs io n of
of 'L ag hu Va gb ha ta ' is relatively a concise ve
'A$tanga H rd ay a' ha ta . Th er ef or e,
$t an ga Sa ng ra ha ' wr itt en by Vr dd ha Va gb
the m ai n book 'A th e books ar e fro m th e sa
m e base.
t fo rw ar d in bo th
the theories pu

''·
 Bhai~ajya Kalptmii Vij,iana
14

Both the au t I1ors 1,av e ocrre

o·
cd with Caraka's concept of five ~ka~ va
. .
-, a nd they ha ve emp ha~ized Jt _. . d ·
ka1pana . m thetr own wori s.
~ \)Q;;,l~i 8,Qj ti&;~ :- ~ . _ ~ ~ . l'fm· ~ I J t w · .,
:' I ,.,'1.,. I
~
• I ~
GIIM. , : I (A. S. Ka. ~, c.)
Nirvasc1 , ka lka , niry uhn, sita and phal)ta; are
the five .k~ ya kalp ana
stron gc.r u p th~ order.
m (i1au1cc Rif (1 I : I TTY:
::i.
cfiqiQi.1-iQ : - ~
Q->iH , "' ~ : Mrr:
t"
· ~ : ~ sflf QcfiW41' 11
~ cfiQIU IOil ~ tpi ~ I
(A. H r, Ka. 6 / R1
5. Sarngadhara Sarithita:
This book belongs to latter parts of 13th cent ury
or the earlier part s of
1.:tthcentu ry. It was written by 'Aca rya Sarn gad hara
' . It has 3 'khm:t<;la ' and 32
'cha pters'.
KhaIJ(fa Num ber of

A
Num ber of
Chapters Vers us
Purva khai:,.9a
Mad hyam a kha1~9a
Utta ra khai:,.9a
7
12 ED 453
1281
13
V
682
The methodical and rational way of exp lana tion
R

abo ut the concepts of

Bhai.$ajya Kalpana has mad e this Sarilhita, as the
sole refe rral boo k for this
U

particular subject.
Y

Eve n today with all adv ance men ts in the field

of mod em pha rma ceu-
A

tical world, the concepts of 'Bhail?ajya Kal pan a'

are stro ngly root ed in this
book.
A

Purva khar:i.c;ia (7 chap ters ) incl ude s paribhal?a

prakarat_1a (definitions)
R

along with the basics prin cipl es of the subj ect

exp lain ed in very concise
man ner.
PA

Mad hya ma khaz:ic;ia (12 chap ters ) has in it all the

kalp ana (dos age form s)
explained in deta ils. It also deal s with dha tu (me
A

tals and min eral s) sod hana

and rasa prakarar:i.a in add ition .
Uttara khar:i.c;ia is devoted to the con cept s
of pancaka rma cikitsa
explained in 13 chapters. It has lepa prakarat_1a
(oin tme nts) exp lain ed in 11 th
chapter.
The nam es of the chap ters in each kha nda of
below. this boo k are as give n
·
Piirva khaJJQa
Madhyama khar:i~a Uttara khaQ~a
1. Mana-pa ribha ~adh yaya
2· Bhai1?ajya khya naka 1. Swa rasa kalp anad h yaya 1. Sneh
dhyaya ad hyay a
2. Kwa tha kalpanad hyiiy a 2. Sw ed a-vid
3. Naqi-parik~a hirad hyay a
vidhiradh yaya 3. Pha,:1ta kalp an ad hyay a 3. Vamana-vidh iradh yiiya
4· Dipanapacana
dhyaya
4. Hima kalpaniid h yiiya 4. Vire cana -vidh iradhyiiya

B
 .
hiisa ev am K ramzk
Bl mi'f(1jya K alpa na: Iti a Vikiisa
15

Pu rv a khai:i<;la M ad hy am a kh an da Uttara khanda

ya -
.~ Ka Ja di ka kh ya na dh
ya 5. Ka_lk a ka lp an ad h ya ya S. Basti-vidhi~adhya-ya
I 6. A ha ra di ga tir ad hy ay
a -
6. Ctt.n:ta ka lp an ad hya ya 6· Ni ru ha ba sti -
vi dh ira dh ya ya
a ik a k ya
;7. Roga ga D an ad hy ay 7. G ut. alpa11a dh ya 7. Uttarabasti-
vi dh ira dh ya ya
hy ay a
8. A valeha ka lp an ad 8. Na sy a- vi dh ira dh ya
ya
ay a
9. Sn eh a ka lp an ad hy 9. Dh um ap an a-
vi dh ira dhya ya
10. Sa nd ha na lO. Gai:t<;:f ii$a-kava1a-
ka lp an ad hy ay a pr at is ar ~a -
vi dh ira dh ya ya
11. D ha tu so dh an a- 11. Pr al ep an ad hy ay a
m ar ~a dh ya ya

A
12. So J:t ita vi sr av ~a
dh ya ya
I 12. Ra sa so dh an a-

ED
m ar aD ad hy ay a
13. Ne tra pr as ad an a-
V ka rrn ad hy ay a '
'
R
6. C ak ra da tt a: 'A ca ry a Sri
It w as w ri tte n by
U

to ll ce nt ur y A D
th .
Thi~ ~o ok ~e lo ng s de d in to an y pa rt s.
rs in it an d is no t di vi
s 78 ch ap te
Y

C ak ra !'a 1:u da tt a . It ha pe rs on to ex pl ai n th e in te rn al us e of
e fir st
Sn Cakrapa1}..idattath is 9lth5' sl ok a of 4 thch ap te r 'Grahai:u C ik its a'.
A

85 to
'p a rp at i ka lp an a ' in na m e 'P ad ar th ab od hi
ni '
A

di co m m en ta ry by
st H in e
T hi s bo ok h as th e fir tr y, an ot he r co m m en ta ry by na m
R

Ra vi da tt a Sh as i
w ritte n by V ai d y a ca la ka ra of 12 th
ce nt ur y ba se d on w hi ch Sr
ns kr it ) by N is
PA

dr ik a' in 15 ce nt ur y.
th
'_Ra tn ap ra bh a ' (in Sa ca lle d 'T at pa ry ac an
an ot he r gl os s
Si ,·a d asase na w ro te ik its a Sa ng ra ha ' bu t to di st in gu is h
th e
th e bo ok is 'C i
Th e ac tu al n am e of a Sa ra Sai1graha' by Sr
A

t sa m e na m e 'C ik its
or k of al m os
bo ok fron1 an ot he r \v ow n by its au th or 's na m
e.
is f am ili ar ly kn its
V,1idya se na ', it
ts a- pr ad ha na gr a..--- itha. It is kn ow n fo r
is a ci ki io ns m en tio ne d in th
e
Th is re fe rr al bo ok g. M an y fo rm ul at
si m pl e an d un co m
pl icat ed w ri tin ep ar e, an d us e. Th e bo ok
to fo llo w , pr
pr ep ar at io ns th e 'S us th ad hi ka ra '
bo ok ar e ve ry ea sy a- pr ak ar ai :ia m ' an d
be gi ns w it h fir st ch
ap te r 'J war ac i.k its
th chap te r 'S ir av ya dh
ya dh ik ar a' .
af te r 77
\\'hich is exp la in ed
s ne w fo rm ul ae : Be si de s in nu m er ab_Ie
es nu m er ou ns ar e also qu ot ed m
Th is bo ok in co rp or at ai lu nr ic pr ep ar at io
al d r uo- fo rm ul a tio
ns m an v m et C,
he rb .::,
I .I

!h i.-, bo ok .
er
l \ ·· !\f od er n pe ri od
ed fr om 19 th
ce n tu ry, pa rt ic ul ar ly th e la tt
co ns id er
\ f\ldt•m e ra ca n be
~ · •p os t- in de pend
ence time pe ri od).
i ,' 1 ' 1 ' ' p.r •( en tu
 16
,,,,..,,,
!U1ml'f1i_Vrl 1<1111:,,-wr, Vi ."~

Moden1 pt'riod h~s s..,,n ,1 rt'i:tf t"x,m m th\' fldd <.l( Ay

h . ,
P armaceuti~ . I l\lSl'ntlv thl' \-vlwk wt,rtd ,~ 1\t.'\. Ppt inl,l And lonkin.gUrvt'd
. . 'c
products of AvutTt?tfa t\ith ttt1,t· ,mlf t·m fr\~(\ at th(i
In olden din ., , .,idv.,~ f it ,\ \'un {'d,1 uc.ed tt, h1qfi\nUy prrpt1r{I t
medidn('F. f\"'qllll'l,t in r::mr,HPr q\l,mtitit~ ft._ \r d ptlftic ulnr pt1thmt or hi hf'
Ho,,"Cn' 1 tht1t 1.h'!l· ... m)t rf•m.un ., m.un • I·
,mr pt ,n- tl•t"'l'. now. V(l

[YN irn..-rf\ l~m~ ut'fl,1m,;r,1titm .md rnt)fl' d tTt' ncten< \ on r€'adyrnadp

pr<'~"-1r~1ti1.. ,nt; h.1~ ,m'\plitied the- dcn~t\nd t.1f Ayurvedt1 products in manv
fr,h;h \, a f\'Ull. tht> rhn~inc.1n5 of AVU l'Yl'dt'l nre comp('lfed to dept>nd on
l'\\°'1.:h r')1-i1.11.· prcparafo., ns frt"ll"'l ditfrrcnt phnrn1nceutica l compan ies.
Innu merable numt,e_r of minor and mightier comparues have stepped
inh"' the ~"rcparatil1n of Ayurn~da medicine~ in this modem era. There are

A
"'"'"·t1,~;n t adYanccme nts in m.u rn facturing units of p resent day.

ED
lncukation c.,f ncvdy developed mad1ineries for the purpose of easy,
hv~enK, and rapid production of different dosage forms indicates the
h0aJthy growt_h of this brand1 iru\yurveda .
V
The concept of standardiza tion keeping modem parameters as base has
R

Prought up newer chalJenges in this field .

U

Raw material standardization, standardiza tion of manufacturing

Y

methods and standardiza tion of furnished products are the three major
A

strides to come up \Vith the standard pharmaceutical products of

·wor1d¼ri de acceptance.
A

Howe,·er, standardization of herbal drugs, which are most complex

R

naturally is the thing easier said than done. Acceptability of any product
PA

d<.>pend::> on the prescribed standards of the same. Therefore, the need of the
hour is the 'standardiza tion'. This standardiza tion is required to;
A

• To rule ou t the state of uncertainty about identification and use of rmv

drugs;
• To com.bat adulteration and to protect manufactur ers, physicians and
consumers;
• To frame the best method s of preparation to be followed and to bring
uniformity in all the fin ished products;
• To comba t the toxicity allegations in ord er to protect the public concern;
• To meet the demands of ever increasing urba niza tion and more reliance
on read ymade pn.~para tions;
• To meet the challenge$ of new millennium w ith increasing demand on
our products globall y in order to rapture the world ma rke t;
G~P (Good Man ufac turing Prnc tice) rules and regulations are framed
to mamtain the a n f1c1·pa te d qua 1· · • · an d the
1ty in the manufac turmg units
marketed products.
 -- -- - -= • • r

Bhai$ajya Kalpan.ii: Itiha

sa evam Kramika V ikasa
17
All th e m in or an d th
e mightie r ph arm aceu
ex pe ct ed st an da rd tical units should reta
in a~l its step s to get in the
T he gr ow th of certified by GMP every ye
A yu rv ed a ph nr mac ar.
tn m si tio na l em . lt eu tic s is presently
is su rely ex pected to poised in
-'a \th cttptttre the world m
l'\t:; v ~r
• \ ow th in ne ar fu tu re .
ar ket with this

•••

A
ED
V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 2
Mana Paribha~a
(W eig hts & Me asu res )

n,e uttfHy of we igh ts and me asu res

is an int egr al par t of our day todav
hfo
From any par t of 'hu ma n his tor y', the
dir ect or ind ire ct clu es for the use
of me asu rin g uni ts' can be rea dil y trac
1

ed.

A
This 'sy ste m of me asu rem ent s' is con
sid ere d as a bas ic pri nci ple wh en it

ED
com es to the stu dy of any sci enc e.
Wi tho u t the kno wle dge abo ut me asu
rem ent s, bet ter und ers tan din g nf
thescience ma y no t be possible.
V
R
Min.a:
U

Mj r..a is def ine d as the sys tem of me

asu rem ent , bas ed on the me asures
of we ight, len gth, or capacity.
Y

iftzrit ar-r-J ~ irr.:fl{_ I

A

os.1) (Am arak

Ma na is tha t thr oug h wh ich any ma
ter ial (solid, liquid, or gas) is
A

measured .
R

Different systems of measures:

PA

Jn the pag es of history, we find ma ny

'sy ste ms of me asu rem ent ', which
prevajJed in different par ts of the cou ntr
A

y in dif fer ent per iod s.

Every system had its ow n specificity and
con ven ien ce wi th no mutu,, l
uni for mit y. Lack of uniformity in
the se 'sy ste ms of me asu rem ent ' posed
many difficulties, ma kin g it tou gh for
bu y and sell bus iness.
Measuring sys tems of Yester-years:
Kauti1ya-sam ma ta ma.na, Ya jna val
kya -sa mm ata ma na, Ca rakd·
sam ma ta m.J na, Sus rut a-sam ma ta ma
na, Ma gad ha mana, Kalinga mana,
Bha4;ajya Ratnavali¥sa mm ata ma na, Bh
ara tiy a m ana etc .
Significance and ess ent ial ity of mana:
Mana is ins epa rab le par t of ou r kn ow
knowle led ge an d stu die s. Wi tho ut the
· dge of 'ma· na ', one can nev er exp ect
any su~jec t ma tter. to hav e a tho rou gh app roa cI1 to
 Muna Parilihfy i 19

Ma na is essential;
• To stu dy sas tra;
en tia l in all eig ht bra nc he s of At·mveda-
• It is ins ep ara ble an d mo st ess ent; ; '
rup les of tre atm
• Pla ys a crucial rol e in qu ad
of body constituents;
• Fo r qu an tita tiv e assessme.i,t
rpo ses;
• To qu an tif y the dru gs for all pu
• To fix the do sag e etc;
ii3di:iQ"d l1cff u
~ cM~<{ r a«r: !141'1cfit4M q,-t
➔ m¼ =:r 1a-= rr ~ff t;~ a uu1 i
(Si Pra. Kha.1 /H -15}
treatment
the acc ura te ou tco me of any
It is sai d in th~ classics tha t improper.
sag e of the me dic ine giv en is
can no t be ex pe cte d if the do eut ic) the
(ph arm ace utical as well as the rap

A
There for e, for all pu rpo ses
essential.
co de rat ion of 'm an a' is so
nsi
Because of the gre at~ r signif
me dic ine, all cla ssi cs of A yu rve da exp lai
ED
icance laid up on 'm an a' in
the field of
n 'm an a pa rib h~ ' as an ini
tia l
V
ch ap ter. ;
me an ing are as qu ote d below
R

Ot he r ref ere nce s wi th sim ila r

ii ~ 1 ~ ri ~ s; r
qfhuo,fadt ~ u
U

qfh uoi fer;rr ~ 41'1 Giw tlt.4

(V. P. Pra. .Prdthama khaJ:i_c;fa 5)
Y

qa (wa q4 fff
m -rt -lf fil <l -ff icf -~ -'c flm t qr4
~ - ~- ~- ~- ifF r-f flr r-m t-a
A

Rf;qjqj; I ':f 8,Jijf-4(1 ~)q

t<ft.:,i
~iafqJ~hi ~ ~ , Glq ff'a lfl4 ifl- illh 1fif fr(
(Ca . Vima:na 1/3 )
A

~q,o1.UfuR'liH-llf2IT ~ 11
R

Types of ma na : ts
the sys tem s of me asu rem en
PA

on the are a in wh ich

De pe nd ing
as;
preva iled, the y are classified
by Ma ha ~i Ca rak a);
A

1. Ma ga dh a ma na (fo llo we d
2. Kalmga rna na (fo llo we d
by Ma ha ~i Su sru ta);
fR~ I-( Tfl1TU' ~ lJR lft.:Cfa
~ ~ : II
~ -q-rmj ~ ~ lfH!Ji'AH I <h
(Sa. Pra. Kh a.1 / -13-W)
asu rem ent.
lin<Ya rna na ' an d 'rn ag ad ha ma na ' are tw o sys tem s of me
'Ka considered as
pa ;is on wi th 'ka lin ga ma na ', 'm agad.ha mana ' is
In com
sup erior.
Co mm en t: the ir ori gin
' an d 'm ag ad ha ' be cau se of
Ma na is classified as 'ka lin ga
dh a de sa' res pe cti vely.
from 'Ka linga de sa' an d ' Ma ga ted in tho se
e,· we re the 'sy ste ms of me asu remen t' ag ree d an d ad op
Th ed by Ka lmga
, ·inc es. Kaliri.ga de sa wa s the presen t 'Or iss a sta te' rul
pro
d\·n,1~ tv
 Mi;ii¥JdhR Wrfi> th11 pmf:>(!n t 'J}ihflr' rcgi<ln ruled by Maurya d
lfrn pm·nr At1Pkf4 Wrft1 a king uf ihit$ dynasty, Yl:lasty
ftup;3riorUy,
f lit• tJJlt.JHflt ,o n f 11urwrf(,rf1y fo put in rolotion with kalinga and ma
by~1,_,,,,h nl n1t~,u,urr1tH1 n lli, m, t\(tnrya S/Jrrtg,l<ih.ara writes mavadha m~ad~
ltt, pvrlnr rll11Hf1H hoth n ana a-
~
I f11w,~v1•r, nn ft yr;1,,m n ( m1 1 0NUntmt1nf.t., can be considered as sun.:>ri·
,.,... or ' >r
rn 11•nn, at-a M u h ht, h 1,y-,t,•m w fll ha v,... it~ own unique measuring unjts.
l h•u • filt1 IH.Hl )' 1,imdnri tf, 1(>J. ~,nd di fferences prevail between both
ijyi:.f·t•flHa f,ut ,P4'1hnp11 m.1g.1dh,1 nwn:l waH called superior by Samgadhara
un-ty lw, ,,11~•l , I( f h,• l,trgrr province of 'M.ourya dyna~ty' and the larger
,,1tJ•lll~111nn fnlJ, ,wlnH lh P 11omo tsy11lcm of measuremen ts.
lhfh~r~oreti. ht M!i"adha mana and Ki Hnga mina:
1 Acll, yn S,1ro,;11dharn con1,ldcrs m Bgadha mana as s uperior to the ka.linga

A
mJ,rn

ED
l h,,1nH,,dh11 m{ma pn•vafJcd in Maurya dynasty in Magadha desa which is
pr,.,.,~nHy f h<.4 Hihar ond the Rurrounding region. V
1 K..J JJn>{tl mAnll pr,-rvaUed fn Kalinga desa which was ruled by Kalmga
R
~mgt, 11nd H 111 prc1,cntly identified as the regions in and around Orissa
,,, ,1".
U

4 ~1f11A,H1ha mon.1 waR followed by Mahar~i Caraka and kalinga mana by

Y

M11Jrnr1Ji Su4ru ta.

A

~ fn m1l~M1h,1 mant1 6 ~ufijfi wi.ll be l ma~a (750 mgs) whereas in kalinga

A

n,11n11 H~wl Jfi will be 1 m a~a (1000 m,g or l gm).

R

I hr~.. (ypt1tr (AmnrakoR,a)

PA

tJ,·pendJng w, th~l nntttrc of the measuring material, the mana is

~ liH,t,d1ed ,11-1 l>t. Ju w;1
A

, P,,ut;;vi:11 moi,a (m,~asur,·Hof Wf.!ight or mass)

ii I >111 vayj1 1,M1M (m oasurcA of capaci ty)
h, t \,yy,t ,11t1110 (,nc•tlMtJres of length)
A l1111H wJ tJ, rill th,:~,• our dns8icH rncntion ktila mana which is the
l l ll. 'Ht..l lt (• of lloH•,
Pau1.- v11 miu tt, 11( A.c!trya SJrngadhara: (M5gadha mana)
' , r1l'1ll II f1nu, ll'ilf4.l ffil,111, vn rh.41:

v'«tiJf4j~ 1 1.it 'l"f.f~ urn r trorr r,!f~111 mrl-~ ~ ~ -f-4,, fJ ff , Jt , H, 4-1 <' 1ff '1f.fl'
~l't~&-lf :VlU'if TI)f I II 'rf'Pl f~fflit ~ .-rr,ri 'QTTff~: ll ?iflum- t '1f1M i 41< 'i~: ~dcti~J~ft
f~tttl1flfi't II (Sa. Pra. 1/ 15-17)
 Mii11n Parihhfi$ii 21

J<a.~ a and its synonyms:

. ' b .& nii: A.:t t,:;, ,,,~
¥•
t,)MIIQ -crlfilf: ~ lt' ~ : Qtfuiiil'4cfit fl 3ft>q,+ ~
'"'~ · Qhui?f~. ,~f'Si:ffQ1(i)1~ ftr~ ,.
~ •
W1TI qjs ~i< fil lfflT II~
. :ii.
..... _ -
~~1 - ' -
m,t ~ -... .u..
,~slMQc(cf,
A >
't)fq "~"'G 1:!"'" ~<°'1¥18~t ,::,
":!.... , ""' "'~'q·
--'
q,q ~ 1-1if@Jn 11 (Sa. Pra. 1/21-13)
s:
Su kti an d pa la wi th syn on ym
~fffi<tefticfit nm, !ijftli\.qf ~ ~ ~ ~fQml, ~?, .JA
_
l¥r,, mc::::=t.
...'3,~.... .

A
f f l ~ " ' " ' " '•
tils,ft ~ q("fqcu,r ct{h=dH , (~. Pr-a. 1/ 24-25)

Pra srt i, kuc.fava, sar av a:

~ g44Ri1C11 ~~ f.:1'1'-Jii II ~ : f41 ~:S c0ED ~$ Hlcfcfi: I 3fEitl..f; if
V
Hii(ql4q:il ~ : I (Sa. Pra . 1/25-27)
lt' ~ : ~ 'if' q,f.:tcfil II ff
ll ql '~
R
s:-
, dro Q.a, sii rpa , droQ.i an d kh ari wi th synonym
U

Pra sth a, ac.f ha ka

~: il~ QH q mr_ 1
~F f2' i(c fit ( 11 ~ tfi+fQi,i ~
~ ~~ :\l
Y

~~ HH f
cfiH,?n •frctUfl;:q-1~ II a-;:q'RiJ
'Q'eT <i~ lifu f qc,f<.jcflifcfil : 1· s()uu\.Q
~:
A

fhrrg)· lTT'Oft q m ~ , ii an ~ f!E 4

$1!'ffnit 'if '~ : Q~,?Hicf cfi: II ~ 'if' ~
~'!J
~ 'if' "ffl I ~ fA+tgf.i, ~ 'lt'R'
A

-mfl' ~H i «~~foi;f4: II ~:f HH l4f Hc fil (Sa . Pra . Kha. 1/ 27~2)

~ : ga{}f?fct:ll 'wfT QH,?IH ~
+tc#~~q f.:t.?iflf:I
R

chart: (Magadha mana)

PA

Samgadharokta pautava mana

pa uta va ma na (m eas ure s of weight or mass) is more
Ma ga dh iya
a Sarngadhara.
A

ela bo rat ely ex pla ine d by Acary t.

s by tak ing par am ar: tu (at om ) as smallest un it of me asu1em en
He begin of
wi ll ma ke up on e vam sI wh ich is the first measuring un it
30 such ato ms
weight. a
ms i is the flo ati ng du st par tic le seen in a beam of light en tering
On e va
are as given be low;
da rk room. The me asu rin g units
: 1 Vam si
30 Par amai:iu
: 1 Marici
6 Va ms i
: 1 Riijika
6 Ma rk i
: 1 SM~apa
J Rajika
: 1 Yavn
8 S,H$apa mgs
: 1 G wija (ra tti/ rak ti) 125
4 Ya va ka) 750 mg s
1 Ma$a (rajc1ma$a, hem a, dha nya
6 Gu nja s
: 1 Sa,:rn (tai1ka, dha ra,:ia) 3 gm
4 Ma~c1
 Blrn l~njya l<nltNW,1 Vi/
2 Sa:r:ia l1 n
1111
2 Kola 1 I<oli, (k1;1t1c\raka, vaittk fl, dra
nkl}a1,a) o~ ffif!i
1 K1.u~a 12 g.nv1
(pa~lm fln lka, a.k1;m, nk~oplct-.1
vlq aloptJc;\uka, ~o',iu ~tka, ki:t , .,11 .,__1tt11", kln cltpa, i ll
suvo n~a) r@mil ~lhyf1, lllcllt\ ) 1 ri d 11L,,
2 Ka r$a ~.,p,ii.J ,, •11 1
1 $u kti (a~ tamlko "" o~taAlh;w) 11
2 Suk tj 24 r~m H
1 Pa la 48 gmg (mu ~itrJmrn,
an d bHva) d itu rth lka, prak ufka k
2 Pa la ' i<k), 1~1
1 Pr asr ti (prasrta, ard ha afl jal
i) 96 gms
( !H-t1fta,s-..~<.'-fti'.fiUtd . ;)
2 Pr asr ti
1 Kuc;la va 192 gms (afijali, ard
ha Aa riiv'1 1w and a'1t11m,in,;1
a$tasu kti)
( Sl,EfRlt;~~<:fi ~ : . 31Gtl1-!¼J,
2 Kuq.ava i!fi(t;Clfi:fff fit "-l° l~•tWW :)
1 Sarav a (man ika ) 384 gm

A
2 Sa rav a s
1 Pr ast ha 768 gm s

ED
4 Pr ast ha
1 A<;ihaka (bhaja na and karhs
4 Aq .ha ka ap atr a) 3.072 kgs
1 DroJ'.la 12.288 kgs (kalas
a, nalvat:).a, urm ana, unm
V
gh a!a an d rasi) ana,
2 DroJ'.la
R
1 Su rpa (ku mb ha ) 24 .576 kg
2 Su rp a
s
1 Droi:u (va hi an d go r:ii) 49.
U

4 Dr01:1.I 152
1 Kha ri 196.608 kg s (40 00
Y

An d + 96 pa la)
A

2000 Pa la
1 Bhara 96 kg s
10 0 Pa la
A

1 Tu la 4.8 kg s
(20 Tu la 1 Bh ara 96 kgs)
R

No te: The .terminologies giv

en th e brackets above are the
PA

of th e sa me wo rd . differen t sy no nyms
The shorter version of tabl
e (Magadha mana) :
A

ll ll f- ~- :m_f- ~H tlf .:I ~

: ff l ~l ec fi' ( I 'UfiT-Tffuft-@t~~~ 'lfu
t+Hiltl101t : II
(Sa. Pra. Kha. 1/ 26)
Mana Equivalent Metric
Synonyms
equivalent
4 Ma~a .1 Ta nk a 3g ms Sya~a or dh ara t:la;
4 Tan ka 1 Ak ~a ~
12 gm s Kar~a, paJ'.limanika, a~ ap
icu, pa~itala,
kincitp~ Di, tin d uk a, viq
alapada~,
~oC:la~ika, ka ramad hya, hamsapa a
4Ak~a an d su van:rn ;
1 Bil va 48 grn s
-
Pa la, m u~ tir am ra, ca tur thi
ka, prakuftca
- --- -t -- - - - - + -- - an d so 9a~1;
4 Bilva - --
1 KuC:Iava 192 gms --
An ja Ii, ard ha saravaka, a~tas
r-4 ~ u1 ,_-
av---1
a ._1_Pr_
as tha 76~~
_ __1 __ 8 grn
.:_s
uk ti;- -
__ _L_ _ _ _
_ _ __ _
_ __
Miina Paribhii~ii 23

Mana Equ ivalent Metric Synonyms

_ ,_ equiva lent
-
4 Prasth a 1 J\dh.1 ko 3 kgA f:Jhajana, karnsapatra;
--,_ - -- -
4 A,i hak~ 1 Rosi 12.288 kgs Dro~a, ka lasa, nal va(la. urmana ,
l.01Jtiana and gha ta;
-,t }t1~i -- .. 1 Dro\1i
_

--4-Drm-
)i
· - l Kh ati
49.152 kgs
196 .6 kgs
Vahi, g~ l;
-
i...--
-
Pautava ma na of
- -
Ac ary a -
Sar
. dhara: (Kaliitga mana)
nga
.f ~ Wl fhi !J:wrl ~ ~
11 11M
~ ;1<~~111.fiffn-ttf~: ~ ¢ : I "llclil4.
4gq fq~ : fflUT: tr A&iitii!f lt1.J ~ rl11l'tffl
~:~ ~~ R;t q~ f( 11 f<.4r~i:
fi~~5 ~
~ : ~ : fQl(~ltflqcf,: h i:4g &:b{: 1f<'r 'M°ffi ~~l~IIOlfqtf ¢ : 1 i:4
~ :
(Sci Pra. Kha .1/ 39-42)

A
\J~IEJI : '{c:f~;:q(tl : II
chart: (Kaliitga mana)
Samgadharokta pautava mana
12 Ga urasar$apa 1 Yava
1 Gunja (ratti) 125 mgs
ED
V
2 Yava
3 Gunja 1 Valla 375 mgs
R

8 Gu nja 1 Mii$a 1000 mgs or 1 gms

U

$a)
(According to some 7 gunja=l mii
1 SiiJ:ta (ni$ka, tanka) 4 gms
Y

4 Ma$a
1 Gadyiil)a 6 gms
A

6 Ma~a
10 Ma$a 1 Kar$a 10 gms
1 Pala (10 siiJ:ta) 40 gms
A

4 Kar$a
1 KU<;fava 160 gms
R

4 Pala
gadha ma na' .
Note: Fur the r the units are taken same as that of 'ma
PA

Ma gad ha and kaliitga mana-

differences:
rng adh ara con sid ers me asu rin g units of 'm ag ad ha ma na ' as
A

1. Acarya Sa
mana'.
superior to the units of 'kalinga a, which
Ma ga dh a ma na pre vai led in 'Maurya dynasty' in Magadha des
2.
rou nd ing region.
is presently the Bihar an d the sur
in 'Ka lin a des a' which was ruled by KaJmga
3. Kalin ga ma na pre vai led 9
is pre sen tly ide ntifie d as the regions in an d aro un d Orissa
kings and it
sta te. na by
gad ha ma na wa s follow ed by 'Mah ar~i Caraka' and kalinga ma
4. Ma
'Mahar$i Susru ta' .
rna na 6 gu nja will be 1 ma ~a (750 mg s) whereas in kil inga
5. In maga dh a
00 mg or 1 gm).
mana 8 gu fija will be 1 mal?a (10
va mana:
sruta and Sinigadharokta pouta
Comparison between Caraka, Su the
thr ee au tho rs hav e dea lt wi th measu res of weigh t as pe r
All the
 ' • f ff

l\.1\1\l\l\)mt:,nl
, .
·11, t·t,
,,,11 t·\·1n t1 pr1r Io, I, nI 'lw 1\ 1 r1n, nrnJor· Hi mll;iriticA
· .
1 . and
'1\~~hH\ltwlll~~ f\lHOI"\),\ lhrt,n ~rm1p,; of unll n Ml holow; minor
I A~ ptw_Mnhfw~1I Slll ~rtt l,1 nnd ~t 111,~g,1dhnm 6 rnttiH (1 ra tti 125 tngf{I w·i
I
f;jl
1
h'1 l 11\(\~~ ( 12~ mgr, x h ... 7!,o inµ;11); nnd 4 mi1?il wHI be 1 soryo (750 rn gs , 1
::. ;\ Rnm); x4

\Nhtw,, tlR In Mnlrn nrl Cor,,kn'tt Pphilo11 Hn1ttTAwUI. bo 1 rnai,ll (125 rnµ;s x 8
=- 1 Krn ): nnd ~ mht,1n w lll lw I ~n,~n ( I gm x 3 • 3 ~ms).
i. A~ pPt' Mt\hn1'~1 ~H~n ,to nnd !i1ir1'lgudhm·o ·J 6 m5ijn wm be 1 kar~a ,71,i
n,~~·~h, 12 f\1\\A); wlwtt) nA in Mnhar~l Cnroka's opinion 12 maf1a will b<·
l k,w~tl (1 ~ti, x l 2 • ·12 ~mA).
'.). ln ult tlw tlwvo o~..,intorrn 24 ro ttT~ wl.11be I ~iii,.a (125 mgs x 24 = 3 grns).
4·, Th\ls all tht' above units though seem di.verse from each other, eventual ly
tht-'Y~tnnd for f<Qntnc ll'Wlric un it.
!t Mohor~i Susn1tn'~ chort of un it:, doesn't contain the smaller units (earlier

A
t'o dhilnynmns,o). Possibly these sma ller units are ·missing or such smaller

ED
units were not in use du ring hi.s time period.
6, The sn1n) ler units (which are usua ll y not mentioned by authors earlier to
V
8th century) perhaps gained significance only with the evolution of
rasou~odhis (fro1n 8th century), as the d osage of these medicines is far
R
lesser in comparison with other herbal dosage forms.
U

7. Nonetheless Mahar$i Caraka and Sarngadhara deal with the smaller

Y

unjts in detail. Smallest unit of Caraka is Dhvarhsi (a dust particle

A

floati ng in a beam of light entering a dark room) and of Sarngadhara is

parama1J,u (an atom).
A
R

Pautava mana of Rasa Vagbhata:

PA

~: ~•«ujftt: ~ a , T T ~ lol'fu: ~ : tfi(~ctil~S::~: ~ II

lfl'i': ~ : Whfi~: ~ ~ : 1 Qf-h!!-Wfl d': ~ r«!l3-itiii: II
A

~ tt;:wt,f51a~ ~ lf)- ~ lfftf -a~,~ lfllift' mui' "ff ~ mut Pl&tictiHI: ~ : 11

Pi&.fiati ~ cfecn: ~ T.t" ~ $rll~a : 1fl11Rti1e1fi;:a~ ~ : ri f4&tii4 fttZ4'lll
d~lll< q1fcmH1 ~ cfiqM\H~: I 3la_:f ~SIC14G4 ~ : q1fota~n;a't(II
~fiti;ti ~ 4ifilG~ ~R=fi,1ti ~: I$' ~ ~: y~~m f'aR:iflt~ftf 11
QMati ~ ~ <1<(;4 ~s-WtR1: I ~ q1f.tcfil ~ flll<\I~ ~ fflf:cifi ~ : II
Y~ati ~ ~ ~ q,,.4 ~it,mtcfi'( 1*~d2.1-414..fkiUll4°1,rfiiiT:
11

~ Qffi I i.fr<:lln:tt«IH ~I~ 'fF1T

I ,

~Oitlt ~ : QllftU: QHl4i ,m: 1Jcf>1fifn: II

I (R. R. s. 11 / 1-9)
Rasavagbhatokta pautava mana chart:
6 Af_lu 1 Trti
6 Trti 1 Lik$a
6 Lik$a 1 Yuka
- \.1,imt PanNiii~i 25

") uk.i I Ra~

I! R.lp 1 ~N J1tl
;, S,tr,.,pd I y <l~d
,.. ) jl\ c3 I r.unj.i
: <,ur\1,1 1 Ni,;pJ v,1
; , ,un1,1 l Valla
I f\-1as.a
2 \ias.:1 l Dha ran a

: Pha rana 1 5.il) a (N~ ka, KaJJ)

2 '\ t<.J..,1 1 Kol c1 (Va taka)
.: J,..0!.1 1 Tola (Ka ~)
.: Mr<-a 1 Sukti
:: Suk.h 1 Pala

A
pala)
(A.., per oth er opinion 3 sukti is I
.: Pa la
2 Prasrta
1 Prasrta
1 Kuc;!ava (AnjaH) ED
1 Maruka
V
2 Kuc;lava
2 Mani ka 1 Prastha
R

2 Pra stha 1 Subha

U

2 Subha 1 Ac;!haka
1 Drol_la (Kumbha, Nalval_la, Ann
ai:ta)
Y

4 ,\dh.lka
1 Tula
A

100 Pala
4000 Pala 1 Bhara
A

Bharatiya pautava mana:

R

6 Rat ti 1 Ana weight

4 Ana weight
PA

24 Ra tti
48 Ratti 8 Ana weight
96 Ra tti 1 Rupee weight
A

5 Tola I Chataka
4 Chata ka 1 Pava
H Chat-,ikJ
0.5 Sera
1 Sera
16 Cha ~ka
40 ~ra 1 Mana
27 Ma na 1 Ton
easures of capacity)
Druvaya mana or TaraJa mana: (M
a ma na or taraJa ma na are the me asures of capncity. The smallest
Dru vay
e is a 'bi nd u' (dr op) . One bin du is a drop of liquid which falls from
un it her
m water .
index fin ger after it is lifted fro
S5nigadhara defines 'bindu' in 'Na
syadhy iiya ' of Uttara khai;-tc_fa, as the
finger
fall s soon after lifting the ind ex
~uantity of sneha dravya which
imm ersed up to two joint in sne
ha.
 26

Bhai~ajya Kalpana ViJ·n-

~ 'lJ ~; 4 ~,&~tti.:n ¥.i\~a, 'ffil: -
anci
, a-A.ftti 61 ~f a~ : m 1tT;rr ~ ~ B~ ctt n
O nl y fewer measuring . (Sa. U. Kha. 8/ 39
units of 'd ru va ya m an a'
to da y. Reason for no n- ar e availa ble in class · )
th ey are missing . availability m ig ht be th
eir infrequent use or perh 1
~s
The only available mea at-' s
suring units are as be lo
8 Bindu w ;
1 Sat:ta (a touch stone)
(16 dr op s will m ak e 1 ml
32 Bindu )
1 Sukti (an oy ste r shell
64 Bindu )
1 Pai:usukti (the ha nd )
Kuc;lava pa tra
A vessel m ea su rin g four
Ku(:'lava pa tr a is a ve an
gu la len gt h br ea dt h an d
ssel m ad e of m ud , w depth .
m ea su ri ng four an gu la oo d, ba m bo o or meta l
le ng th br ea dt h an d de pt

A
W ~ l4~i4tl,~{i: h as pe r below reference;
Hq_u ~ ~ o f T.t a~)~+J ~

ED
ii. ill .. ~~ I
Payya mana: (Measure (Sa. Pra. Kha. 1 / 3S J
s of length)
V
Linear m ea su re s or th
e 'm ea su re s of le ng th
R
m ea su ri ng un its are also ', th e details of these
fo un d in bits n pieces .
U

O ne an gu la is sa id to be
the basic un it here, expl
Y

ya va (barley) br ou gh t ained as the length of 8

together in one th re ad
ot he r. or pl ac ed one besides
A

the
l44h~,~{i:HqteRs:._~: I
A

S ol /8 th of an gu la is on (Lilavafi Paribha~a ➔}
R

e ya vo da ra (0.24 cm) an
br ou gh t to ge th er in a th d one an gu la is 8 yava
re ad . The available un its
PA

12 An gu la in this category are;

1 Vitasti; 9 inches; 22 .86 cm (tips
little finger) of str etc he d thumb and
A

(Synonym 'ba lis a'- &1<

22 An gu la :.~111,(1 ~ ~ :)
1 Ar atn i; 16.5 inches
; 41.91 cm (elbow joi
fin ge rti p) nt and litt le
24 An gu la
1 Ha sta; 18 inches; 45
.72 cm (elbow joint
finge rti p) an d middle
1 Nr pa hasta
or Rajahasta
22 in ches; 55.88 em s
4 Ha sta
1 Vy ar na 72 inch es; 18
2.88 em s (m id dl e fin ge
str et ch ed ha nd s) r tip s of bo th
Kala mana: (Measure
s of time)
Kala m an a, th e m ea su
ri ng un its of tim e ar
instances in th e classics e m en tio ne d at di ffe re
. Th ey m ay be pu t to ge nt
Th e basic un its in cl ud th er as be lo w.
e ni m ~a (clo si ng ey el
eyelid s) to ge th er as on id s) an d un m e~ {openi
e m atra kala . ng
Mana Paribha$ii
27
11<$at:1a 4/Sth of a sec, an instant; a moment·
2 K~ar:ia l Lava (1/6th of a wink) .
2 Lava 1 N~ines,a (wink le 0.73 ~)
3 Nime$a 1 Ka~Ula (1 130th of Kai )
30 Ka~tha 1 Kalo; (2 min 20 sec) · rt
20 Ka la+ 3 K~tha 1 Muhfirta (48 nun)
1/2 of Muhur ta l Chati (24 min)
30 Muhurta 1 Ahoratra (24 hrs)
l Yama or 1 Prahara 3 Hours
15 Ahora tra 1 Pa~ a (15 days)
2 Pa k~a 1 Masa (30 days)
2Masa 1 ~tu (60 days)
3 ~tu 1 Ayana (6 months)

A
2 Ayana 1 Sariwatsara (12 months)
1 Yuga (5 years)

ED
5 Samvatsara
Metric System
root wo rd 'me tro n', which means 'to
V
Th e ter m me tric ori gin ate s from the er-
tem of me asu rem ent s is the SI units (System Int
R
me asu re' . Me tric sys
e in the year 1875.
nat ion al uni ts) acc ept ed wo rld wid
U

kno wn for the simple con versions,

This sys tem of me asu rem ent s is
Y

flexibility.
utm ost acc ura ten ess and the bet ter
rements based on the meter (39.37
A

It is a dec im al sys tem of m.easu ss; and

m (15.432 grains) as the unit of ma
inches) as the un it of length; gra
A

use
the familiar and only routinely in
liter as the un it of volume. Some of
R

ow for reader's perusal;

me asu rin g uni ts are pro vid ed bel
PA

Imperial System
ent uses ounces . and pounds to
The im per ial sys tem of ine asu rem and
s to measure volume; mches, feet
A

me asu re we igh t; pin t and gallon

me asu re len gth . Som e of the use ful measuring units are listed ou t
yards to
below;
Linear measu.res
Measures of capacity
Measures of mass : 0.06 ml 10m m : 1 cm
1 dro p
1 gra in : 64.79 mg s : 1/1000 liter 100 cm : 1 meter
1 ml
15.4 gra ins : lgm : 1 Hter 1000 me ters : 1 km
1000 ml
1000 mgs : lgm : 5 mi : 1 inch
1 tsf 2.5 cm
1 oun ce : 28.35 gm s : ·1 foo t
(tea spo on full) 12 inches
1 pou nd : 0.454 kgs : 15m l
1 tbl.sf 3 fee t : 1 ya rd
1000 gm s : 1 kg
(tab le spo on full) 1 furlong : 220 yar ds
1 po und : 12 oun ces : 30 ml
1 oun ce 8 furlong : 1 mile
100 kgs : 1 qui nta l : 1 pin t
20 oun ce
10 quintal : 1 ton (1.6 krns)
1 win e glass : 60 ml
1 tea cup : 120 mJ
1 tum ble r : 240 ml
 28 Bhaiqajya Kalpan.a Vijnana

Electronic Precision Balance

Posolog); 1 1
•

The term posology is derived from t~e ~ree~ terms posos which means
'h ow much' and the rlogos' that means science .
So, posology is a branch of medical ~~ence which deals with 'd~ ' or
'quantity of drugs' which can be administered to produce the required

A
pharmacological action.
The dose of the drug may be defined as the quantity of drug which is
'enough but not too much'.
ED
Here the idea is to produce the drugs optimum therapeutic effect in a
V
particular patient with the lowest possible dose.
R

Factors affecting dose selection:

U

The various factors that influence the dose and the action of a drug in an
Y

individual are as follows;

A

1. Age Age of the patient;

2. Body weight The body mass;
A

3.Sex Gender of the patient;

R

4.Route of administration The route of drug administration;

PA

J. Time of administration Timed dosage tChronotherapeutics);

6. Presence of disease Disease and its stage;
A

7. Environmental factor Disease and the socio-environmental factors;

8. Emotional factor Disease condition relating to or marked bv
emotions;
9. Accumulation Accumulation of the drug in the different body
tissues and organs;
10. Synerg is m
Coordinated or correlated action of two or more
medicinal agents or physiologic processes so that
the combined action is greater than the sum of each
acting separately;
11. Antagonism
The situation in which the combined effect of two
or more factors is smaller than the solitary effect of
any one of the factors;
l 2. Habituation and
addiction The process of forming a habit, referring generally
to psychological dependence on the continued use
of a drug to maintain a sense of well-being, which
can result in dmg addiction;
Mn11t1 Pa ribhifqii
i'J
11. ld it1!-ync-rtt~y J\n abr1,,r 1ruf ,,r ,11,, ' , , ,, l '
i.rtl'hl•tlm,,4 I J , ,,,,1rf,,,o ,,, .1 ,fru11,
"f" '' Hr d fj " ,,, 11, I,, .,JI ( t ln!t~ftfim.1 •,I II
I-+ I l\ JWl "'t ·11..,iIt v It V Almomi:1
rtt I 1r,•,rn. ·tJ .,,1y, •t " ,wU11"n IN wh1• h 11,., ,,.1:t
' , ,.,,11.w ,,,1," ,,,,.p(,n•,., l,y th•• h.11 1,, • iJ
'' ,,,
i.thnul11~ ,,( , , . 1
., Of<• w, l'ifl/'11'
I ' "i fM ,.,u, ;, ,
n11,d1• /n-1 1
urt J~~;
Th,, >1t;fll ty lo crtcl ur,1 or I;,, lw,1i ,,~µ•,tl"I,.,,. ,11 , 1
~ruy,, (11tp,,d:1 lly ,iftur fftkmv, If ! J'Wf ,j v•·rl•!d 1,t
hmc. Ur Hw JJ11w,., 11( rN,,-.lint, fh,, "' 11,.n ,,1 .,
poi~,n or of t,,klrt~ il druYt , ,,r,t1r11,,,,, t 11 ,r"' hrz.,.
dom 1»without lnjud,,u, 1,ff, •rh,

Calculation of child and infant dose:

111c dose of a child from an adult dose mz,y be ml, 11l,1tc•d by 11ny 1,nc ,Ji

A
the follow ing formulae;
According to age: ED
• Young's rule_;_ Child's dose = Age in years/ Age in yea rs+ J,21 Adult Jtr.t• .
V
• Qillings rule: Child's dose = Age in years/ 20 ~ Adult dose.
R

According to body weight:

U

• Cla rk's formula: Child's dose = Child's weight (kgs)/ 70 / Adult d~c.
Y

•••
A
A
R
PA
A
 I

3
A.dhirabl,iita Siddhinta's of
Bhai,ajya Kalpa n.-
- (Bash: 1\in dp lcs of Bh ai~ajy
a l(alpan a) "
Ev ery 'Sd ,~nc c will ha ve its ow
n set of 'ba sk prindples'. They
of ~l ie fs o r do\.·trin c~. wh kh are th"'
gttide us as We ad va nc e wi th the
sci ence ""
ll1 ey "'re the bas~ for the fu rth
er the ori es in it. Significant ·adha
~id h .1nt._, 's 1 of ✓ ahai ~jya Ka lpa rab k"
na ' may be listed ou t as below ;
1. P~1 r ibhJ::;J (D efinit ion s) '0

A
2. Dr av ya sa n gr ah m:u'.l an d sar
i:trak$aDa (D ru g collection an d
stoTa ge>

ED
3. An uk ta an d vi se ~k ta graha
i:ia (Special considerations)
4. Rasa, gut:ta, virya, vip ak
a, pr ab ha va (In he ren t pr op ert ies
of the drn g,
V
5. Mana paribha$a (Weights an d me as ur
es )
R
6. Pa nc av idh a ka$aya ka lpa na
(F un da me nta l pr ep ara tio ns)
U

7. Au $a dh a namakarcl])a (N
am in g of th e pr ep ara tio ns)
Y

8. Au ~d ha sevana-kfila (D os
ag e tim e)
A

9. Sa vir ya ta av ad hi (Shelf lif

e of pr ep ara tio ns )
A

10 . A~ ad ha -m at ra (D os ag e)
R

l l. An up an a (A dju va nt)
PA

L PARIBHA.SA (D efi ni tio ns

):
The ter m pa rib ha $a me an s
A

th e de fin iti on giv en to any

ter mi no log y to cla rif y its br das.si(~
oa de r an d cle are r me an in g. Ev
ha ve its ow n se t of definitions; ery subject wtll
so do Ay ur ve da .
Pa rib ha $a is de fin ed in the cla
ssi cs as be low ;
f4•J__rtl-ftti<~ ~ilifi<~f.:e_,t Hl!lt;iaJfqlfil
I ~ ? :I T ~ : qfhatth f::l◄
tG~ tl
(R T~. ~'
The pa rib ha $a is a sta tem en t th
at giv es a cle ar an d distinct me . ,t l
wo rd or an ex pr essio n. aning l •
. .. )
It clar~fie_s the co nc ea led (nigu . . (lesokt ,l
qhn), om itt ed (an uk ta) , un cle
an d my 5hfying (sa nd ig dhnr tha ar~ in th~
classics . ) n1 ea nin gs of a wo rd or
a verse
 . .
Adharabhii.ta Siddhanta's oif Bh ai$a7ya Kalpana
31
, ~.
~ &4ffii :Jf hH ~n fh fif ~l !fy & i,~ ,cfiT:
• 'gcIDq,,'C'l:i4r.n➔-.;t ~tfl'!ffl': ~ ; If
(V.P. Pra . Prathama kha ,:iqa 4)
is a sta te m en t th .
The pa rib ha $a . ctive
. tin
at gives a per£ect and dIS
f d ex pr ession.
m ea ni. ng o a w or or an
ak ta) ab t (
It cla rif ies th e hi dd en (a vy n danukta), va ~e (lesokta
) and
ar th a) m ea ni ng ; of se
co nf using (sa nd ig dh a wo ve rse, m the cla ssics.
rt or a lik
. . . ns P"iven to the
For ex am pl e, th e def1rutio 04 erms
to th et sodhan a' bh.avana_,
lik
k lk a, k w at
- h a etc; or th e ex pl an ati on
triphalata,
sw ar as a, a e ermsandevis es<>k
d ' -1 . m er ab le ex am ples of an uk ta
· ; or th e In nu
tn ka tu, as am u a etc .
gr ah al).a fo un d 1n cla ss ics
~a ' ar e like gu id in g- lig hts in understanding every
These 'pa rib ha .,
co nc ep t in th e cla ss ics .
A (DRUG COLLECTION

A
H A AN D SA M RA KS AN
2. DRAVYA SANGRA

ED
AND STORAGE):
ac y of an y dr ug de pe nd s strongly on the methods
Th e th er ap eu tic ef fic drug in
co lle cti on an d sto ra ge. Ai
m he re wi ll be to obtain the
V
fo llo we d fo r its
its pe ak po te nc y level.
R
low:
ts of sig ni fic an ce du rin g dr ug collection ar e as be
Po in
U

(d ra vy a saitgraha kala)
i. Ti m e of d ru g collection
Y

)
on (d ra vy a saitgraha sthala
ii. Pl ac e of dr ug collecti
A

ction (dravya avastha)

iii. Th e sta te of dr ug colle
on (d ravya sangraha vidhi)
A

M et ho d of dr ug co lle cti
iv .
n (d ra vy a sarilrak~a.r:ta)
v. St or age an d pr es er va tio
R
PA

I. Time of drug collectio

n:
• fh b f 11
i. General rules: o er s or a
. the be st time· for collection
A

,Sa ra da ~tu (O ct an d N ov) 15

d . a th e best time is 'vasa nta
typ es of pr epr,arat io ns .
va ma na an vrrecan
Ho we ve fo r th e dr ug s of :if
. rtu ' (Feb an d M ar ch). 411 t4¥U57ft_ 1
. . M n u I fa~cfi c4¥i412T "q cftt (Sa. Pra . Kha.1/ 59)
~l<E.ifuiMcfitllf~ ~
. fHftff q:..,.._
cular seas on
. . h t th e drel ug s collected ina .tha t parti
is is t a lev and prab hav -
Re as on be hi ndt· thum po tency t a U 'U$ Da v1 rya
.
t
h
e op rm _ _ , _ . . ad.hara sa ys tha · h t
will po sses 5amg ow n fo r its o
· · on Acarya ,y · dh ya hills' wh ich is kn
As a gene ra l op rm d fromal md
dravya ' are to be colle cted the c en ar . m the
t ro un , ,- _ dr av ya ' ar e to be collected fro
tem pe ra tu re alm os a vrrya
He als o sa ys that the s~t
es ·
\'icinity of 'Himala ya ra ng
 Hhr,i,l,J/_lm f<ul,,m ,,l V ljfl I
I( ,, , ,

U, Stl\"t'-ht ," t,, nw, ~ \ 'f ~,~~Uk 1~l~n't 1,.t

,t w
'Oll'-'t't\Ofu
~ t\t\ \' \' t ,' \l\ d ,~~,"~ ~,~,,.th
,,\¾\Ht t\w ~Pt 't'tl k f11'rt n f tht" tl ruv, to
,n
"''1k"~, t ~)'\'"('\h .: ~\"'"""''·
lb,~ '\d h, lh'~ tfu' ,,,1dw"Ht' ~n nw
Ii,,

lt~IH,' .,hn\lt Hw drttK pnh,•ri "

(\.\l \\"\ '\'lt 1\'\t\(~\ in , ,\N\'' "-"- f',\t 1
l< \,f Hw pl11 nt~.
l\u t \\l tth• t'l,r nt _ l"\,, mr h•, ~•-~"•'H tif t olf~rtlon
'\ lt\4 \" ' '~' \ -~h\l ,,1 ''H \.\\ p ,\ 1\1'1\l ht\l,\ ,111d wr-,,,111
!ll ltilt'+I
.- i'.ttN ,1.._" ,,~-:- \ v1, 1•,. 1 1if1t:I VM ,1flt o
" ,)" 'b .u"1 "-'-'"-\
,ft...,_\U~'!- ,\fu t n,,l\...,
, ~u\\ h\ """'-fo m,m., \..(ui d\,, ~{I f'l\l h,
\'t~i1\ri \...Jm t.,. ~,l t\\\\l\k,,ndo
't...'\'\ld~h'-\
'* -
. .
m llw 11: rl SJ:lCttl Vtl St'M
1
--

A
inn
lh,\l.h\,l :-.lt .\ h,\,1,11t1 ~.II\ \, lwn,on t.1.

ED
,,mrt,\ ~ \I\ \. mndhul..i\ Sl)l',)
i
~ - - -- -
V
I
e -q,t t:c~ ft¥ ~ 41 ~ ! I $◄ tP-4
~ ~ ,~
~ ~ \
~~ 'J itc tt (~ t\4tc'( It ~I~ W
R
(B. R. Pnribho~ pra kara.l'.\<t -+ /S9)
U

i.ji . Time of the d.ay for drug col

lec tion:
It is ind ica ted by ma ny clnssical teA
Y

"ts tha t the 'au ~ad ha dra vy a' are

cx1Ilei L~ in &trl y mo rning ho urs. to be
A

·~~ Qh 11' 4 ~ : ~~ VIW: \{«Um I

(Sd. Pra . KhJ . l /56)
A

Pt>rh.,,ps at 'br ahm a mu hii rta kala'

the yield an d the po ten cy of the
R

dru gs are exp ect ed to be mo re as

it is the kapha kal a .
PA

h ·. Ab ou t col lec tio n of prai,ija dra

vya:
Su sru ra mentions tha t prfu:ujn dra
vy a (d .r ugs of ani nm l ori gin ) like
A

(bloo d), rom a (bo dy ha ir), na kh a rak ta

(na ils)1 k~ira (n,ilk) , n,utra (ur ine
{foe.es) are to be collec ted fro m yow ), pu ri:~,1
l.g nni mnls (vnyns tha ). Thnt too during
·~ ha ra kala' (i.e. after foo d tak
en by the ani ma l is digested );
.llW 'lt-ti «Q';~ {ffi<lQ4l§ lf'a:f.fi'{ t l¼fh'{S1q ~h11R11 ~ o,fgn~ ~ II
(Su . Su. 36/ lo)
11w 'jirl).aharn kala ' has to be
tnc tfu lly nss"'ssed by the person wh
~01,'t.t.cu, these drugs. Th e reason pe rha o
m samyak nva sth 5' . ps is tn hc1 vc the 'dh 5tu ' nf the anitndl
, _He also men lions tha t ther~ is no
specific tilllt' du rat ion for collection
ksa
- ra dra vya
. • ' (p tctla «a ~ t -
· s , snu,\1, or ·a,k - ma- rgn of
11
co ected dri ed and bu r t d 1 apn d e wh 1
et\ ~ w ho1e pa n is
t
.
details n an • ·
. t 1e nsh ts processed tur th~r to

~*II
· k~a-ra
f ma y be ob tai ~
ned f K - v ~
· rom . $ara " alp ann cha pte r) a nd la.v
ob tain '
~ qq q( 4t~ 'lM i~i< "lf. tOt i~ I ~€ f Q~H1l ~ ~S an a.
~ W;f
(Yu . Stt. 36/1 l)
 . .
Atlhiirabhiilo Siddhiinta's o/ B1,IU!fil}Ya Kolpanii
33
U. Pla ce of dru g colJection IDravya san .
i. Gen Bai rule: 81'aha sthina):

dll'~'" ~ : ~ fgqfitfhht: '

As , a gen eraJ opin ion Atarya Sa·•. . (Sa. Pra . Kha.1/55 )
says that au , -
dra ,-ya are to be rol lec ~ from 'V" dhm gad hara v1rya
be coll ecte d fron1 the vici nity of ,u":'. _ ,!,ra hills ' and '~its vu-ya dra~ yl)~ a are to
. ... UJ.1ta Jaya rang es'
. ·
To emp has ize the above poin t ano ther reference· as below;
" Q4.:h, ~ ~
) f.a ti4G we find
;<) tq sn~~ fq ~
"4 tq
~ ~
11~ 4ifi1 '4 lR ~
~•('1
~il fifff: 11

The abo ve ver se says that the dru . (V. P. Pra. Prathama khar:i<;la 63)
~ertile plane land s are to be
collected, but spec ial con side rati on ~: ;;n m
gnn vn in hill y areasl as they are na turallY morbe given to collect the plants
. e potent.
.
Fro m ·whichever plac e one obta ins the dru gs the ultimate concern is the

A
pot enc y they pos sess .

ED
of dru g collection has to
The refo re, th~ ~ dec isio n to select the place.
be sole ly of phys1a an who pre par es the med
icine V
end on the readymade
. . H o~e ver, n~w -a-d ays we ~ompletely dep
R
the requirement of the raw
pre p~tion s of diff eren t com paru es. Mo reov er
U

g in forest or grown by
~ ~ mo re than the med icin al plan ts gro win
Y

cultiv atio n.
A

source to obtain the raw

The dru g ven der s and sup plie rs are the chief
drugs for pha rma ceu tica l com pan ies.
A

be pro perl y evaluated

Thu s, the auth enti city of the raw dru gs sho uld
R

in a pote nt medicine.
befo re allo w ing the m for the prep arat ion to obta
PA

ent day scenario.

For the sam e, stri ct GM P nor ms are setu p in pres
drug collection:
ii. Bhfrmi of mahabhiita predominance and
A

s of five mahabh uta

The lan d may be cate gori zed on the basi
es are to be collected from soil
pre dom ina nce and dru gs for diff eren t pur pos
ed belo w by Ma har~i Susn1ta .
of diff eren t ma ha bhu ta dom inan ce as men tion
' and 'jala' mah abh uta
• Virecana dra vya are to be collecte d from 'prthivi
soil.
u' mah abhuta soil.
• Yamana dra vya from 'agn i', 'aka sa' and 'vay
virecana) from soil of all
• Ubhaya ja dra vya (use d for both vam ana and
mah abh uta pre dom inan ce and
uta pre dom inance.
• Sam ana dra vva from soil of 'aka sa' mahabh
.,I

tpft' ::im ,,~ ~~iH j:_oQ IOlfla,{lrt I ~'-<-llcfil;?ltlF6H-

'ml' ~ sa ~ 101 yJ~bdilfi
'2Ui\fQ Ed1tri qq..jj:_oQlfoTI '3'iflf ~ Ul"i~tid1Qi ~ I ~lcfil:?l!!Ul"i~tidlQi
(Su. Sti.36/6)
~~14.Jrf.f (;ct cfrfcfHUfol ,qqf.a I
 34
Bhai~ajya Kalpan - V.. _
iii . Places from wh er e dr a i1n -
ugs sh ou ld not be colle a11a
cc ~c h- ,~ a- ~- ~q ~1 14 ct ed :
-~ -q 1, f: :;, , : 1 ::ii1'!et~~
qsq,ca, ~ : ~
....... ,~.-ti.~ :11
Plants gr ow n ne ar va lrruk_ . .
a (a nthill sod), kutsita (vib (Sa . Pra. Kha.l 158
con1ulentary), an.iipa (m hatsa sthana l
arsh y land), smas an a (b
pr ad es a (saline soil), m ar urial grounds) and a~_Per
ga (walking lanes), jantu
hima.vyapta (soil spoilt by pi<;l.ita, agnidagdh~sara
in se ct s, fire an d snow) are unfit for the
use. · rap and
eutic
~-~,M~-cH•cftch-WQ'-"{W
-~q~n~-lll: I
~ ch IC1 iH, '3:('0 f\a 14:·11 flntifo,
Zi ie 11 ~. .f8 h~ ~~ ~
'=f ~~ c. 1: II
~ : II
(V. P. Pra. Prathama khanda
Plants gr ow n ne ar templ ,,,
es, an t hill area, ku pa (w . . 'l't)
side), grave yards, gr ow n ells), rath ya (road
in in ap pr op ria te season,
:inother plant, po or ly gr ow grown from the roots of

A
n or gr ow n in excess, new
;poilt by excess ·water, fir ly grown plant, plant

ED
e an d insects is unfit fo
:,lants sh ou ld no t be colle r therapeutic use. Such
cted.
The above two referenc
V
es include all the classica
regard. l references in this
R
Il l. Th e stage of drug co
U

llection:
i. General rule:
Y

In which avastha the dr

ug ha s to be collected
A

question which one faces is another primary

while collecti.~g th e dr ug
s.
A

Though the general rule

speaks ab ou t the collectio
fresh form, there are ex n of all the dr ugs in
R

ceptions to this, w he re in
collected sh ou ld be old (p the few of the drugs
PA

urfu:la) .
.:Cqj:::Qq ft" ii),R:Uf.:I S:,oQIO<[email protected]! 1ftr;rr fasw•qiWl1UIT ~ :
II
A

As pe r the above refere (Sa . Pra. Kh a.1/ +t)

nce, the dr ug s, w hi ch sh
state are 'vi<;l.anga', 'p ip ou ld be used in purfu:la
pa li' , 'guC;ia' (jaggery),
pulses and legumes) and 'd ha nyav ise$a' (cereals,
'm ad hu ' (honey).
However,'Mahar$i Su sr ut
a' mentions that, w he th
(new) or pural)a (old) it do er the dr ug is nava
esn' t m at te r much, bu t th
inherent properties of the e rasa, gand ha and other
dr ug are to be un-spoilt.
ftrrr..il.:i1qnqG?.4faqsi <f il~
Rl : , ~ -,:&t wroi' 1ft \llf
l)Qct faf.:1~~1(i._11
(Su. Su .36/lS)
ii. The rule of duplicat
ion (Dvigu Qa mana gai:i
In any co m po un d preparat ana):
ion of dr y an d w et dr ug s
collected should be freshly togeth er, dry drugs
dried (dried soon af ter co
w et dr ug s wh ic h sh ou ld llecting them) and the
dr y on es . be freshly collected are ta
ken in double quantity of
 , .
l\dhitm/Jhflt11 Slddhttntals at Bh 01 $11/Yfl kalpa nii
-
'1

'D ff Z '~
~ ~ 'QT ~ 11 ~ . 35
~ '"""' lq' ~M &; if~ I
••~ "' ~I~ lnf3r f:ruir
: II
. (Sa . Pra Kl .I. / 46-47)
Ratio na lity behi. nd th e 'RuJ t· · • ,a
-,,...,,_ e o du pJicatJon'·
1~ ~ if .~
> .
-~---3(-+~ ?J' 1'T 1frSn' 11
·•~ "" ''> '"' '"
.
1- ~ ~ . n fl ~ II
~ lmiit:'4
. (V . P. Pra. Pratha ma khanda 49)
on i
ln a com po un d fo rmul ati relatlon with the dry drug• e wet
s th. , .
dn. ig.rs u.re tak en in do ub le qu a, t
·: nA ·
· en in1 ityJf. Jtem.ativ eJY, m relati on with the wet
1 d
drngs, I. 1e ry ones ar e tak · 11a qu antity.
on itl h
Why beca use, .in co m paris w 1 t .e wet drugs, the dry dr ugs are
'g urn ' nn d 'tik~1;-ta'.
do os
Moreove r the we t dr ug s 1
ses arger amount of water
content in
ad ds for th eir we ig hi .
them w hich

A
equal f
If th ese dr ug s ar e taken in r:: ~t aie oi e~ s: ones, the rea
l
qu an tity of dr ug taken ex
Exception for the rule of du
cluding th e~ ~~ : ~~
plication: ED · ,,
-, 'ku.ta1a
V
e ru le are few of the dr ug s like 'gu d-
. uc i ,
Except- io n-todth,e ab ov
, , _ -, ,as, wagandha' 'sahacari' 's at apuspa-, and
R

, - -, 'k u~ ta va n, ,
vasa -, · -, ma.r:, h_a , sad ,
cte d (w et form) but· are not
ly colle
U

, 11 t es e ru gs are fresh
pr asan.r:u ; a
do ub led in qu an tit y.
Y

I 3f~ ~ ,?IH~WI Qf11nofl 11 ~

~ ~ crmT 1_iQ:ftus~ ,?IH14fl
A

(Sa. Pra. Kha .1 / 4}46)

~~co~f ftTm' ~ 4-iH~t( II
A

An othe r refe rence:

the drugs lik;,asa,
R

le of duplication are few of

Except io n to the above ru k taja,
i:iqa, satavari, punarnava,
PA

ke tak I, ba la, kii~ ma

nim ba, pa to la, am arilsi, nagabala, sahacara, gu
gulu,
iti ga nd ha , gu qii ci, jat
as waga nd ha , pi , khru:iqasarkara etc); all the
se . rugs
an d ik~ uv ik ar a's (gu qa
A

hiilg u, ar dra ka are not doubled in quantity.

rm ) bu t

'Q'.
lle cte d (w et fo
ar e fresh ly co :1
~~:
~
a,~ e1 1$ &.iiu. sc fi.:< !ii:4 tl
'c{lflif4¼q2)e1cfirlf ~ ~1~1i11 ffl llm: II
:4 1${cfi ~ : ~
1fffi ;Ji•ldtHI th~liH~"' fg:s:_•i (V. P. Pra . Pra tha ma kh m:t ga 50)

mana:
iii. Dravardra-su{ika ·dravya s in a. co ~p o~ nd pr epara tion
uid s, w~t an d dr y ~r ug
Co nsid er ation of liq Sa rn gadhara 1s given m below
table.
nt io ne d by Ac ary a
is a sp ec ial ru le me y drugs Dr
Liquids Wet drugs
Drug quanti ty (A rdra (Su $ka
(Drava dravya)
d rav ya) dravya)

to 1
From 1 gunja (125 mgs)
(gu nja,
kU<;fava (192 gm s);
ma::,a, sai:ta, ko la, ka r$a,
sukti, Sa me
Sa me Sa me
pa la , pra srti & kw;lava)
-- ---
 36

r---- ---
Drug quantity J
l b1,tld1!1 W"t dNl\~ Dry ,tr\l>\11
(Pr\,, , 1 I {;\ f\ ttt, (~ut-\.....1

From l pt'ast-lM (itx'- ~tn~) \\ml

d l\ l\ \ ',l )
I d1,l\' \'1-1) d rr1\J\!11)
•
a~ve (pras~h,\, .\(_1hJl,.,,\, dt\ '\'''· 1
l :-urp,, df\-»,.ll& ~h,m) Po11l•I,, 1 1
~,ubJi,
S.11,w
~ (-t~ ~~::_) 'l\Mntth
L.!._tu!J ~' ,nw r ~ II Y-W

!J-WiiR_iH4¥.m~ ttl~ff4 1~t'1~: II ~ ' \ { ~ ~ ~ttteilt:f lfSt ~ -II

CJ~1R,q1.Hm-ar ~ fl<;}t:tt1t(~) ~ ullFt ffl'ff tt'1t'4t~ fr!r11' ~ Nf1t+t_ ~ ,
(S3. PM. f(h,, , I /.\~- \,~)
IV. ~fethod of drug coJlection (Drnvya snt\gntha\Ul vidhi):
After kno wing tjme, pluce nnd state of drug collectio n; cm~ sh o u ld ,lls11

A
know the method of drug collection which nccordJ ng to dm;.q1cs ho$ tn b(•

ED
carried out in most methodical and ritual nuuu,tH' ns the beJow rder1. n \'.t• 1

quotes.
wtl<41f11A ~ : ~ : i"'~~ , ~,ra.~. ·.r«4500
V
'Qffl': tft;ft- -..'-1'~ tmr ~ 11
~ ~~~I<(~ ti
R
(~'\ . Pro. Khi'I. I / ~ •) '.°)
The drug collectio n is done with all method ical and religiou s rihm lf.. In
U

early morning hours after bath with calnt mind the person should prny L,wd
Y

Siv a facing the early mornin g sttn. Later the drugs situated towwrd ~ ·nort h'
A

should be collecte d.
A

The above concept is essentia l to have full involve n1ent of the pe ~,m
colle~ting the drugs.
R

Moreov er, the works done v\rith utmost care and full concr•ntrn tion
PA

yields better results; so is the case with collection of drugs nlso.

V. Storage and preservation (Dravya saritrak~ai:,.a):
A

Any drug material, which is collected, should be stored in suit,1bk

conditio~s to retain the inheren t drug propert ies until the drug gOt!s into J
prepara tion.
F~r this, the most primary thing, which we require, will bt? the suitnbk
containers to store the raw drugs. (Truce t11e dl'tnils from the fourth
chapter-Bhe~ajagara: The Drug Manufa cturing Unit)
3. ANUKTA VISESOKTA GRAHANA:
i. Consideration of anukta dravya: .
At many instances of tl1 1- ·
. d . e c ass1cs we 1n av not P-et the clear menning
exp1ame , m such case h "
s one s ould unders t;-md the thing~ with the help- 0 f
0
f 11 . .
· 0 owmg pomts. ..
 .
A.dha;abhuta Siddhiinta's oif Bhaz.$aJya Kalpana
37
In case of uns~ ci fied
Kala (time) -- To be con11idered -
Pr~bhata (morning hour s
An_ga (part of the plant) )
_ 1,at~ toot syswm)
Bhaga (ratio of ingredien t )
ara t~on)
Samy:}ill eqt~ -
Patra cssel
(,~ s fo.t prep - --
Mrtp atra (mud pots)
Or11 vt1 (liqu id used ih re- Jala (water) - --
par,, tions ) p
Taila (oil)
Tilataila (sesame oil)
~¼I
-
al. Pra. Kha.1 /47•
I In case of To be taken
Atisthula jata (larger roots) The bark of the plant is taken

A
Su~ ma miila (tend er roots) Whole root system is considered

ED
Nyag rodh a, udum bara,
asva ttha, par~ a, plak~a etc Bark of these plants
B11aka, khad ira, deva daru,
V
cand ana, asan a, babbiila etc Sara bhaga (drug essence) is coosidered'
R
Talisa, palas a, kum ari, '
tejapatra, naga valli etc Patra (leaves) of these plants
U

Haritak1, bibhitaki, amal aki Phala (fruit part) of these plants

Y

Ohataki, mad iika etc Pu~pa (flowers) of these plants

A

Sniihl, arka etc ~ira (milky exudates) of these plants

. 'll:\""'I '1.\"I 11"1 't'f ct,('f j .:C:, fq ~ f;,;;ti H.J
~ "'4 ' II •J~lffr( ~
A

..,_ tGI
~Rf ~_<•N <n': ~lij)l@:lm =i\-.
~~I tel
'Q"Sl'Tfor ~ ~ Rl'fiHrRa:,
~ ~ : tITT": ¼l~ -iicf il~ff : 11 ffiMh-4,~n
R

(Sa. Pra . .Kha.1 / 60-62)

Uiffa.:co~~ ~&.of<J, fiij.JI~: &.-fhq,g~<"( II
PA

arations:
ii. Use of swe ta and rakta candana for specific prep
l
Variety of candana to be used
A

Spec ified preparations

For the prep arati on of ciin:ta, sneha, Sweta candana
asavari~ta, avale ha etc kalpana
For panc avid ha ka$aya kalpana and Rakta candana
/ lepa kalp ana
=qufRgmqr ~= Vflm ~~41 f.:cff f1: 11 cfit!414MQ41: 'IJTl1T ~ ~'rti~ •(H'l 1
(&,. Pra. Kha.1 / 50)
dha ka~aya kalpana.
The term ka~aya here is to be taken as paficavi
s when compared
Rakta candana is mor e ugra (tikt?i:ta) in all its propertie
·
with the othe r. according to the
Praya}:i wor d here indicates the need of using them
dem and of dise ase conditions.
Rationality: Since rakt a cand ana is 1nore ugra,
it is used either in
'can dana swa rasa ' is
prep arat ions of dilu ted form (ka~aya kalpana;
kalka' is indicated only
prep ared with wat er redu ctio n met hod ; 'can dana
 Bhai~ajya Kalpana Vi .__
Jna na
for external application; and 't an da na
how diJuted) or in preparations me kw atha, hima an d phanta' a
kaJpana). an t for exter na l ap pJi~~tionre(l
any
tpa
Morcovc-r, sweta t ru1dt1no thtll pos4'
· 4i!<;SCS mifdct prope rties is used -
p rep ara tio ns me an t fur intake. " 1n all

iit If ,1. drug ls r~peated twice in a

p-reparadott:
o.-, ;qc,:t'Jq,j ~ ~ ~ ?(_ g:t ~tt4t II 1'Aift 1l!lTJt 1rffl <Wl(1~-,~!i'ft· ~·+a«fbfftf: I
If a dru g is repeatoo twice in a com (Sa . Pra . Kha .I; i',
ha s -to be taken in do ub le qu antity .
.
po u nd pre pa ration, then tha t dru
,'
'{,
iv. Deletion ot replacemen t 0£ dru
.gs in a c:otnpound preparation:
~ ,. ,~ .,,oj1;+,q~ "mt. ~ l ai1 AA fq tlt it u"1;i,ih134 ~ :
II

A
(~ . Pra. Kha.1/ =i4

ED
lJ a drug is foun d ina pp rop ria te
in a co mp ou nd pre pa rat ion, then I

may be de let ed from the list or rep the it

laced by an oth er ap pro pri ate dru
pry ~ic ian g by the
V
4~ RASA, G~ A, VIRYA, VIPA.K
R
A, PRABHAVA;
Th e inherent pro pe rti es of an
U

y dr ug are res po nsi ble for its act

ex ert ed~Th,ey are the primary fac ion
Y

tor s thatput potency int o the pre

A dr ug is expectB<l to hav e all paration.
its pro pe rti es int act to ex ert the de
A

Therefor e, it be rom e5 ou r prima sired action.

ry du ty to loo k ou t for the presen
all the inh ere nt pro pe rtie s int ac t ce of
A

in a dr ug in the ir op tim um level.

The dru gs, wh ich fulfill the ab ov e
R

req uir em en t, are to be selected

use d, to obtain a poten t comp ou and
PA

nd pre pa rat ion.

The detailed exp lan ati on of all the
ab ov e factors wi ll be dealt in the
'Oravyagul)a ' pa rt of the syl lab us.
A

5. MA N A PARIBHA$A (W eig
hts and meastues):
Dealt in detajJ in the pa rti cu lar ch
ap ter;
6. PA NC AVJDHA KA$AYA KA
LPANA;
f)ta )t in de tail in the pa rti
cular chap ter s;
7. A0 $A OH A NA M AK AR A~
A (N am ing of preparati on s):
In d,a&~ic~,a&the reference given
below quote s, 1.ve fin d majority of th
t:om po ur. d p rep ara tio ns na me e
rr 14.-ntibnftd,
d on the ba sis o f the first
dru g name
~. ..J ~ -Vtni ~ Qlift,q •w it t nwi'-h'C ~ tnm fl cfiWft ~
f.lS ll: U
(V. P . Pra . Pra tha ma khaJ:t4a 29
1--~~wevec. t~is 1:1~
doesn 't ap ply in all cases. Ma n)'
p repara tions_
)
ria rm:d un the ir mam ing red ien
t', 'action ex ert ed ', 'm eth ar~
od of preparatJ Ol.1'
 ·- i-=i=- a:111111&\'.,II
Adhiirabhuta Sid.dhanta 's oif Bh . .
· n1$aJya Kalpanii
. M
'appearan ce', 'dosage' and many tt.. . . .
. B o uer significant f .
preparati on. elow given are the few of actors of that particular
th e mcthodsfor naming a
preparati on.
i. Based on the first drug of the compound:
Exan1.ples :
• Puna.rnnvilstaka
.. curna
.
• Khadifiid i vap
• Abhavadi modaka
• Jyatyadi taila
• Eladi rasayana
• Jirakadyari~ta

A
ii. Based on the importan t ingredient/ingredients of the preparation:

ED
Examples :
• Hmgva~t aka cun:1.a
V
• Candana balala~a di taila
R
• Dra~ari~ ta
U

• Dasamiil a~ta
Y

iii. Based on the number of drugs or the quantity of drugs used:

A

Examples:
• Punarnav ~taka kwatha
A

• Rasnasap taka kwatha

R

• ¼tanga cun:ia
PA

• Dac:J,im~taka cful:ta
• Dasaitga lepa
A

• $a tpala gh.rta
iv. Based on the physical appearance of the product:
Examples :
• Pii:tc;ia taila
• SwaI1µ1 vanga
• Parpaµ kalpa
v. Based on the time of collection of the ingredients:
Examples:
• Pul?yanuga CUil).a
vi. Based .on therapeu tic efficacy of the drugs:
Examples:
• Arogyavardhiru vaµ
 40
Bhaiqajya Kalpan.a v·•,
l]nfi,-,q
• Bpi\ hnt)n gu ti ko
• A~m nrTbhl' di kw,1thn
• ArsoAhnn vnti
• Voto~h1',l ler,n
vU. Based on thr nwt hod of prc ponali om
H,.1mpk,~:
• &,tltdh,n1t,1 / snh u~rad hnu tn ghrt o
• S;.\h asr:'lp;1J..,1 b,, Int al In
• G andh..ik., dr ti (nw lting)
• ru~.,p.11-.\'A vi ~omnjvnr5n toka louh a
Ii
viii. Bast.>d 011 the dosage/drug quantity used:
Ex:u nples:

A
• $a<;Jbin d u taila

ED
• .Karhsa ha rita ki rasa yan a (1 karhsa = 120 g)
• HH ,gu triglll'.la taila
V
• A~~a katv ara taila
R

ix. Based on the name of the discoverer:

U

Exa mpl es:

Y

,
• Cya van apr asa vale ha
A

• Agastya-haritaki avaleha
A

• Vasi$~a rasa yan a

R

x. Based on the sim iles giv en to the preparatio

n:
PA

Exa mp les:
• Kan aka sun dar a rasa
A

• Kam adh enu rasa

• Indra vati
xi. Based on the poi nt emp has izin g its fame:
Exa mpl es:
• Tribhuvanakirti rasa
• Trip ura bha irav a rasa
• Trailokya-cintamai:ii rasa
• Trivikrama rasa
8. Au~adha Sevana Kala:
When a med icin e is giv en, is as imp orta nt as
wh at medicine is given.
Ti med dos age is surely goi ng to imp rov e trea
tme nt outcome.
Adhiirabhuta Siddhii. nta' . if .
s o Bhau;ajya Kalpana
.,. b .
Our science has al-«1 --.ys 41
· eheved th
pre d omma nce of bodily d . at there w·ll b
claims . o~as With time as t~ e rhythmic changes in
e referenc e ·
~ ac:11ft4.:il sfq- ~~ given below
~ : 1tt"t11 61uf½Thl.'.fT, ~
"s;:;: rm~
. - " .... ,.,... II G•11 : ~ I I

All the dasstca l books h . (A. H _

con sumpt ion of ntedicine and t~~ explain ed about the sp ./ .su_tra l / 7-8)
below. e1r benefit s. Few of th f eci ic tune for
. . e re erences are given
1. According to Mahar~i Caraka.. (10 ausadh
'4-f.f-iltcbi(;f) l]ffii<!l ....... ~ nm
'1V-4 .,
g . · a sevana kala)
~s s·. 11:rT'D>.' ci:i • • lJi fHJl tti~ ~ II
' " ~"+ht tgffi
(Ca. Ci. 30/298)
1. Bh aktadau-1

A
Early morning on empty stomach
2. Bhaktad au-2 Before food

ED
3. Madhye In between a single meal
4. Pascat-1 After morning food
V
5. Pascat-2 After evening food
6. Muhurmuhu}:l
R
Frequently
7. Samudg a Before and after food
U

8. Bhaktas arhyukt a Along with food

Y

9. Grasa Along with each bolus of the food

A

10. Grasant ara In between two bolus

ii. According to Mahar~i Susruta: (10 au$adh a sevana kala)

A

~ ~ ~ "l'tt~=n'
ni-,__ ~ ~ ~
• • • Tr:rTh
~. ._.TT,ft'l'T,~. ., ,. . < ~
~~s: ....
R

, . . . ..._
.. • . •• .., (;,<,1 ..,

~~ : II (Su. U. 64/ 65)

PA

l. Abhakta Without food

Before food
A

2. Pragbha kta
3. Adhobh akta After food
4. Madhya bhakta In between a meal
In between two meals
5. Antarab hakta
Mixed along with the food
6. Sabhak ta
Before and after food
7. Samu d ga
Again and again
8. Muhu rmuhul:t
Along with each bolus of the food
9. Grasa
In between two bolus
10. Grasan ta ra :..:____ _..L ---- ---- ---- ~
iii. Accord ing to Acarya Vagbh afa: (11 au~adh a sevana kala)
~~~ ~~ ~ ~ - : mrnf .;Jlfti~< ~
~I (A. S.Su 23/12)

Withou t food
l. Ab hakta
Before food
2. Pragbha kta
In between a meal
3. Mad hyabha kta
42 B}wi~a;ya Kalpana Vij11ihia

4. Adhobhakta After food

5. Sabha.Ida Mixed along ·wit the food
6. Antarabhakta In between two meals
7. Samudga Before and after food
8. Muhurmuhur Again and again
9. Sagrasa Alongwi.th each bolus of the food
In between two bolus
10. Grasantara
N.1ght at bed time
11. Nisi kala)
- - s- . dhara·· (5 ausadha
iv. According to Acarya amga if ~omsevana
~ II ~lll4f;t
~~ ~ ~ I fct;f1.i.iffi4~ 4 ·
~: q~~U: q,1(1!11f:t iilEJ~u · c w1._ "' (Sa. Pra. Kha.2/ 2-3)
~~lJlmfqnm~,

A
t. Suryodaya At sun rise time
2. Divasabhojana
3. Sayantara Evening times
ED
During day meals

Repeatedlv
V
4. MuhurmuhuJ:i
5. Nisi At bed time
R

~ Only an intelligent p hysician will make best use of all the above
U

mentioned au$adha sevana kalas to gain better treatment outcome.

Y

Leaving all these, we aJso find <Jq'j:q~ lfiffi (d.o~au~adhi k~la-:·taking

A

ausadha before the natu ra l vitiation of d0$a. Ex: tak.1ng p1tta or va ta-samana
au~adha before noon or evening) and
A

(vyadha u$,adhi k<lla- medidne consumed to prevent

R

olff~~ qiIB
eruption of particular disease condition. Ex: taking au~adha before sunrise
PA

in case of st1ryavarta) mentioned in the classics.

Chronotherapeutics:
A

After many studies and enough evidence this concept of timed dosage
(au~adha sevana kala) is accepted in modem science as 'Chrono-
therapeutics' and is being introduced into main stream medical practice.
This concept has replaced the earlier Homeostasis theory (body remains
constant with time).
Definition:

C~rono~herapeutics may be defined as the synchronization of drug

therapies w1th constantly changing body rhythms.
According. to Chronobiologists, predictable variations in bodily
functions dunng the d ay week month and .i.t.. ~·ty of
disease t ' · ' · vear, a1ters seven
ult:'
. symp oms. results
tht•rao1-es
i
of diagnostic tests and effects of druvs
~ "'"'d other
lM •
 lJa -
Adharabhuta Siddhanta's of Bhaisai
. -, .
v_
f\U 1pana
43
of d.f f
9. SAVIRYATA AV AD HJ (Sh elf life 1 erent kalpana):
~~ ttnnt, •
~,~gqrft_ wm -fflff tt ,,
Q~
'~ 'ff3'Q4 11
, tt ♦ - _ '1." ' ~";r..:t6!1lttl7iir.frq=rrmqIT::'1'1r,,,i.l-ftl II ~
·
~o,~..J .,,..~ ... .,,"
-~

nfl cfi I;i gi ~ ci ffl {lfq <u' 11 ~ 1 tn

-3
r-tgq,cfi, : ~Pfeffqf cfrfHiN~q_ 11 ~
,~. '!ttnt11m~
: "f11d\gm ~ ttm m Tm : 1''lff ,.
1
•.l'ff _

(Sa Pra Khe. 2/5 1-5'3)

Au~adha Kal pana Saviryatav; dhi (shelf life)
AU me dicines in gen eral
Cu n_1a kalp ana
1 yea r --
2 mon ths
Va ti/G uµk a and Ava leha 1 yea r
Gh rta ITaila 16 mon ths
All lag hup aki au~ adh a 1 yea r
Asa var i~ta /Dh atu

A
bha sm a/ Ras aou ~ad his Older the better or infinite

Saviryatavadhi (sh elf life) and dos

Au~adha Kalpana
age of different dosage forms:
Matra
ED
Saviryatavadhi
V
(Dosage form) (Dose) (Potency time period)
R

1. Sw aras a Hal f Pal a (24 ml) for For inst ant use
nira gni sidd ha swa rasa ;
U

1 pal a (48 ml) for sagni-

Y

sidd ha swa rasa ;

-
A

1 kar~a (12 gms ) For inst ant use

2. Kal ka
2 pal a (96 gms ) For inst ant use
3. Kw ath a
A

2 pal a (96 gms ) F01 inst ant use

4.H ima
R

2 pal a (96 gms ) For inst ant use

5. Phaz:1ta
2 mon ths as per classics but can
PA

6. Cun:ia 1 kar~a (12 gms )

be stor ed upt o 6 mon ths
For inst ant use
1 pal a to 2 pala
A

7. Upa kal pan as of

Kw ath a/H ima / (48 t 96 gms )
Phaz:1ta 1 yea r or until it stays dea r
8. Arka 12 to 24 ml
wit hou t turb idit y
S yea rs
2 to 8 ratt i (250 to
9. ~ar a kal pan a/
~a ra sut ra 1000 mgs )
3 to 4 yea rs
10. Satt va Hal f to 1 gm
Infinite
11. Ma si For exte rnal use
Infinite
12. Lav a,:ia 1 to 2 gm s
13. Aya s krti Caraka: Half to 2 ra tti Infinite
(60 to 250 gm s) •
Susruta: 5 gufijii to l ma~a (Als o depend s on dos age fon n)
(625 to 750 gra m)
1 yea r
14. Ras akri ya 1 pa1a (48 ml)
1 yea r
15. PhaDita 1 pal a (48 ml)
 ' I of

Bhai~ajya Kalpan a v;- ,

,___ ]hii11Q
Auoadha l<,1Jp~ a Matri Saviry ativad hi
(Dosage form) (Dose) (Poten cy time period)
16. Sorkara -
Half to 1 p,;ila (24 to 48 m l)
17. Avaleh a -~-
- - -- - -
__ 1 paJa S48g,111,2
- 1 y~
__"I x~ --- --- --,
-------- ---

18. Gui;lap nka -------- -

19. KhaD<;la kulpan ii
1 koqm (12 g ms)
L knr:;,,1 (12 g 111~)
--- 1 year
J year - - - - ------
20. Vcqi/ ½_~Pk.l 1 _k,t r~n (12 _g rn.: _,) ___ __ l._yeor ---- -
21 . Varti (rncd icnl<'d Dl-'pl•nd:4 nn type of varti 1 year - I
-- wicks)
-
~2~~ ':gl~ 11 l U

23. Sneh,1 k.1 lp.1

k,1Ip,1 -
---
I k,1r$,l ( 12 gms)
.I pnlo (18 gms)
1 to 5 years
16 mon ths
- -. I

~-----;
II

!
(Chr ta / T.iiJ,i)
24. !,,1 t.~; s;i,<lsr:1- For extern al use 16 months -. I
I
dhnuti l gh rtJ I
25. Mad yn (AsavJ - 1 pala (48 ml) Infinite

A
I

1i!?ta) / Su kt·,, i

ED
' I

kalpan a
--
I

26. Pathyo kalpan a No dosage specifi ed For instan t use I

Specified with each Depen ds on dosage form and I

V
27. Kriya- kalpa /
Nasya I l3asti formul ation the medici nes used I
R
kalpan a
U

28. Lepa For externa l use 6 month s in powde r form

1 year
Y

29. Siktata ila/ For extern al use

Malah ara
A

30. Upana ha For extern al use 6 month s in powde r form

6 month s to 1 year in coarse I
A

31. Dhupa na dravya For fumiga tion

powde r form
I
R
PA

Comm ent: The above given refere nce is taken from Samgadhara
Samhita, a book of 141hcentury.
Howe ver, with enorm ous advan ce-me nts in the field of packa ging and
A

prese rvatio n techn iques of rapidl y growi ng pharm aceut ical science, it has
becom e possib le for us to consi derab ly prolo ng the poten cy period of many
prepa ration s given above .
10. AU$A DHA MAT RA (Dosage):
Classics of Ayurv eda specif y the general dosage for the differ ent dosage
forms .
. .It also emph asizes the fact that the precis eprac tical dosag e has
t~ be
decide d only after lookin g into the factor s like agni (diges tion capacity),
bala (s_tren gth of both the perso n and the disen se), vaya (age), prakrt
i (d~~a
prnkrti) and do1?a (vata, pitta, ka pha) of the p erson along with the kala
~- (.Janga
(seaso n) and d esa -
- up.:i,
- · Ia, an sadharai~a);

d
 .
Adharabhuta Siddhan ta's oif Bhazsajy·a Kai · pana
45
ft.itfrt.:rfkltc.f i.il:iiilff: cli ite ,q~ ~ .
""' ~' ~ I I ~ -- '" "-f ~ . .
~-·. q~"""#r .

wh tmrt ~< '-Q ~ ,

w

He furthe r exp lai ns 1 do Mge hos to be t . (Sa. Pra . Kha .J /37. 3~)
the 1-·w rso n be lon gin g to ,:,r ,Y t ~e s nctJy recons·1d
,. rse nl era (Kali ere d for
Yuga) .
He says that the pe rso n o. ( kali.yu,10 ·11 .
. ) J . n< W t have mand ·
cJpac1l y, 1e wi ll be hra sva ( 1)or t built) and Will h:gruh(poor digestion
vitali ty) , so the ap pro pri ate d Osag s b uve in tt
eh kee p! . asa_ va Oow
as to e decided
abo \'t' factors .of the pe rso n . ng ,n mind all the
·. . .
trnT q.,e 1144 ' ~ tt~+:i ft(f -:m: ~ II .
_
~ lJT3fT °RfflltJT v)~ iiffiUfrft I
(Sa . Pra . Kha . I/38-39)
11 . ANUPAN A (A djuvant):
An up an.a is f usu all y an adJuv · an t or the flu id 1..: 1
. . vernc e for interna l

A
a d nu111 str ah on o me dic am ent s.

ED
. .
The me an ing for bo th the termin 1o~:Ies ad1uvant and fluid vehicle from
good me dic al dic tio na rie s goes
as be~
. .
rd [L. ad- ·uvans-t o iv e, aid
V
Ad juv an t is the Latin wo giv e 'd ,. J . g to] wh ich has the
tha t wh ich be def ined as a
meaning as, at .o or assists . It may
R
ct for mu · of
lation wh'1ch affects the action
to a dru g pro du
U

substance . . ad de d . .
t}1e acl1ve ing red ien t m a predictable way.
Y

veh icu lum -a conveyance or to carry}

. Vehicle is also th~ Latin wo rd [L.
A

ich is meant to carry the main dru

g.
ha s the m e~ g as, tha t wh
whi~h a menstruum or a substance
ipi ent s,
A

Vehicle ma y be de fm ed as the exc

rap eu tic act ion , use d as a medium for the administration
R

usu ally wi tho ut the

of medicines.
PA

tially true when the meaning is

The above definitions ma y be par
of ou r classics.
correlated with the wo rd an up an a
A

the concept of anupana. They claim

Many of ou r bo ok s emphasize on
an a is no t a me re flu id veh icle bu t also a medicine on its own,
that an up
ow n to ass ist an d ha ste n the ma in drug action along with which
which is kn
it is given.
An upana de fin itio ns: (Sa bda kal pnd rum a)

• ~ ti~~ lfff ~jQl-1'( II (Ca . Su . 27 /31 9; Cakrapa.i:tiTika)

• ~ Tifflq_ cTT 3fj mcf> ,fl7;ra' ffff 3tj
QH i( I
(S u. S(i. 46/ 419; Qalha.i:ta µ ka)
•~ -3f j tffflq_ ,fl7;ra' ~ 3tjQ Hi ( I (Sa . Ma . Kha. 8/4 ; AQ hamalla'ftka}
• ~~ QH '( ltff 3Tj t f ~ tff.f1l 'ffif_
I
(Dravyagm~a 1st part)
• ~ ~ t f ~ ~ ~ 3f.jQH
f{ 11

def ini tio ns of m

- ent ion ed abo v~ say that; anupana is the drink
AU the
sum pti on of me dic ine or food. The word sahapana is also
taken after con
medicine .
used to the drink taken along with
 46 Bhait}tJJya KaJpanii Vijni:lftr,

The term 'anu' means 'after' or 'alongside'; and the term 'sakam' r~arv:
'added with'.
Anupana- functions:
~ itff ~ HcftfrlW(l qj4$'( I Wi' ~ 'i{lfS l1'-il Y,tf ~ ~ "-f II
(Ca. Su. 27 n21.• I
Anupana does tarpar:ia of the bo dy an d rea dl'Iy · helps in ahara paean·d . 1l
provides strength and provides good lifespan. •
:.\T.ffl'l':t cf Rt ft 4fi!I a,;,f4fi!I 1Blffrt truffa:iq(i:ff.taauH , 11"£'4'"-''W:tJf;f

I
_,--!,. • 0 4 , \I 01 , , . ,_ ........,,,....,.fimmrrr.:rTT' ff'=nm~ ,
_.Qr

~~~fid ~ , qr4att,41GllRt, ~Gl.fRI, ;;1<4Pcf, f!©4nu11ft.fr1ii:tWtWatf4,rr 'f-1

~l~Ht4l4-it.:t4dlRt t (Ca. Su.'1:71121,
Judiciously consumed 'anupana' provides; ~~pal)a (~ptikarana/

A
satisfaction), pru:iana (pleasing/ gratification), UrJa (sakti/ strength J,

ED
brmhru.:,a (improves the body mass), paryaptim.abhi nivartayati (hn ,-
paryapta means adequate and abinivartana means turn ~ack toward~; L'-:
V
the action of the medicinal drug will be properly channehzed);
Bhuktamavasadayati (helps in digestion of food), annasangh.at:am
R

bhinatti (breaks or disintegrates the harder parts of food J,

U

mardavamapad ayati (provides softness to the consumed food), kledayati

Y

(provides moistness to the consumed food);

A

Jarayati (jin:iayati or digests the food), sukhaparii:i-am itam (provides a

A

healthy feeling by proper digestion of food), asuvyavayitam (vyavaya word

here is meant as entering, pervading or diffusing; here the anupana helps in
R

proper assimilation of the digestion food) and aharasyopajanayati

PA

(upajanayati here is generation; here anupana is also helpful in generation of

bodily strength after proper digestion and assimilation of the food) .
A

Anupana- significance:
• Anupana is not merely a vehicle for the medicines consumed but also a
very important factor which helps in absorption and assimilaHon of the
same.
• It is also known to assist and hasten the drug action to obtain better drug
efficacy.
• It is known to counteract the ti~.i:i-ata/ugra ta, kasayata/tiktata or any
other ~ndesirable property of the drugs with which it is given.
~x: Milk along with bhallataka / SUD-thi; sugar or honey with any of the
t1kta ka~aya etc.
• The simile g iven by Acarya Sarngadhara says that, as the drop of oil pot
on ..stable water spread · kl· · the • • 1 • f"r
- · heps
,_ , . s gwc · y, m s1mJlar way anupana
tiu1c k Jbsorption and assimilation of m.edid ne.
 ,
Adl11imNw l,1 Siddhfl t1Jt1 \ of hlmi~(f,.II/fl u _
Ph,,,}
"-tl 1
47
um 't\# ~~ ~ ~ 'Wndfl\' 1 ~,rn'nrMfH ~ .
-.. , '' ''ff Wffl ~ ~ I I

.(\ lh'tlw t 1dc1 e1\l ~'.

t:~~ M,1 Kh,1 fi/1lJ

nm ~win iir-t ~~ vmffh , mn ,~~ , 1fllt.mr~-"

(V l' Pr,1 rrt-iv kh J
- ~ ilru ·• H½J
\nt1p,,11i1 ~l,Ant fl t ,mu·· (/\not h('t rcfcrcnq,:)
fttl«TI ~lf flll ~tf ~: I 'fl:IMl«fl'U'1f4&iii':{Qi4Jt?1'• ~ II
. . (V P Pr.t. frfi'v,1 ~h11n{h f¥2)
II i ty wot'C'r Is hot consum d f I . . -
II ,l ~m,1 t' r quant of e req1,t nt y durmg
1 ,1 me.1(
•
'
tht~f 1'l1._)~1 1,1M'n \\' 111 not remain moist. Jnste;id, if becomes d t1n:d d~ not
1 1

undcrgl) p rl,pl'f digestion. ' ry

body, Herr welter pb~ ys. th e ro IP of

A
rh1~ mav . man y ail ments in the
. ~, C.luse or
.rn11 pan.1 . r 1ercfotl', anup5nn is required for proper di~cst 1011 of the food
tht> mcdici nl".
~ -
l1a anup ana:
ED
V
Sre~~
~ rll Q!Jfi'Hl I (Su, 5(1. 46/ ~34)
R
ff6QIQ jQHt 4i
n,._, rainwater is the best anupana as per many d ass_ica l references.
U

Howe-\'er, the rainwater should be colJected before it falls to earth and used
Y

so<.m aft()r collection .

A

Anup ana- indications:

A

Anup 5na is advis ed keeping in mind the disease, disease condi hon,
medicine gi\'en and the strength of the person who consumes rt. In general
R

the> are decid ed on do~a predominance.

PA

(Ca. Su. 27 / 322-32-.)

Anupana
A

_ __;__vise~a
Do~a _ _;,___ _ _ _-t-::-:--- -:7"' -
• \ ,i t.ij.1 rnga (disNses ol vata do~a) Sni[.dha a.nu u~na anup.in.1
t P1 t~-ja_r_ohc_.)a (dise-a1>-t':'_S_o_f p _$,-J
_ i-tta_d_O Madhur~ d SitJ ld JOU ['<1Il,l
i:.11-~h,1j.1 rnga (JiseJ ses oflapha do~,1) Ru~a and tt~t;\tl ,mupJ n.1
1Jh,1tu h av.1
MJri1sar,1sa ,11rnpana, l?tt'd
(he( .lW,e' o'r ra~ting, long walk&,
prolongi>J talk:;, more sex, tired
1-'l'(,lU~ l· ul strong \,v inJ and sun)
SIII,1 (111ch Iy,I VISl!:;a.l)
Krs,1, v,1 kt1 (lc•,11! .1nJ ~kinny J'l'r-,u11 )
j -- - • ---- Madhu ,t11d j,11,1 (hooey ~u1d w,1ter)
: ·~thul,1 ,·ycJkl1 (olw~,• JWf!', on)
Mady,1 (,1k ohol )
~ 1\g'. 1~1~ ,1nd v~ (lo_,.,, d1gt·s th>n f ,1padt y)
M,1dy,1 l1r 111,tm'i,1 whu:~ever suits
L_A~d r,1, t.ind r.i, i>11kc1 ,md 1..lanM _
Anupana- contr aindi cation s:
l ';mftr a,:@T: I
~¾AH ,atfat :c.1 -;r ftffJ Jl<f1f4<fii~4: I '::f ~ 4 Q ..1t,lfhfi
~~6~ (fi ~ ~ <fiOdl<flf ~ I qt1i:11~HG1 ~ ~~~I
(Ca. Su.27 /326)
 48 Bhai~ajya Kal pan ii ViJ· ~,
11(117 /l

Mahar$i Caraka has contraindicated _nnu

(dis eas es of hea d and nec k), hik
pon aii-: Urd hvajatrugata roga
ka (hic cup ), swo sa (dyspn o-e a),
• k~8 u
(cough ), m case of prolong<'u 1--tngn g, spe ech and stu dy.
J , · • -,

An d in pc-rson w ho sul ft'rs from

~ra bk~ata (hydro thor_ax, Pneu-
mo thora x, pvo tl 1orAx 1..,i-1..~) the wn' tl'r inta ke JS con tra ind_k " ted a s 1t may d
up the Jha~.1j any a sni gdl u1 ta of -thr b
oat (gr eas iness eca use o f the foor1
• _ .
ry
consumed) and dti ,1tc the dt)1;iAS.
Amtp.ina "' ben efits:
. .
't ~~~~ ~ I n1f,Ji-
J tli(l4€f;< ~l-tcR-11-t~< l:T{l{_ 11
(V. P. Pra. Trti ya kha nda o ,
Sui tJb le <1nupana taken in app rop ria - . ' >'I )
te qua nti ty alo ng wit h compatible
f<.-xxis or medic ine wil l be; ruc ika rak
a (ap pet ize r), bpnha.t:1a (nourishing),
,n;y.1 (aphrodisiac), do~ ghn a (mitigates the

A
vit iate d _do~_as), vat a-v iba ndh a
bhe dak a (relieves con stip atio n),
trp tik ara ka (sa tisf yin g), mr duk ara ka
(s 0 \_'"'thing) and srama -kl am aha ra
~ ~ . ,,~4 (relieves tire
ED
dne ss and fatigue).
fQQlffli:U~.:i cm{_ I <ffi=4ufcti<-:>~lfq ~1,Qi4
ffa:li4H 11
V
(V. P. Pra'. Trfiya kha.r:tQa 85)
R

Suitable anu pan a tak en in app rop ria

te qua nti ty alo ng wit h compatible
foods or medicine will be; agn i-d ipa ka
U

(ap pet ize r), do~ a-s am aka (mitigates

the vitiated do ~s) and pip asa -ch eda ka
Y

(re liev es thir st).

The reg ula r use of sui tab le anu pan a wil
A

l be nou ris hin g (ra sak ara ) and

imparts goo d com plexio n (van:takara)
to the bod y.
~ ctiUftid ~ oQ, fc4 ~ts• 1'l I ~
A

*•a fc1 feR.t fu ::it 1<011 f4 ~ 11

R

(V. P. Pra . Trfiya khaJ'.lQ.a 86)

PA

Suitable anu pan a tak en in app rop ria te

qua nti ty alo ng wi th compatible
f~ s or medicine wil l be; bal aka rak a
(str eng the nin g) and trp tik ara ka (satis-
fymgJ.
A

(en:~q~~ckl~ spreads a~l through the body (vyapta) and fortifies body parts
- .. han gata). It effectively bre aks, mo iste
ns, and dig est s the har d food.
Anupana- selection:
~ ~ m ftrfl' ~<!!fi~H-t'( I ~S ~Q l.:i ~ ~-
qj~ ~fi lfq : 11
sn· dh d (V. P. Pra. Trt:iya khaI.l9" 87)
sita1 ig a- an . usn · · a anu p - · - · d ·
- ana m vataJa 1se ase con dit ion s·
a anu pan a
diseases· m - • m pit ta·a d' - , ,. - ma dhu ra and
, . .
, am sar asa and d isea seS, ruk ~a and u sna anu pan a m
J
advised as adj uva nt. dh - . ·· kap haJ a
ug a anu pan a 1n k~aya rog a; are to be chosen /
Usn -- daka
. . a- sito anupana:
-a-oone,cfii,j4H~:r ~g1.:mr~ ~ ~ ~
iW I ~o ~fr lct ifi~ l1_ o3I' ~ ~~ftaH
'{_ 11
(V. P. Pra. Trtiya khai:i4a SB)
Adharabhuta Siddhanta 's of Bha-isa· K
• 1Ya alpana
49
Afte r con sum ptio n of sneha (medl catcd oil
. b fic1,al . However, after con - . or ghec), Warm water
adju van t JS ene
cold water sho uld be ad vised as adju vat1t.
sumptlott of bhallataka sneha,
_
~ As 'bhalliita ka: is ll~t,la and tik~,:,a drav 8,' the wic of Wt!rm wa ter tl <J
ad1u vant ,~1Ay c~use burn ing seusa tloh' in thit ody, so using cold wate-r In
such conrhtlo ns 1s a better option.
Another opinion:
~ ~nttqc1 ~ ~ , ~("fgSJt ~ ~ ?{ti~ ~-~ _
~c+11aa~ct~ I 'ffl~_~....,q-:,iNl~ ~
" _'J'f I ,:"1 ~
'lf')T! ~ Wl\W I q l!H i, ?;fl II qa 89)
(V.P. Pra. Trtiya khan -

After cons ump tion of ... Adjuvan. f

-
edinet
Sneh a prep ared with 'bhaJJataka' as an ingr Cold water
edin et
Sneh a prep ared with 'tuv arak a ' as an ingr Cold water

A
Afte r gl,rtapa na Warm water

ED
Afte r taila pan a Yu~a
Afte r vasa and majja pan a Ma.r:,<;fa
Afte r cons ump tion of any sneh a kalp ana in
gene ral Warm water
V
Ano the r opi nio n:
R

~ftft1 Wlffi lfltfi:44~.PitfCfiHl~Ul-411<1Qlf1H

fl41'( 1 lff4 1j4 H~ ~a~tf ~ ~ ~
U

(V. P. Pra. Trfiya khai:ic;ia 90)

lIDif?IT ~ II
Y

ya, yii$a, phalarasa (fruit

Col d water, war m water, asavari$ta, mad
A

, meat soup (marhsarasaJ etc

juic es), dha nya mla (kaiiji, tu$odaka etc), milk
ditions in appropriate dosage.
adju van t are adv ised in suitable disease con
A
R

Another opinion:
f.flj41..f Ui-411<1 ~ ~ t i
~ qi~H«I crrsftr ~llfH tlm~ ciil~ 41'( I 4iffrcft4i
PA

(V. P. Pra. Trtiy a khai:i<;fa 91)

Suitable adiuvants are ..

A

For those who cons ume ...

Sali (coo ked rice) and rnud ga on Yu~a and rnarilsarasa
regu lar basi s
Dhanyarnla and dadh ima sn1
Maritsa and mar ilsar asa on regu lar basis

Another opinion:
~ ~~4 ri'( l'l 4a)s«)•,1fi'qj
~ , 1c4q1-lf-5il lfQT ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~tl•U-W
~ m' 'ff l 4cfJlR 1 ,,c4q.:QS1 ~ ffftc!tiR ~
11
(V. P, Pm. Trtiya khal'.'Qa 92/- 93)
Adjuvant
Dra vya/Rog a Milk of buffa lo, cow and goa t
Afte r cons ump tion of 'loha bhas ma'
Buffa lo's milk
In 'Bhasma ka roga '
Koth a roga, kaph aja roga , swasa, Goa t's milk
kasa , nava jwar a Cow 's milk boile d with equa l quan tity
In all othe r dise ases in gene ral of wate r tmtil only milk part rem ains
 50

Anupana mitra:
~ vtrtffifil ctTTt1t ?~ltf'ltlf ~ I
~ ilHl.#.:.9 AW>1•f1 : n
rn... 'fht> 1CJU3.ntity ol
1 in p;rnrtaf
ttcijtr\r~ rtf

.
1'..1rlv1~~.-l t p ,ll,, ( 4A ml)
\ ,1 !.11,1 l\11~,1
,_
E•« :till "~'.: ..

Another Clrinion:
g;;',~v4a1 romrm.11 ~ ~~m_M t Rg11t-1t : ~ fcHN'f:impJ<--qt'ftf : ~cf~";:1f&qiftm: , ~
~ lt»ii~ cn:.it~~ "~"c,:
II (V. P. Pta. Trtiya khal_\Qa 95)
ln those V'·ho have very good appetite (dip tagni), good body built-u

A
(mahakaya ). who consume sneh a (ghee and oil) on regu lar basis, ve:
ED
strong ,ind ivid uals and in those w ho s uffer with visarpa, unmada, au lrn,
and saq.-'\a-\·isa; the dosage of anupana is increased and given in the 0 ._,1~;
of S pala (~4 ml ).
l
V
Anupin a as per patanja.li:
R

~ :roai1~f.=i 1uu~1g Qrl;;JtR=f: 1~1Q14 o<ihficQ H)61~ EIRe!Jol 11 ~ ~ ~

U

q?J:
8m' ~ ~~I~ ti$ftQ~ ~ ~~ ~OIQfqci,: II
Y

(V. P. .Pra. Trtiya khax:tc,ia 96-'f"'

A

As per the opinion of Acarya Patanjali, cow's milk will be the best
A

adju,·ant- after consump tion of loha bhasma.

R

During administration of Ioha bhasma, one should consume 60 times (ot

PA

th.at of n1edicinal q u antity) of cow's milk as adjuvant.

if the quantity of mi lk needs to be increased, the extra half part (30 parb1
of the milk may also be advised along with food (as a part of diet) for intake.
A

In case the person h as Jow digestion capacity (mandagni), then the milk
is judiciou!:>1y used in 'sarhsamana cikitsa'.
Suitable adjuvaat:
~ f p t 1.flft ~ t ~ ~ &ft't~ fq'f11q4sRf ,rll ~
JqffiJ-c,ntin :8/ffftft.:n~ 1 ~ ~ ~ td';JI,·r '( 11
~ d 9$r9\J1
(V . P. Prc1 . Trtiy.1 khan. . a
Dravya/Roga Suht:lble adjuvant.
After consumption of 'y~~ 'goJl~ niil ' - - -
Cold water
Afte~ c~n_sumption of dadhi , maD<Jn and m-ndh u;
an~- m v~ado$a' and 'pittaja roga ' Warm water
In urdhwaJ·atrugata
- roga,, swasa,
, - • - -- -- - -
kasa urahksata
and pmasa · after · · I ' · · ·
bhr ' Smgmg, ong speeches; in case of
ama and swarabheda
Cold water
 51

\1\t,th1•1• .,,,h,hltll
~f iq1ti't M1Hl fl 1Ntlffl ~ ~J uf~ I '"'" "' dlff 1f . . ~ t l'n: It
(V. P. fltd . irtlya khnr,q~1 \00)
tfo1\•' ~ultnhlt itdJuvant
11 , , 1,,..1, ,,t "" ,\~"• '"'"•'· In 'lmlhw,,111 ( old wrttPr
,
11 ,,i,,1 ,, "'ll•' '· ·1i, 1wnum11 11ufforh,K with
,t , h\-. ~1,t11 ht ll,,10, und ~wl\rn hhrdu
11
•••

A
ED
V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 4
Bhe,aj agara/Rasasila
(The D ru g Ma n ufactu rin g
U ni t)
A\1':~ dh a 11.irmai~a kend ra
or p ha rm ac y is alw ay s ex
hy gie ni c an d wo rk ab le pl pected to h ~
ace wi th all facilitie s.
\Ve pu t u p m an y ru le s an e '1 1 111 tr,
1

d re gulations for its estab

um br ell a .of Go od M an uf . lis hment Li d
ac tu rm g Pr.ac tic

A
• .
e (GM-P) no w-a-day s. n i>r th,.
In th e sim ila r way ou r an
m in utest pa rts of th e bhe~
ajagara/ rasasala.
Th ey co nc en tra te d no t on ly
ED
cie nt acaryas we re m uc h
conc erned c1bn
lit
V
on th e co ns tru cti on of the
un it bu t als o on th e se lec manu fa ctunn
tio n of pl ac e for co ns tru cti
R
11
ar ra ng em en ts, ap po in tm on , interior plans c1nct
en t of sk ill ed at te nd an ts
for different sections ot
U

ph ar m ac y etc.
J
-
Y

This chap ter de al s in br ief

ab ou t few of th e classical
es tab lis hm en t of m an uf ac references about the
A

tu rin g un it.
l. Se lec ted ar ea /in te rio rs of
A

Bhe~ajagara/Rasasala:
fa iw1)Q a ..pJ~ $i 1ti' (qofh:d ~1
R

cfiq..ft4,1c11 ~
1ft;;:n14ff~Hl 'l u f4r&t-1,tHJq1 ~ -
fqfo:sai H-4fff4Stqd~Hl~<1i'( I fctg
PA

HU'f.t Ri ~ ?Oi.1 ..11( {,,ttft~fr,~I U.:tlf:J.ir1i

H
(R. T. t / 13- l4)
M.uc h em ph as is is lai d ov
A

er th e se lec tio n of pl ac e for

bhe?aja ga ra / rasa sala by the construction ot
di ffe re nt cla ss ica l bo ok s.
be ; The pl ac e selected shoulJ
l . G ea n, hy gienic an d pl ain
area.
2. It should loo k be au tiful
with ad eq ua te wa te r res ou
ve ge tat io n ar ou nd . rces ?Uld lot ot
3. 111.e unit build in g Bhould
lo ok go od wi th sufficient
4. The build in g ar ea sh ou ld ve nt ila tion.
be situa ted aw ay from tre sp
5- All the as sers. .
dr ug s are to be tid ily ar ra
6- Th ng ed in sp ec ifi c or de r wi th ne at labeltng
e un it sh ou ld ha ve the pi ctu .
7 Th res of Lo rd Siva on th e w alls.
· e uni·t sh ou Jd co m pn . ·sc ·
ad eq ua te m ach in erie s old
the pr oc es s of pr ep ar at io n. and mo d ern to ease
Bhe~ajiigarn/Rasa~ala
53
II. The plan of Bhe,a,•agara/R asa~~-i-
a a:
~ ~IQ~~ "1"011( I ~~ij; i:ffbr ~
~ ~IS&;iif!vr ~. ~~4 I~ ffi'l_ 1~
~IHilJT: ~n
. ., . lffQ} 1'14Ui1$f
~ ~lllllV J "''14'lrtk • ~tn.,;a:m,n
~
•
-i;<:H{4 t 'Ultih!l~1cfi)o,~ 1qcirlfl4tJe- ·' ~ , -nr n
f lifit0 4f ".Jili~It

fft R. S.7 / l-5)

The plan show ing di fferent direc t'1o ns nnd th e p.1rttcut.u work lo be
carri ed o u t; (.

L ---
(VOyavya)
North West
(Uttara)
North
UYnp)
Nort.h Last
I N'>,lll'
(drying of drug
Ved.h ana karma
(conv ersion of lower
For storing row mata uts
and finis.ht>d prodU ds
materia l) metals into higher metals)

A
w (PASCIM A) (PUR.VA) [
E K~;,ilana karma
s (washing / soaking)
Bhe~ajagara /
Rasa saJa ED Ra.sabhairava A
(Lord Siva)
1
s
V
T
I
Pa~fu:la karma Agn i-sam sh..~
R

Sastra karm a
(cutting, slicing etc) (pounding, grinding etc) (boiling, frying,. etc)
U

SOUTH SOUTHEA ST
Y

SOUTHWEST
(DAKSINA) (AQ.'-..T fA)
(NAIRUTYA)
A

abha irava ' should be

1. In the 'east ern bloc k' of the man uf~c turin g unit 'Ras
A

placed;
R

in sout h-ea st(ag neya)

2. Agni-samskarai:ia proc edur es are to be carri ed out
PA

block of the unit;

3. Pa ~a.i:ta karm a (pou ndin g, grin ding etc) is carri
ed out in sout hern (yamy·a
A

or dak$iDa) block:
in sout h west (n~ -a)
4. Sastra karm a (cutt ing, slicing etc) has to be done
block;
to west (Yan tl).:i or
5. K$alana karm a (was hing , soak ing etc) are restricted
pascima) block;
avya ) block;
6. So$atJa (dry ing) has to be done in nort h-west (vay
block;
7. Vedhana karm a is perf orm ed in nort hern (utta ra)
nort heus tem blocks
8. For stori ng raw mate rials and finish ed prod ucts,
(aisa nya) are to be used ;
r plan for suirob le
Com ment: Auth or here tries to put forw ard fl bette
setup of the man ufac turin g unit.
and they go hand in
With time, our idea s of conv enie nce do chan ge
hand with the adva ncem ents of that particula r era.
 54

t\k \l'\'\.W\.·\ \' {l \~ ~'t'\.hJp \)( \\\,\\ '\\\h \\'\\\\'\\\),\ U\\U~ \ ~\~\
\.\ \\\\ \ \\i\ \\s\\ \\ \ \1\\ Ii \ •
cW" Habmty- ,,f r t.:\\.'t' frw th•" \\ h,\h\ ~\"h\\', ,\\\\\
\\\\\ ' \\I W\\\ ~ \ \ H H1•,1 \\\\\ ''111:
day , u~c- <)f ,,hh'hh,~'""'" h\ Hw ''"' ' ' ' ''"'' 1
"' '"'" ' " 1\\ ,1\\1,\'I'"' \}\\·
N\)\ \ ..l \.t.,~~ \ ;~H' ~\. ~'"" ' M ,\\\\ t\,\\ ',\\\H
\~k l'L \\ th'\' ) " .h\~~ II l\ \\.\l\d ,111'1\
to bn it,i nh\n Ht,,, 'hn'\1\~ um\~,,-.. .p,'\ \\~~h
G~U ').
h l , h ' ' \\\'It \ ,,,t,,,
l\w \ IM\ ' h'\ l ,, ,
r\ t'nhMH\' ii i~ ,,n "'"\n\''-'''
l\\ , ,, \\ \~\ \ I\ \\ ,h,~
ih.~ \h \\ \ 1\\11\llh , 11 ,,1
sMt hfa. rd in tl,(" pt\ ~h \\'t~ m.mHKh.' \\\\\'\.\\
Hl. Pa ri ~l t'd 'k.t ( Att'C-t\d 3 l\t \t
metf41. ~ ~l ~~1 ~ \l~ 1~~11 H
1. nw .-l.~ i~("\\'ll~ ,n H,l,
hnz knk f'X'1tnt (., f vk w,
l\\,\H \.H~,\'h \,·h ~ \.\\\\\~ ~ht\\l\d h~
\',N \I \ tl , 1111 lh,·
\H H 1, ' I I

: . He ~h\., uk1 be b1-a,~~nt) \~h h., \\\\.'\')' x,u\

tht\ ~i\' tn W\\\'~ t1tt'k iPnth

A
3. H~ 1~ t''fx"\.':t\.'<i t\) l~ phy~i<-a \ly ~h'\
\\\~ t,.\ ~,,\..hJ\¥ tht' h~1,-,, " \Wk h'.1d 1-1
tlw uni t
rv. Drug keep~r.
ED
V
at1{1 ~u4p4~1 : ~ a~t j41f~~~.f~ \ ~r
~1~tt"~~~n~~ 1ffll ~ ,~ 11
R

\1' \{ }1 •
U

i',\
1. Per sons w ith adequate €XP\-'l'le\\\_-c h.) k.t.Vt \W th\? namt,~ ,,t tlw
,·ow 1.h ,,y.,.
Y

and furn ishe d products al"e to ~ app\)h\

l~ \ \\w th,$ W\ Wk ,
2. Ap pointe d per son sho uld ~ d\M .t\ ic\1\d
A

good \\t\l tt\'t\ tl-

3. He sho uld hav e goo d genct·al k11owk
, ~~-
A

4. He is sup pos ed to kt\o w 11,any lan gue

~t.'$ fot• b~tl'ut' lnl~,~~Hon w\t ll \lw
R

cus tom ers . Such a per son sui ts w-ell fol'

\_\n,~ "'t.' C~ \' lt,b,
PA

V. Pakakannaghna:
~:sft"1i ~frQqfi:fQHll4 t~c 6t~ i ~I ~ rt~ m ~l"lt ~ ~
A

- ~l ll
t~. \x, ~~ .if')
l. The assista nt of paka-& ila sho uld
be Ht-s t and t, n~m ,'St lw~i,'\\\\' ,11hl
sho uld und ers tan d the essenHality of hyg
knt' ul p~kt\~uh\,
2. He sho uld be a trut h spe aki ng p~rson
.
3. He sho uld be the per son who believes h,
lht' c>..l~~n ~~uf l,,)d ,
4. He sho uld hav e fu ll control ove r hi$
m ind ,
5. He is also expect ed not to hav e any d
t)ub t~ t~~ Mxi in ~ th~ t\\l\ t1Uh\\'lt1 t'il\~
wo rk assign
·
ed to hin ,. In other wo rds h~ ~h\m ~-
and a quick lern er. ld l'\'' l;'\p \~t·t h\ tt"-' ",.' wk

VI. Storage of raw ma terials:

The d rug sto rag e tech niq ues ate to ht~
fr,ll'-1\\'('tl with Uht \\\"l """''' M'\1
 Bhe~ajiigiira/Rasasiila

55
intelligence as the poten cy of the raw d
stored drug goes into a prepa ration . rugs has to be retained until the
For thfa our classics also have emphasized the fact f
.al 0 proper storage of
drug mate n san d the store house.
As per Susru ta the meth ods of drug storage are said as b I .
.
tM1 rt li~ 'O s 4iHcfi~ l(fa .:a~ ~ I VlH+tiqf ~ ~ 4 . e ow,
'Q ""' "11iq.Jiff11<f'tltJ..tff 11

The ra w drugs requi red for the preparation of medicine 8 (Su . Su. 36/17)
in cloth, mud pots, drugs hanged in cloth s/ b are to be stored
desig ned hanga rs to the roof of the store house 0 e
;:J
a.gs ?r. specially
nat 18 (san.ku ) fixed
· th ewalls.
m
East or north direction of the storehouse is preferre d for stonng .
the

A
drugs .

ED
flg}i't:41 f,Hj~q ~Ojq~ l-if4t¾ i-4Hii~ ~ Yi!!G'!il~~ {;fqfrf',lqj ~cfj~~I~ AH.ig&
(lq~f{-

~R-tcfiifqtji, 3lfr.r-fiR-f&11 4~G-~-'{,ifl'-'3_tlcfi~gtllGiq4fli, 1q.fh,4 1PJ fqchUstlf!f

V
~1t:.P)1:q1fi'1't-4 ~IQ4 t( I (Ca. Ka. 1/11)
R

y
The drugs collected are to be stored in suitable containers, neatel
U

arranged in a store house facing east or north with regulated air entry.
Y

The house shoul d be fumigated (pu~pa, upahara, balikarma) fre-

A

quently. The drugs inside shoul d remain unaffected by fire, water,

other
upasweda (temp eratu re from earth), smoke, dust, rats, rodents and
A

waUs
animals. In such a place the drugs are to be neatly tied and hung to the
R

and roof.
PA

qqqtlff4Httfl~: ~ I m6ft1Rtl %~ II
(Su. Su. 38/81)
A

The collected drugs are to be stored in a place which will be unaffected

The
by external atmo spher ic conditions like smoke, rain, wind, moisture etc.
place shoul d be conve nient durin g all seasons.
Plan of mode m pharm acies : .
The plans of each pharm acy solely depends on the place ava1~able fol
an
the construction of build ing and the scale of production (small, medium
large scale produ ction ). •
. 1 n 1·ncludes all the essential sections to be considered
Th e be low g1ven pa . d.
1
before prepa ring the plan for the pharmacy bm mg.
d h
Ideal plan for const ructio n of pharmacy: an t e
. f tur;...,g unit will have all the compartme nts
A med 10cre manu ac u •

biueprint ment ioned below;

 56
Bhai~ajya Kalpana v 1·.--
1n.ana
Ra w dr ug receiving
Wash ing an d Dryin g of
an d storage soa kin g section W ash an.d chan
ra w dr ugs ge
Filling
an d
Research an d
De velop me nt
Confe ren ce Pc rm en tat ion
roo m for workers
Po un din g and
I
bo ttl ing
hall sec tio n
(R & D ) pulverization I
section sec tion \
I

Pa ckag ing nnd La beliti.g

PA SS AG EW AY
Sta tue of
Lord Siv a
-- .
I
I
''
Sto rage of the
finished pr od uc ts Manufacturing unit I
\
i
I

ENTRANCE
Di sp en sin g se cti on --<

Administrative block
I
an d Office '
An ci en t an d m od er n eq

A
ui pm en t and machinery used in pharm
acies:

ED
Au~adha yo ga
An cie nt Modern equipments/
eq ui pm en ts machinary I
1. H ea t so ur ce I
V
Cu lli ka (w oo d fire) Ga s sto ve
An ga ra ko~thl II
R
Electric he ate rs
I
Ho t pla tes I
U

St ea m etc
2. Sw ar as a/
Y

Kh alv a ya ntr a Juice expeller

pu tap ak a sw ar as a Cl oth
A

W et gr ind er I

An ga ra ko~thl
3. Ka lka \
A

Kh alv a ya nt ra Mixer 7

Gr ind er I
R

I
4. Kw ath a Cu lli ka (w oo d fire) Ga s sto ve
PA

M ud po t Ho t pla tes
Cl ot h Electric bo ile rs
I
A

St ea m jacket boilers
5. Hi ma / phfu::\ta M rtp atr a & sa rav a Sta inl ess steel vessel wi th
lid
M an ua l ma ce rat ion Si mp le/ mu lti ple macerat
ion
Pe rco lat ion
6. Cu rn a/ siz e
.

Ul uk ha la ya nt ra Pu lva ris or
re du cti on Kh alv a ya nt ra Pa ste l & mo rta r
Cl ot h Ball mi ll
Ha mm er mill
Ed ge & en d ru nn er mill
Di sin teg rat or
Bo hr stone mill
Ha nd mi ll

7. M ix in g of po wd er s :tv1annual
Co llo id mi ll
M ec ha nic al mi xin g ull
Of f set , an gle d, pu sh P
'
-----
turbine or
II ____.. ba ffled mi xing. Ble nd er
 Bhe~ajagiira/Rasasiila

Au~adha yoga Ancient 57

1~---
8. Size scp.1rntion
_ _ e_:__
qui Pments
Mannu a( -
Modern-., ,
mac:hi qo1pm ..nta/
nary
'>l,•vi
C' n~/ i,hiftl.n¥.
9.-V;-t; tr,1g:11.1na / Cloth (thin) Siyrlonp v• par,1t,,r
' <s
~i1..•vin~ ev('s of vari<id
- (from 10 t11 1?0) nurnt-u,, r,mr11
tn. 111anth,1 Manua
- - l churn! nsr Mechan kal churn(l"r
.
11 . Ark ,1 Tiryak. patana
- ~ - -yantra
' - .
Sitnple
F d',~t·11
, :itkm
Sractiona l cf'1&t1llati<m
•

~ ~ --t ~~:- ::--=;- -:-- J ~ team distillation

12. So~Jna / dr-y·ing Drymg
· in shade or Vaccum - distilJ.at
- · etc
Jon
under hot sun Hot air oven -
Drum dryers
Tray or shelf dryer~

A
Rotatory dryers

ED
Vacuum dryers
Freeze dr ers etc
13. Avaleh a/rasak riya/ Cullika (wood fire) Gas stove
V
kha119a / sarkara Dish pan
R
Electric heaters
Strirrer etc
U

14. Guggulu Cullika (wood fire) Gas stove

Y

Dish pan
Mixer
A

Grinder
A

15. Vati (tablets) Mannual roling Tablet making machines

of pills Single punch machine
R

Multi punch machine

PA

Rotatory tablet machin e

High speed rotatory tablet machine
Multi layer rotatory tablet machine
A

l 6. Ghrta / taila Cullika (wood fire)

& Tablet coating m21chirte
Gas stove
Electric boilers
-- -
Hot pink:,
?7- ::-::-- - - -l-- - - - -- -J,..:S::.:t:.: {)a::m
::.J.:jn::_keted dish pan
17 · Sandha na Mrtpatra Woodt'rt drum;;
(Fermentation) Syntax drums
Sarava
Cement tnnks
Vastra Glass jur~ of tiiggl'r ~it-t'
Stninlcss sh:cl Vl....,1,cl-;

StabTizaho. n of Pharm - - - -
1 aceuti cal Products:
st•biliza tion of pharm aceuti cal prod uct may be defined as the
capability of a partic ular produ ct in a specific container to remain within the
Physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological
 Bhai~aJ.,"a v_
:1 "" 1pa,111 v·._
sp ec ifi ca tio ns. Th e su bs tan ce l/11111,q
wh i.ch are us ed to co ntr ol the
kn ow n as sta bil ize rs. Th e sig se st b' ..
nificant s tab iliz ers are :
• An tio xid an ts "' tltt tl~:,:; ,,,.1,
• Pr ese rva tiv es
Antioxidants!
A su bs tance wh icl \ is lid de d
·to ph arm aceuti cal formulations
the ox ida tiv e de gene rat ion of the dt ug is cal led as an antio to
xidant. pr('vrnt
Since the an tio xid an ts ha ve great aff
aff ord ing pro tec tio n to oth er ox
inity for oxygen, they compN f
yg en sen sit ive dr ug s wh en the
the for mu lat ion. y are ad~ e(:lr ;t
{>
An ide al an tio xid an t _shoul~ b~
sta ble an d effectual ag ain st wi
of pH, co]orless, no nto xic , no de rang('
rur nta nt, the rm os tab le an d co
for mu lat ion ing red ien ts an d mp ati ble wit h
pa ck ag ing ma ter ial . So me of
us ed an tio xid an ts are: the frequ ent!

A
1. As co rbi c ac id y
2. So diu m bisul.fite
3. So diu m me tab isu lfi te
ED
V
4. So diu m the os ulp ha te
R

5. As co rby l pa lm ita te
U

6. Hydr oq uin on e
Y

7. Pr op yl ga lla te
A

8. Bu tyl ate d hy dr ox yl tol ue ne

9. Bu til ate d hy dro xy an iso le
A

lu. To co ph ero ls
R

Preservatives:
PA

Pr ese rva tio n inc lud es the tec

hn iqu e em plo ye d to pre ve nt
gr ow th of mi cro -or ga nis ms in or inhibit the
A

a ph arm ac eu tic al pre pa rat ion

Pr ese rva tio n int en ds to pr ev en .
t the inf lue nc e of an y physical
an d bio log ica l fac tor s wh ich ca , che~ical
n inf lue nc e an d alt er the the rap
of the pre pa rat ion , wi th the int eu tic efh~acy
en tio n of ex ten din g its po ten cy
Fo r thi s pu rp os e the re are ma time penod .
ny nu mb ers of pre ser va tiv es
These pre ser va tiv es are ad de d in daily use-
to all for mu lat ion s wh ich are
lon g pe rio ds of tim e an d the ing to be stored f~
red ien ts of wh ich su pp or t micro
Ch oic e of pre ser va tiv es for bial growt '.
pa rti cu lar for mu lat ion is the
sig nif ica nc e. A prese rva tiv e sel poin~ o_t
ec ted sh ou ld ha ve the follow
1 .. It sh ou ld be no n toxic. ing properties.
2. It sh ou ld be fre e fro m od or
an d tas te.
3. Jt sh ou ld be eff ect ive ag ain
st a wi de ran ge of mi cro -or ga
4. It sh ou ld be so lub le in aq ue nis ms .
ous ph as e wh en us ed in emuls
ions.
Bl1 tflljilgara/Rasa~iilii
59
,
~. ll ~hould be compatibl e w ith oth('f ,ngredle
b. II :,.ht>uld pl'cscrvc lhc.• pr(~i1atatkm . nts of the formulation.
the producl'. · 0nd remain stabl f
. , e or the shelf Life of
Smee no Rn1~ll' pre~el'VAtlV""' P0 ~st•sscs aI) th
~MV to ust) t1·'ll'm in cotnbinotio · ·
· n· Thc' cornrn - Je quaHues it becomes nece-
· . . . '
1. Akolml 15 to 20 %; · on Y used preservatives are:
:. Phenol 0.2 to 0.5 %;
J. Chlorbutanol 0.5 %;
4. Chlnrocresol 0.05 to 0.1 %;
5. Salicvlic acid 0.1 %·
• I

6. Sorbic acid and its salts 0.05 to o. 2 %;

A
7. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate 0.1 to 0_2 %;

ED
8. Benzalkonium chloride 0.004 to o. 02 %;
9. Phenylmercuri c nitrate 0.002 to 0.005 %·I
V
l 0. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben 0.1 to 0.2 %;
R
Sterilization:
U

The process of killing or removing the bacteria and a» other forms of

Y

living organisms and their spores from preparations or any other surgical
A

ma terials is called as the sterilization.

A product is said to be sterile when it is free from all living micro--
A

organisms and passes the sterile test.

R

The products or the materials that require sterilization include all

PA

parenteral preparations including implants, ophthalmic preparations,

surgical instruments, ligature and sutures, surgical dressings, gloves etc.
A

Sources and uses of heat in pharmacy:

The common sources of heat used in different pharmaceutical
companies are;
• The firewood
• The coal
• The cow dung ca kes
• Diesel
• Kerosene etc
The medias of heat transfer are;
• The thermic fluid and
• The steam .. .
The heat is used for all the processes where t~e heating or the bo1lmg is
required. It is also required for drying, as in hot air ovens.
•••
 5
Ka_ya Kalpan
(Fundamental Preparations)
Ka_ya:
The word ka_ya is attributed with different meanings:

A
(a) Ka_ya is one among the _ad rasas.

(b) The root term of ka_ya is 7

SCrape, to rub, to injure or to kill.
ED
(ka_a); F1 (ka_a) or r i (ka_ati) means to
Sabdakalpadruma)
V
(c) fH UfA zf g4 That which irritates the throat is ka_ya and
R

kas ya kalpan here irritate the disease condition and drove them away
U

from the body.

(d) Another meaning which can be derived out of this term is;
Y
A

5 (ka) means 11 (kya),

T (s) means destruction and
A

7 (ya) means 7a (yantrana) or f7a (niyantrana)

R

i.e. that which prevents the body from destruction is ka_ya kalpan.
PA

PANCAVIDHA, ADVIDHA AND SAPTAVIDHA KA^ KALPANA

A

1.Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Caraka:

Swarasa, kalka, [rta, S+ta, phnta are the five ka_ya kalpans explained
in Caraka Samhitä.
T a f a aYTY45TA4A TeraT-TarH:, i r : , Ta:, via:, HIUZ:, h9r zrd
(Ca. Sü.4/6Sadvirecana[at ar+tiya)

2. Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Astnga Sangraha:

(A. S.Kalpa 8/9)

3. Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Astnga Hrdaya

Rasa, kalka, [rta, aita phäna.
(A. Hr.Kalpa6/9)
Kasãya Kalpan
61
4. Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Särngadhara:
Swarasa, kalka, kwätha, hima, phânta are the
five kasâya kalpans.

(Sã. Ma. Kha. 1/1)

5. Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan: Acording to Arka Prakä[a:
Kalka, cuna, rasa, taila, arka are the five au_adha yoga enlisted.

(Arkaprakä[al/46)
^advidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Su[ruta:
K_ira, swarasa, kalka, [rta, [aita, phna (cürna) are six ka_ya kalpans.

A
(Su. Sü44/91)
7. Saptavidha ka_ya kalpan: According to Kä[yapa.
Ckrna, [ita, swarasa, abhi_va, phnta,
ED
kalka, kwtha are seven ka_ya
V
kalpans.
R
U

(K[yapa; Khila sthna3/35)

Y

Table of all the referernces for ka_ya kalpan:

A

Ca. Sk. A.S. A.H. $ã. Ma. Arka Su. Sü. Kä. Sam.
Kalpa 1/1 44/91 Khi. 3/35
4/6 Kalpa prakäsa
A

8/9 6/9 1/46

R

Swarasa Nirysa Rasa Swarasa Kalka K_ira Cürna

Kalka Kalka Cürna Swarasa Zita
PA

Kalka Kalka
Rasa Kalka Swarasa
Srta Niryüha Srta Kwätha
Sita Sita Sita Hima Taila Srta ka_äya Abhi_ava
A

Phänta Phanta Phänta Phanta Arka kwätha) Phanta

Zita ka_ya Kalka
(hima) Kwätha
Cürna/phnta
Pañcavidha ka_ya kalpana:
These are the basic/elementary/prime preparations of bhai_ajya
and viryatä (potency)
kalpan which are accepted and followed. Gurutã
descend the order given below i.e. swarasa is most potent and guru but
phanta is least potent and guru.
1. Swarasa (expressed juice)
2. Kalka (paste)
3. Kwätha (decoction)
4. Hima (cold infusion)
5. Phanta (hot infusion)
 Bhai_ajya
Bhai_ajya
62
Kalpan Vinüna
Why only five ka_ya kalpans?
When we say five ka_ya kalpanas obviously, the first.
t doubt w
creeps in mind is why only
five are accepted and
ollowed? doubt.
Why not 'sadvidha' or 'saptavidha' kalpan , even though othe
authors explain them? eminent
This doubt can be clarified
the
taking
reference
into
sideration the number
consideration
of Caraka. of
ka_ãya yoni' available as per
(Ca.Sk. 4/6)
Pañca ka_ya yonis of ka_ya kalpans:
1. Madhura ka_ya
2. Amla kasya
3. Katu kasya
4. Tikta ka_ya
5. Ka_ya ka_ya

A
Madhura, amla, kau, tikta and ka_ ya
ED
rasa are having plenty of kästha
(Ca. Sü.4/7)
V
yoni (plant source) and are readily available. These five can be in any fom
R

of pañcavidha ka_ ya kalpan . These five ka_ yas will yield five kasãya
U

kalpan.
Y

Only lavana ka_ya doesn't have k_hayoni and it is not possible to

A

bring it any of the pañcavidha ka_ya forms.

So the concept of five ka_äya kalpan is justified with the above concept
A

of Caraka which is widely accepted in the field of Ayurveda.

R

Upakalpanä:
PA

Perhaps the consideration of upakalpan evolved for our ease

understanding concepts. A range of smaller preparations are explalneu
A

the classics other than five basic ka_ya kalpans.

bd
They are categorized considering the similarities in their meu
preparation under pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan. those

And the concept of secondary preparations indicates the a n d

kalpan which are significant from the pharmaceutical point of vie

are prepared keeping five fundamental kasya kalpanas as base u p a k a l p a n ä swhich

Swarasa kalpan has no upakalpan and few or

De isted out under basic kasva kalpanãs are as belo

Phanta kalpana
Kalka kalpan
Kalka kalpan kalpan
Cürna
Kwätha kalpan Hima Arka
Arka
Pramathya Mantha
Udaka
Mantha

Pän+ya (Acc to

U_nodaka Pänaka
S ä r r i g a d h a r a )

Ksirapka
Lk_ rasa
Mämsa rasa
 6
Swarasa Kalpan
(Expressed Juice of Drugs)

Swarasa- introduction:
(Sabdakalpadruma)
Swarasa is the freshly extracted juice of a plant or a specific plant part.

A
(Ca. Sü4/7

Jaliyrmsa and prthivrm[a

ED
Mechanically expressed juice of a plant is also called the swarasa.
predominant drugs are preferred for the
V
preparation of swarasa. It is most potent and guru among the five ka_ya
R

kalpands.
U

Four different methods are employed for swarasa extraction:

Y

I. For freshly collected drugs:

A

The strained through clean cloth by freshly collected and

juice a

properly pounded drug.

A
R

($ã. Ma. Kha. 1/2)

PA

Here the term ähatät literally means drug not killed by any of the

external factors like snow, fire, worm infestation etc.

A

collected. K_unnt is pounded and

Tatksankrstãd means instantly
samuddhareta is taken out after pounding.

So the drug is collected, cleaned, pounded and later strained through a

clean cloth to obtain swarasa.

(STET is ziTaT-5tfefu: 3TVE-TEI Which drug un-spoilt by

means snow,
is
fire or infested by organisms) (UTE is FfYA i.e. pounded) (HTETq
collected back after pounding).
II. In case of dry drugs: 192 gms) is kept soaked
part coarse powder of the drug (kudava
=
One
macerated well
next morning it is
overnight in double quantity of water and
to filter through a cloth.
 hai_ajya
alpana V
hard drugs:
a. Ma Kha
. In case very
coarse powder of the drug 8 timm of wateris adde
To one part nild
mil to moderate fire.
r e d u c e d to 1/4th on
boiled and

drugs (Puapka method):

Sa. Ma Kh.
Iv. In case of fibrous
:
geuraa ¥TTVT^TaviATI

HT UTE: hUHTA
($ä. Ma. Kha.
The kalka of the drug is prepared. It is wrapped with 1/21-24

A
vaa, gambhr+, jambu etc) and rger non
poisonous leaves (palsa, tied on all
sides
with cotton thread.
ED
Over this ball of kalka and covered leaves, an angula (3/4 inchi h.
mud is smeared. This mud ball is dried in shade and baked over hu
V
charcoal until red-hot. uming
R

Later it is rolled out of fire and allowed to cool. Before it is completelv

U

cool, the layers are removed one by one and the kalka is strained througha
Y

clean cloth to get putap ka swarasa.

A

It is given in one pala dosage along with 1 kola (6 gms) madhu or along
with appropriate kalka, ckrna, drava etc.
A

Swarasa- dosage:
R

Swarasa prepared with..

PA

Dosage
Method I (niragnisiddha swarasa) Half pala (24 ml)
Method II (niragnisiddha/ ni[o_ita
swarasa); and
A

Method III and IV

(sgnisiddha swarasa) One pala(48 ml)

1/59
(Si. Ma. Kha.
willbe
ne swarasaprepared with first method (niragnisiddha swardo
8uru' for
digestion. Therefore, its dosage is half pala (24 mi).
Whereas, the swarasa prepared with second method (niso_ita swarasa
and the ( s a gnni s
t i d d h a

swarasa prepared with

Swarasa) are "laghu' for third and fourth metno (48ml)
Swarasa-
digestion. Therefore, their dosage pala IS one

prak_epaka dravya
and improve
To put more palatability/to their and hasten uthe quantity:
ckrnas
action,
a honey,
ho
p u tin
sugar candy,
one kola' (6 k_ra, jïraka,
are

gms) quantity. lavana, ghrta, taila and

Swarasa Kalpan 65

(S. Ma. Kha. 1/6)

Swarasa- shelf life:
All swarasa preparations are meant only for instant use. They are used
soon after thay are prepared.
Note: Some books state shelf life of 'pañcavidha ka_ya kalpan' as 24 hours,
but we find no reference as such to claim so and using instantly is the better
option.
Swarasa advantages:
Gurut ' and 'viryat of swarasa are maximum in comparison with other
ka_ya kalpan';
I t is readily used as 'anupna' along with other forms of medication;

A
Used as 'bhvan dravya' in different preparations;

ED
. Used in '[odhana' and 'mrana' of rasa dravyas;
Used in preparation of many 'secondary preparations'.
V
R
Examples:
U

1. Ardraka swarasa
Y

2. Tulasi and Dronapuspî swarasa

3. Satavar+-Ghrtakumr+ swarasa
A

4. Vs putap ka
A

5. Syonka putapka
R

6. Sunthi puapaka
PA

1. Ardraka swarasa:
A

(Z. Ma. Kha. 1/13)

Method of preparation:
is
Desired quantity of freshly collected ärdraka' (Zingiber officinale)
fine paste form in a clean
Washed properly and wiped. It is pounded to
khalva yantra.
another clean vessel through a clean
paste obtained is squeezed into
The
cotton cloth. The juice obtained is ' rdraka swarasa'.

Dosage, adjuvant and indication:

administered along with one kola (6
Half pala (24 ml) of the medicine is [w sa
is found beneficial in cases of vr_navta,
Sms) of honey'. It
and prati[yya (common
(ayspnoea), ksa (cough), aruci (loss appetite)
of

clod).
 Bhaisajya Kalpanä Vijnäna
66
swarasa:
dronapuspi
2. Tulasi and
($ã. Ma. Kha. 1/10)

Method of preparation: sanctum

collected 'tulasï' (Ocimum
Desired quantity of freshly and wiped. They are
are washed properly
cephalotes)
'dronapuspa' (Leucas khalva yantra.
a clean
to fine paste form in
pounded vessel through a clean
into another clean
The paste obtained squeezed
is
swarasa' or dronapusp
obtained will be tulas+
cotton cloth. The juice
Swarasa.

and indication:
Dosage, adjuvant
medicines is administered along with one kola
Half pala (24 ml) of these

A
Both are beneficial in vi_ama
jwara" (intermittent
(6 gms) of 'marica cürFna'.
fever).
3. Satävar-Ghrtakumär+ swarasa:
ED
V
R

(Z. Ma. Kha. 1/15)

U

Method of preparation:
Y

Desired quantity of freshly collected 'Satvar+ müla' (Asparagus

through a clean cloth
A

racemosus) is washed, wiped, pounded and squeezed

to obtain [atvar+ swarasa'.
A

Desired quantity of freshly collected kumr+ patra' (Aloe vera) are

R

washed and wiped. Their pulp is collected and squeezed through a clean
cloth to obtain kumr+ swarasa'
PA

Dosage, adjuvant & indication:

A

Half pala (24 ml) of '[atvar+ swarasa' is administered along with one
kola (6 gms) of 'honey'. It is found beneficial in case of 'pittaja [kla'.
Half pala (24 ml) of kumr+ swarasa'is administered
kola (6 gms) of 'haridr ckrna'. It is found
along with one
beneficial in cases of 'pl+h
vrddhi' (spleenomegaly)
and 'apac+' (goiter).
4. Väsa
puapka swarasa:

(Sä. Ma. Kha. 1/34)

Ingredients:
1.
Vspatra (vrsapatra) kalka : 100 to 200
2. Leaves of gms;
pal[a, vata, :To cover the
kalka;
gambhri, jambu etc;
Suarasa Kalpan 67

3. Cotton thread :To tie after covering with leaves;

4. Mud To smear on the prepared ball.
Method of preparation:
General 'puapka swarasa method' explained earlier.
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:

One pala (48 ml) of the medicine is administered along with one kola (6
gms) of honey". It is found beneficial in cases of 'raktapitta', "käsa', '[wsa',
'visamajwara and'k_aya'.
5. Syonäka putapka swarasa:

(B. R.Atisäracikitsä 7/65-66)

A
Ingredients:
1.Syonka (dirghavrnta) twak kalka

ED
100 to 200 gms;
2. Leaves of k[smar+ (gambhr+) To cover the kalka;
3. Cotton thread To tie after covering with
V
leaves;
R
4. Mud To smear the
on
prepared ball;
U

Method of preparation:
Y

General puapka swarasa method' explained earlier.

A

Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:

One pala (48 ml) of the medicin is administered along with one kola (6
A

gms) of 'honey'. It is found beneficial in all types of 'udararoga'.

R

6. Sunthi puapka:
PA

uaten faftfau rtrusqa: Ifueryeure R: HTKYT:

($ä. Ma. Kha. 1/40-41)
A

Ingredients:
1.Kalka dravya ([unthi cürFa
+eranda müla swarasa) 100 to 200 gms;
2. Leaves of
pal[a, vata,
gambhari, jambk etc To cover the kalka;
3. Cotton thread : To tie after covering with leaves;
4. Mud To smear on the prepared ball
Method of preparation:
General 'putapäka swarasa method' explained earlier.
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:
One pala (48 ml) of the medicine is administered along with one kola (6
S ) of 'honey'. It is found beneficial in'chronic ämav ta' (gouty arthritis).
 7
Kalka Kalpan
(Paste of Drugs)

Definition:

(Sa. Ma. Kha. 5/1

the drug ina.
drug' prepared by pounding
The 'soft mass of the from both wet and
is called as
can be prepared
kalka. It dry
khalva yantra

A
drugs is added to the f
water
desired quantity of
'dry drugs'
ED
of
in case
triturated to homogenous kalka form.
powder of the drugs and is
are its synonyms.
Pärthiv msa pradhna druos
Praksepa, ävpa, pinda,
V
to prepare kalka.
R
are preferred
with juice after pounding the drug in khalva
Soft paste obtained along
U

as kalka.
yantra is called
Y

(Ca.Sü.4/7
A

The paste prepared by grinding the drug

with the help of stone orteeth
A

(A.S. Ka.8/10)
UMZfe: frerg ar6:I
R

Kalka- general method of preparation:

PA

with clean dry

The 'selected drug' is properly washed and wiped
a

doth. The wiped drug is now taken in a clean khalva yantra.

A

It is ground well into soft paste form devoid of any fibrous part. This
fine fiber free paste is used for therapeutic purposes.
Kalka- dosage and shelf life:
ae
One kar_a (12 g) is the general dosage of kalka. All types of kalka
meant for instant use.

Kalka- prak_epaka dravya and their quantity:

(Sä.Ma.Kha. 5/2
 69
Kalka Kalypan

Ratio to kalka
Prak_epakadravya
Madhu (honey), ghrta (ghee) and taila (oil) Double

Sitã (sugar or sugar candy), guda (jaggery) Equal

Drava (any of the 'natural liquids' or the 'liquid
preparations') Four times

Kalka- general uses:

Kalka is less heavy for digestion in comparison with swarasa.

.It is used in the preparation of many other secondary preparations.
.It is also used as anupna (adjuvant) while administering other liquid or
solid dosage forms.

Examples:
1. Nimba kalka:

A
ED
V (Sã. Ma. Kha. 5/5-6)
Method of preparation:
freshly collected 'nimba patra' (Azadirachta
R
Required quantity of
with a clean dry cloth.
indica) are washed and wiped
U

clean khalva yantra to fine paste form.

This wiped drug is pounded in a
Y

as
obtained is collected and used for therapeutic purposes
The fine paste
A

'nimba kalka'.
A

and indication:
Dosage, adjuvant
R

along with suitable

'nimba kalka' is administered
One kar_a (12 g) of
PA

in suitable ratio.
madhu)
adjuvant (guda, [arkar
or
case of chardi (vomi-
administration is found beneficial in
Its internal krimi (intestinal worms).
A

ting), kustha (skin diseases), pittaja and [le_maja

clean (vrana-
helps in keeping the wound
Its external application
and hastens the wound healing process (vrana-ropana).
sodhana)
2. Rasona kalka:

($ã. Ma. Kha. 5/7)

Method of preparation: or la[una) are

'garlic bulbs' (rasona
well grown
Required quantity of
is removed.
taken and their external covering in butter-
soaked overnight in
buttermilk. By soaking overnight
They the drug is purified.
is reduced and
milk, the 'tik_nat' of r a s o n a (garlic) in clean khalva
collected, taken
a
bulbs are
Next day the soaked garlic
 Bhaisajya Kalpanä Vijnana
70
form. The fine paste
is collected an.
d used
to fine paste
yantra and pounded kalka'.
as 'rasona
tor therapeutic purposes
indication:
Dosage, adjuvant and is d along with
administered
'rasona kalka' ble
One karsa (12 g) of
oil). It is useful in "severe aja
vätaja roga' and
roc

quantity of tilataila (sesame

visama jwara'.

A
ED
V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 8
Kwatha Kalapan
(Decoction)
The term kwätha is basically derived from the root word 'kwathana'
which literally means the 'process of boiling'.
Kwätha-definition:
Kwätha is the liquid preparation obtained by boiling one part of

A
selected dravya' in c0arse powder form along with 16 parts of water.

ED
The mixture is reduced to 1/8th part and filtered. The filterate is called
kwätha'. V
R
(Z. Ma. Kha. 2/1-2)
U

The terms; T 9 - fa T indicates boiled and reduced water ie

Y

decoction; sn ~vg indicates the instant use of the decoction; and Tgf
A

Hf YTE YITboiled over mild fire.

A

Opinion of Caraka is that the liquid boiled over agni is [rta or the
R

kwtha.
PA

(Ca.Sk. 4/7)
Zruta, Sita, ka_ya, nirykha, kdh etc are the synonyms of kwtha.
A

(Sä. Ma. Kha. 2/2)

In 'sneha kalpan ï chapter, Särngadhara explains other two methods of
kwätha preparation as below.
Kwätha preparation-depending on the nature of the drugs:
Water ratio
Drugs of different nature
4 times of water
Soft drugs -

8 times of water
Medium and hard drugs -

16 times of water
Very hard drugs
in 2nd line indicates .
All reduced to 1/4th; the term :

(S. Ma. Kha. 9/3-4)

 72 thaisajva Kaljani Vijnan

Another reference:
Water rati
Drugs of different natue .
4 times of water
Mrdu dravya (soft drug
times of water
Kathina dravya (hand duge)
16 times f water
Kathinat kathina (very hard drug)
A times of waler
Mixture of all tvpes of drugs

(V.P Pra. Dvitiya khanda 614

Kwätha preparation-depending on the quantity of the drugs:
Ratio of water
Drug quantity

A
1 karsa (12 gms) to 1 pala (48 gms) I6 times

1 pala (48 gms) to 1 kudava (192 gms)

1 kudava (192 gms) to prastha (768 gms) and abov
ED 8 times

4 times
V
R

(Sa. Ma. Kha. 9/4-5)

U

Rationality
Y

In the above reference, we find that the ratio of water taken for smaller
quantity of drug is more and for larger quantities of drugs it is less.
A

Here to know the rationality behind this, one should think in terms of
A

keeping the drug and the water together for stipulated time period, during
the process of boiling to facilitate the transfer of active principles from drug
R

into the liquid media.

PA

To picture of this theory,

get a clearer think in molecular
let us
Suppose to extract active principles from 1 drug molecule, we may require
level
A

numberof water molecules which act upon the drug molecule, facilitated
and assisted by boiling process.
Accordingly to extract the active principles from more number of drug
molecules, we need those many more number of water molecules also.
As a result we require more time
period to evaporate the excess water
molecules and retain the desired quantity at the end as
decoction.
Hence here the time required for the transfer of
active principles in
molecular level is same
regardless of amount of drug or drugs taken.
So the
quantity of water added should last that time duration and
remain in desired
quantity at the end of boiling as decoction.
Considering the above concept water ratio is decided. Because of the
very same reason mild to moderate fire is advised in
maceutical preparations. majority of phar
Ktwätha Kalpan 73
Hardness of the drugs is another important factor influencing on the
time of drug extraction, so higher ratio of water is added in harder
and smaller ratios in less harder
drugs
drugs.
Note: The kwätha dravya ih coarse powder form should be soaked in
mentioned quantity of water overnight before going for boiling process.
This practice is most essential when harder drugs are involved,
especially to facilitate the proper release of active principles.

Kwätha kalpan- precautions:

.Considered only course powder (yavakka ckrFa) of the drugs for
kwätha preparation;
.Chemically inert vessel should be used for boiling kwtha;
.Only on mild to moderate heat is maintained throughout the process of

A
boiling

ED
.The vessel should be kept open throughout the boiling process.
Note: The lid should not be placed on the vessel during the boiling process n
V
kwätha kalpan. If done so, the prepared kwtha becomes 'guru' for
R
digestion.
U

(Sã. Ma. Kha. 2/7)

Y
A

Rationality:
By placing lid over the vessel while boiling kwtha the 'slesmäm[a'
A

from the mixture are not let out, as a result of which the end product turns
R

heavy for digestion and may not exert the desired action.
PA

Kwtha- general dosage and shelf life:

A

(Sä. Ma. Kha. 2/3)

Two pala (96 ml) is the general dosage of kwtha. It is administered after
food for better digestion. All types of kw tha are meant for instant use only.
(Sã. Ma. Kha. 2 Tikä)
the
The madhyama m tr of kw tha is one pala (48 gms). However,
into consideration
strength of the patient and the disease are to be taken
Defore finalizing the dosage the dosage.
decoctions' that are available in
the market either will
Nofe: The 'medicated
lave chemical preservatives' in them or they will
be 'fermented' to have 'self
generated alcohol' in them as self preservative.

Fraksepa dravyas and their quantity:

the sugar (sit) and honey (madhu)
102 pala (96 ml) of any decoction, the diseases and their do_a
aded in the above given ratio considering
predominance;
74 Hhaisajya Kalyuana Vijhan

Sa.Ma Kh. 7/,

Vätaja ropa Pitaja rogaKaphaja na
Sugar 1/4th part 1/8h part 1/16h part
Honey 1/16th part 1/8 part 1/4 part
2. Jiraka, guggulu, k_ära, lavana, 41lajatu, hingu, trikau, ariy f thes.
adjuvant are added in one säFa (3 g) quantity to the kwätha (2 pala, % t
n
during administration.

(Sa. Ma. Kha 2/,

3. Liquids like milk, ghee, jaggery, oil, cow's urine and any other liquid

A
used; different kalka and ckrna; any of these adjuvant are added in 1 karsa
ED
(12 g) quantity to the kwätha (2 pala; 96 ml) during administration,
V
(Sa. Ma. Kha. 2/,
R

Kwätha-general uses:
U

1. Kwätha is an important 'dosage form' indicated solely in many of the

disease conditions.
Y

2. It plays a major role in almost all the 'ophthalmic treatments'.

A

3. It is used in
preparation of many of the 'secondary preparations'
A

4. It is a widely used 'bhävan

5. As
dravya' in many of the drug purifications.
R

anupna, kwtha preparations are used in vogue.

6. As'nirüha basti' kwtha
PA

7. For 'vrana
preparations are administered.
prak_lana' kwtha preparations are considered
Eamples: appropriate.
A

1. Räsndi kwätha
2. Räsnsaptaka kwtha
3. Punarnav_aka kwtha
1. Rãsnãdi kwätha:

Ingredients
1. Räsnä
(Sa. Ma. Kha. 2/123)
1 part;
2. Gudüci
3. Balã 1 part;
1 part;
4.Ya_timadhu
5. Goksura
1 part;

6. Eranda mkla 1 part;

1 part;
Krwätha Kalpan
75
Method of preparation:
One Dart each
of above
mentioned dravya are
aa clean
clean 'stainless
'st steel taken in coarse
form in decoction vessel' powder
times)of clean and soft water. along with '96 parts' (16
The vessel is placed over mild fire, boiled and reduced to
later Altered. The filtrate obtained is used 1/8th part and
therapeutic purposes.
as 'rsndi kwtha' for

Dosage, adjuvant and indication:

nwipala (48 ml) of 'rsndi kwtha' is administered daily along with
ane karsa (12 g) of 'eranda taila' to
prevent 'ntra-vrddhi' (hernia).
Another reference:

A
Rasn di kw tha:

The decoction prepared out of 1. Rsn

ED
2. Vrk_dan+
(B. R. Jwara cikitsä 5/78)
3. Däruharidr 4.
V
Sarala 5. Elaväluka;may be administered daily in suitable dosage (dwipala;
R

96 ml) along with guda (jaggery) or ghrta (ghee) in suitable ratio

U

considering the roga-rogî bala. It is useful in 'vtaja jwara'.

Y

Another reference:
A

Rasn~di kwtha: (Sahasra yoga; ka_ya prakarana)

A

THTQATEaroroi HaATqaq| TTA: TTRITRyt araamuR:

R

(Sahasra yoga; ka_ya prakarana)

Druharidr 4.
PA

The decoction prepared out of 1. Rsn 2. Vrk_dan+ 3.

Sarala 5. Elavluka; may be administered daily in suitable dosage (dwipala;
96 ml) along with 'sugar' or 'honey' in suitable ratio to cure 'vtaja jwara'.
A

2. Rasn saptaka kw tha:

TE-TTTuscaaraya-HATI TSATTausa
aTaui faurada u
(Sã. Ma. Kha. 2/86-87)

Ingredients:
1. Rasn 1 part
2. Goksura 1 part;
3. Eradamüla 1 part
4. Devadaru 1 part;
1 part;
5. Punarnav
1 part;
6. Gudüci
7. Aragwadha phalamaja 1 part;
 Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñiäng
76

Method of preparation: coarse

intaken powdo
One each of above mentioned dravya are 122 parts
part decoction vessel' along
with
6
in a clean 'stainless steel
form
times) of clean and soft water. and reduced to 1/8hpart a
mild fire, boiled and
The vessel is placed over rásnäsaptaka kwätha ffor
obtained is used as
later filtered. The filtrate
therapeutic purposes.
indication:
Dosage, adjuvant and kw tha' is administered daily alons
Dwipala (48 ml) of 'rásnsaptaka to cure jangha and kai graha"
with one kar_a (12 g) of 'sunhi cürFa
'pår[wa-prstha-uru pid (pain in flanks, back
(stiffness in back and thighs),
'ämav ta roga
and chest region) and severe

A
Another reference:
Rãsnãsaptaka kwätha:

TASYATS SraudaaraftrvedTUSyaraTqi ED
aT fuaaTTTuifui raye
(Cakradatta, Amavtacikitsä 8)
V
out of 1. Rsn 2. Gudüci 3. Aragwadha 4.
The decoction prepared
R

Devadru 5. Gok_ura 6. Eranda mkla twak and 7. Punarnav müla; may be

U

administered daily in suitable dosage (dwipala; 96 ml) along with '[unthi

in suitable ratio to cure jaDgh-uru-trika-prstha' [kla.
Y

cürna'
A

3. Punarnav_taka kwtha:
A

fArf (B.R. Udararoga cikits; 40/30)

R

Ingredients:
PA

1. Rakta punarnav müla 1 part;

2. Nimba twak : 1part;
A

3. Patola pañcnga
1 part;
4. Sunthi :1 part;
5. Tikta (kauki)
: 1 part;
6. Gudüci
:1 part;
7. Daruharidr
: 1 part;
8. Haritaki 1 part;
Method of preparation:
One part each of above mentioned
dravya are taken in coarse powder
form in a clean 'stainless steel decoction vessel'
times) of clean and soft water. along with '128 parts' (lo
The vessel is placed over mild fire, boiled
and reduced to 1/8th part and
later filtered. The filtrate obtained is used as
therapeutic purpose: 'punarnavstaka kwha' for
Kwvitha K l a m i

77

adjuvant and indication:

Dosage,

wipala (48 ml) of punarnavstak. kwätha' is administered daily

Dwsitable adjuvants
along with suitalb to cure 'udara
roga', 'sarvänga sotha', "käsa',
pånduroga'
and
sula'
S w ä s a ' ,

Note: Same
reference is also found in 'B. R. Sotha cikitsã 42/14'.

A
ED
V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 9
Hima Kalpan
(ColdInfusion)
Hima kalpan is a liquid preparation where the selected drugs in c
coarse
facilitato
powder form are soaked in water for a stipulated period to
the
transfer of water-soluble active principles from drug to the liquid media
edia.
These preparations usually possess '$itavirya' and 'mrduguna'. Hers

A
the drugs with 'madhura and amla rasa' and the drugs with 'volai
principles' are preferred.
ED
These preparations in general mitigate pitta do_a (pitta amaka), cardio-
V
tonic (hrdya) and satisfying (sadyah santarpaka).
R

Hima- definition:
U

One part of drug in coarse powder form is soaked overnight in 6 parts of

Y

soft and clean water.

A

Next day macerated the mixture well with clean hands and
filter
through a clean cotton cloth.
A

The filtrate obtained is taken as the 'hima'.

R
PA

(Z. Ma. Kha. 4/1)

Hima-precautions
A

1. For 'hima'
preparation, take the drugs in coarse powder (yavakua
ckrna) form;
2. Use soft water for soaking the drugs;
3. Carry out sufficient maceration of the soaked drug;
4. Use chemically inert vessel for soaking the drugs;
5. These'hima' preparation is for
instant use only.
Hima-Dose and adjuvant:
(S. Ma. Kha. 4/2)
Two pala (96 ml) is the
general dosage of 'hima kalpan. 1ne
preparations administered along
are
with 'sugar' or any other suitabie fine
powder of medicinal drug/drugs.
Hima Kalpanä
19
Examples:
1. Dhanyaka hima
2. Dhanyakädi hima
3. Särivdi hima
1. Dhanyaka hima:

(Sã. Ma. Kha. 4/7)

One part of roughly pounded 'dhänyaka' is taken in a clean stainless
steel vessel.

The vessel is added with 6 parts of soft and clean water and kept
undisturbed overnight in a safe place with a lid covering the vessel.

A
Next day the drug mixture in the vessel is macerated well with clean

ED
hands and filtered through a clean cloth. This liquid filtrate is called as
Dhanyaka hima'.
V
It is administered in the dosage of 2 pala (96 ml) along with sugar or any
other suitable adjuvant to cure 'antar-d ha' (burning sensation in the body)
R

and trsn (thirst).

U

This preparation is also a good 'sroto-vi[odhaka' (cleanses the body

Y

channels).
A

2. Dhanyak di hima:
A
R

(Sã. Ma. Kha. 4/8)

PA

3. Vs müla 4. Dräk_ and

Roughly pounded 1. Amalak+ 2. Dhnyaka
steel vessel.
5. Parpata; are taken one part each in a clean stainless
A

of soft
The vessel is added with 30 parts (6 times of total drug quantity)
in a safe place with a lid
and clean water. It is kept undisturbed overnight
over the vessel.
macerated well with clean
Next daythe drug mixture in the vessel is
This liquid filtrate is called as
hands and filtered through a clean cloth.
dhanyakdi hima'.
with'sugar or
It is administered in the dosage of 2 pala (96 ml) along
cure 'raktapitta, jwara (fever), "d ha'
any other suitable adjuvant to
(thirst) and 'so_a' (mukha-[o_a;
(burning sensation in the body), 'trsn'
dryness in the mouth).
Adhamalla', reiterates the above
Dipikä commentary' of 'Acrya
T ATHCT5TTH TT HZKTAT ATI
theory with further elucidation:
arie (Dipikä T+k)
 80 Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñäna
3. Särivadi hima:
(Siddhayoga Sangraha; Kusthadhikära 21/5h preparation)
Roughly pounded 1. Säriv 2. Usaba
(Smilax
Copac armata) 3.
(Smilax china) 4. Manjisthä 5,
Guduci 6. Dhamäsã (Fagonia
Raktacandana 8.
arahica"
Gulavanaphsä (Viola odoreta) 9. USira 10, Mund
Sahatar (Fumeria indica) 12. Kamalapu_pa 13. 1

puspi 15. Padma-kapu_pa 16. Sankhapuspa; are Guläbapuspa 14. Drona.

la-
taken one
clean stainless steel vessel. part each in a

The vessel is added with

96 parts (6 times of total
and clean water. It is kept undisturbed drug quantity) of soft
over the vessel.
overnight in a safe place with a id
Next day the drug mixture in the
vessel is macerated well with clean
hands and filtered through a clean

A
cloth. This
'dhänyakdi hima'. liquid filtrate is called as

ED
It is administered in the dosage
of 2 pala (96
ml) along with 'sugar,
honey' or
any other suitable adjuvant. It is found useful in
V
kandu', pm', 'hastapäda däha', 'raktavikra',
'amlapitta'
and jirnajwara'.
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 10
Phanta Kalpan
(Hot Infusion)
Phänta kalpanä is a liquid
preparation where the selected drugs in
coarse powder form are soaked in hot water for a
facilitate the transfer of water-soluble active stipulated period to
liquid media.
principles from drug to the

A
The line of difference between "himakalpan' and 'phäntakalpan' is

drug is soaked overnight but in phnta ED

thin. In hima cold water is used whereas in phäFta hot water. In hima the
it is soaked until the hot water cools
V
down.
R

of the hot water poured into the drug helps in better

The temperature
U

extraction of the active principles into liquid media. However, use of drugs
with volatile principles may not be a suitable choice here.
Y
A

Phanta- definition:
A

($ã. Ma. Kha. 3/1)

R

The liquid preparation prepared by adding 4 parts of 'boiling water' to 1

PA

part of 'coarsely powdered drug'.

macerated
Later when the water is still lukewarm, the mixture has to be
A

well and filtered. The filtrate is called phäFa.

These preparations are meant for instant use only. They are lightest for
digestion in comparison with the other "ka_ya kalpan. Phänta is also
called as 'ckrna dr va'.
be non reactive. The prak_epaka
The vessel used in the process should
same as that of kw tha kalpan.
dravyas, dosage and anupna are
Phanta- precautions:
take the drugs in coarse powder (yavakkta
1. For 'phnta' preparation,
cúrna) form;
2. Use soft water for soaking the drugs;
3. Pour hot water into the drug.
the soaked drug;
4Carry outsufficient maceration of
 Bhaisajya alpan Vijñüna
the drugs;
vessel
for soaking
inert
instant use only
is for
chemically
4. Uise preparation

These
phânta'
5.
adjuvant:
d o s e and
Phanta-

($. Ma. Kha.

synonym
of phän a', 3/2
is the i.e. 2 pala (96.6 ml).
Cürnadrava'
"kw tha kalpan '
Dosage is
same as that of as those adde
added are
same
in 'kwätha
The 'praksepaka
dravya

kalpana. along with 'sugar or ther

any other suitable fine
Stitsl.

administered
Phanta is
medicinal drug/drugs'.
powder of
Kw tha' and Ph Fta':
between
Difference
Phänta
Kwtha 1. Phanta is prepared using one part of

A
o n e part

1. Kwätha is prepared by using + 16

dravya in coarse powder form +4
powder form

ED
of dravya in
coarse
parts of hot water;
parts of water;
is carried out; 2. No boiling process required;
2. The process of boiling
V
3. No reduction required;
3. The liquid is reduced to 1/8th part,
R
filtered and used;
4. Less guru and potent;
and potent;
U

4. It is comparatively guru
5. Not so widely used;
Widely used as base for many
Y

5.
secondary preparations;
A

cannot 6. Can be used;

6. Drugs with volatile principles
be used here;
A

7. Comparatively less;
7. Viscosity will be comparatively more;
R

8. Only for instant use;

8. it is for instant use; but is marketed
PA

with preservatives;
9. Comparatively lesser range;
9. Has wider range of therapeutic usage
10. Widely used as 'anupna' and 10. Not so widely used.
A

bhavan dravya'.
Examples:
1. Sudar[ana phänta
2. Pañcakola phna
1. Sudar[ana phna:
(Anubüta yoga) is
One part of 'sudar[ana' (Crinum latifolium) in coarse powaerin
oiling
takenin a clean stainless steel vessel. It is added with 4 parts o
water'.
Later when the water is still lukewarm, the mixture is macela
and filtered. The
filtrate is called 'Sudar[ana phFa.
Phanta Kalpan
83
It is admunistered soon after preparation in the dosage of 'dwipala
ml) along with sugar, 'honey (45
or any other suitable
adjuvant.
Sudar[ana phänta mitigates all the three vitiated dosa
is also beneficial in all kinds of
'jwara'. (tridosaghna) and
2. Pañcakola phnta:

(B.R. Jwarãdhikära 5/188)

The coarsely pounded 1. Pippali 2. Pippali müla 3. Cavya 4. Citraka and
5. Sunthi; are taken in equal quantity (1 kola =
6 gms each) in a stainless steel
vessel.
To it 4 parts (120 ml) of boiling water' is added, lid is closed over the
vessel and allowed to cool down on its own.

A
Later the mixture is macerated well and filtered to use the filtrate as
pañcakola phna' for further therapeutic use.

to 96 ml) considering the roga-rog+ bala in kapha-vtaja

ED
The warm infusion is administered daily in the dosage of 1 to 2 pala (48
jwara or other
V
diseases.
R

Note: To further know the properties of 'pañcakola', the below reference from
U

Bhävaprak [a nighanu; Har+takydi varga 73; is useful;

Y
A
A

(Bhävaprak[a-nighantu; Haritakydi varga 73)

R

MODERN ASPECT OF KWA HIMA

PA

AND PHANTA KALPANA

A

Galenicals:
The preparations prepared by the process of extraction get the general
term as galenicals. It is named so after Galen-a Greek physician.
of extraction include, decoction
The preparations that have the process
extracts, semisolid extracts and
cold and hot infusions, tinctures, liquid
powdered extracts.
which the herbal or
Extraction here be defines as the process in
may
solvents to dissolve out the
animal drug tissues are treated with specific
active principles.
remain un-
inactive and inert components
The cell tissues and most of menstrum
extraction purposes is called as
dissolved. The solvent used for
the desired constituents is known as
and the residue left after extracting
the water and the alcohol.
marc. The usual solvents used are
 Bhai_ajya Kalpan Vijñäno
The extraction of active principles from an herbal the
drugdrug
is dan
and
one the
nature of by
onthe physical
pAeNdures depending extraction methods include:
in it. The
arNAs
constituents present
hemial

musion for extraction of

active principles from
om
ntusiom is a method employed
active principles.
sott drugs with water soluble
naturd
into the soft drug tissue, In
Here the water molecules easily penetrate the bottom of the infusion
extracted is placed at on
the pnxess the drug to be occasionally,
contents are stirred
a beuker), water is added and the
Nt contact with water
for about is
is allowed to remain in
The drug Infusions must ho
mnutes. Later the liquid is strained and dispensed.
freshly used.
infusion of senna and infusion of

A
Eramples of intusions include;
quassia.
Maceration:
ED
Maceration is a process employed for extraction of active principles
V
trom the drugs with no cellular or tissue structure.
R

Such drugs are obtained from the plants as their exudates, like the gums,
U

resins, and oleogum-resins etc.

Y

In this process, the extraction of the drugs is carried out by placing a

A

weighed anmount of drug in contact with 4/5th of the menstrum in a closed

veel tor 2 to 7 hours with occasional shaking.
A

Later the clear liquid is filtered and dispensed.

R

The preparations made by this method include

compound tincture of
PA

benzoin, tincture of tolu and tincture of

myrrh.
Percolation:
A

Percolation is another procedure to extract the active

drugs used in the preparation of tinctures and principles from the
Here the suitably comminuted liquid extracts.
quantity of menstrum which is then drug inmoistened
is with sufficient
allowed to remain in contact with packed a
percolator. The drug is
the menstrum for 24
Later more menstrum is hours.
started. The added from the top and the
required
liquid added to the
volume is collected,
marc is
15
percolation
is
percolate. pressed
and expressea
The
required volume
mixed liquid is clarified is
produced by adding more menstrum
by filtration or decantation. and tne
Preparations made by percolation
compound tincture of cardamom, process are; tincture of
belladonna,
strong tincture of ginger etc.
A
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 21
Sattwa Kalpan
(Extraction of Starchy Plant Material)
material. It
Sattwa in general is the 'essence' or the 's ra bhga' of a plant
is usually referred to the 'starchy material' present in the plants:
Plants with 'medicinal value' in its 'starchy' part are subjected tothea

A
to extract
Special pharmaceutical procedure' called 'sattva kalpan'
'starch' and use it for therapeutic purposes.

Sattwa- general method of extraction:

ED
V
cut into
identified with 'starch material' is collected. It is
The drug part
R

outer husk is removed

the
if possible.
smaller pieces of 2 to 3 inch length and
enough
U

soaked in
is crushed in 'khalva
roughly yantra' and
The drug stainless steel vessel.
Y

of water for about 6 to 8 hours in a

quantity of
to facilitate the release
A

Later the mixture is

macerated rigorously
material' into the liquid.
A

starchy are removed from the liquid

Then the remnant fibrous and woody parts
R

undisturbed for s o m e time to allow the starchy

and the vessel is placed
PA

at the bottom.
particles to settle down out
water carefully
is siphoned
clear supernatant
Now, the stable
A

sediment.
the starch
without disturbing
washed with little quantity of water,
sediment at the base is
The starch
and collected.
dried in shade completely
c o v e r s or airtight glass containers.
moist proof polythene
It is stored in white powder
and only 5% of the drug used is
The yield will be
'grayish
obtained as starch.

Examples:
sattva
1. Gudüc+ (amrt)
2. Udumbara (gülara) s ra
sattva:
1. Gudüc+ (amrt) FTH:
T T E i qutu: afqsrafae (Yogaratn., Rjayak_m Cikits)
 174 hai_ajya Kalpan Vijiang
Ingredients:
Gudüci stem part 1 part
Water :21 parts.
Method of preparation:
General method of preparation.
Dosage, adjuvant and shelf life:
Half to one gram of 'gudüci sattva' is administered along with ho
h honey or
any of the suitable adjuvants.
It is pitta-[ maka, jwaraghna, raktapittaghna and rasyana.
It is indicated in ksa, [wsa rjayaksm, raktapitta, pãdad
mütrghta, mütrakrcchra, asrgdara, vtarakta, prameha and somaropa
ga.
Its shelf life is estimated to be up to 3 to 4 years with appropriate storap
rage
techniques.

A
2. Udumbara (gklara) sära: (Dravyaguna Vijñna)

ED
The above preparation is given in UG Syllabus. Udumbara' is Ficus
glomereta' and 'gülara' is the Hindi term for the drug.
V
Ingredients:
R

Udumbarå skin bark : 1 part

U

Water 21 parts.
Y

Method of preparation:
A

General method of preparation.

A

Dose, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:

R

Half to one gram of 'udumbara sattva' is administered along with honey

PA

or any of the suitable adjuvants.

It is indicated in [otha, raktapitta and vrana.
A

Its shelf life is estimated to be up to 3 to 4 years with appropriate storage

techniques.
STARCH
eans

Origin of the term 'starch' is from the root word 'stearc', which me
'strong. Starch is a high molecular-weight poly-saccharide that exists
most plant tissues.
edient in
It is
used as a dusting powder,
emollient, and
an ngre an
ufacture of
medicinal tablets, and is an
important raw material for the manurae
alcohol, acetone, lactic acid, citric acid,
glycerin, and glucon
fermentation; chief storage carbohydratein most higher plan
 22
Lavana Kalpan
(Medicated Salt Preparations)
Ayurveda tries to ascertain medicinal
value invariably in both organic
and inorganic materials of this earth.
Since it believes that all the
to think about the
dravya are pañca mahäbhautika, it directs us

A
therapeutic values in all dravyas.
Here lavana is another inorganic dravya whose inherent properties are
best utilized for therapeutic benefits
procedure.
through a ED
specialized pharmaceutical
V
Lavana- definition:
R
U

Lavana is defined as-TH z TAU: (`abdakalpadruma) "Where

lun ti' means 'chedana', so that which possesses' chedana property' in it is
Y

called as lavana'.
A

Pañcavidha lavana:
A

1. Saindhava lavana
R

2. Sauvarcala lavana
PA

3. Vida lavana
4. Sãmudra lavana
A

5. Audbhida lavana
6. Romaka lavana (included in the place of udbhida by many authors)

Saindhava lavana:
English: Rock salt;
Latin: Sodichloridum;
include stony pieces appearance, 'whitish red
Physical properties
'dissolve in water' and 'salty-sweet in taste'.
color, 'hard consistency',
the interaction of an acid and a base, the
It is a compound formed by
acid being replaced by the positive ion of
ionizable hydrogen atoms of the
the base.
Lavana- pharmaco-therapeutical properties:
Gunalaghu, snigdha, [itala;
 ana Vijnanu
176

Virya: sita;
Karma: agni-dipana. 'skksm.
property' become
Salts by virtue of their
'chedana

they penetrate ickly into minutee

quickly minut ch srotogm',
annels of
virtue of this property,
By
srotas. done in 'lavana kalpanã on
The process of
'agni-samskaraFa
properties of both lavana'
enriches the
and thad
product with the therapeutic
drugs'that are added.

Lavana kalpan - definition:

The pharmaceutical preparations in which the lavana' and the selected
'au_adha dravya' are igniting together in a closed samputa to ain the

drug ash as medicinal product is called as lavana kalpan.

Examples:
:B. R.30/69-70and R.T.14/28-29;

A
1. Närikela lavana
:B. R. Yakrt-plihrogdhikra and R.T.14/13
ED
2. Arka lavana

1. Närikela lavaFa:
V
R
U

(B. R. Sülarogdhikäa30/69-70)
Y

Requirements:
A

1. Mature coconut One;

A

2. Saindhava lavaFa As required;

R

Method of preparation:
PA

A mature coconut devoid of outer fibrous

part is taken. A hole 15 mau
into one of its eyes to fill the powdered 'saindhava lavaFa'
(rougnly
A

gms) up to the brim.

Now the hole is plugged with either mud cork or chalk piece. The
coconut is now put with three layers of clay-smeared cloth.
it is
It is dried and subjected to cakes. After
ng cakes. n
puta with 10-15 cow dung and

cool, the charred kernel and salt are collected r, powdered

together, Po
preserved.
The product is
odourless, saline tasting fine powder haviu
sodium (Na) and 8.5 to 9.5
pH.
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility: Curna

It is administered in the p i t t a j a - k a p h a j aa n d

dosage
(1 gm) followed by warm water. gms of 1 to 2 along
It is indicated in vtaja-
sanniptaja parinma [kla.
 Lavana Kalpan
177
Note: Coconut water is emptied before filling saindhava lavana as per the
reference of RasatarañgiF+. The original reference of this formulation is from
Bhavaprak[a; Süldhikära 71'.
2. Arka lavana:

(B.R. Plihayakrt-rogdhikära 41/20)

Requirements:
1. Pakwa arka patra
(Calotropis procera) 100 gms
2. Saindhava lavaFa :100gms
Method of preparation:
arkka
A Sarva of appropriate size is selected. In it alternate layers of
patra and saindhava lavaFa are evenly spread.

A
The lowermost and uppermost layers should be of
arka leaf. The [ar va
is covered with another [ar va of same
to make [ar va sampu a.
ED
size and sealed (sandhi-bandhana)
V
to 1 gajapua.When cool on its
This '[ar va samputa' is later subjected
R
khalva
the drug material inside is taken in
own the sampua is opened and
U

yantra and triturated.

obtained is
saline tasting powder
Y

The fine biackish gray coloured,

container for further therapeutic
use.
A

preserved in airtight conditions. It

infinite shelf life if stored in suitable
This medicine has
and Na (13 to 18 %) and it possesses pH
A

containsCa to 2 %), K (10 to 15 %)

(1
R

of 9 to 10.5.
PA

utility:
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic of the medicine is administered o n c e
Four to 8 ratti (500 mgs to gram)
1
above the
or water part found
A

or twice daily along with dadhimastu (whey

indicated in 'pl+ha roga', 'gulma
roga' and 'udara roga'.
Curds). It is is from Vangasena;
formulation
reference of this
Note: The original
Udararog dhik ra/139'.

Krtrima lavana nirmFa:

Vida lavana- 1st method of preparation:YsaTTHTaf4A utHT4Talaqi
arafaeranfrr aui

fTraT: TatuTAATA

fasT
fauTarrefar THM-farafaa
a:
TgetvfaeeEATRAIf (R. T. 14/143-149)
178
Bhai_ajya Kalpan Vijñäna
28 sera (2.2 kgs) (Note: 1 sera 80 tola =
and
1. Romaka lavaFa-
1

cürFa- 50 tola (600 gms); both these tola 12

tola=]p
drugs are taken in
gms);2. Dry malaki
specified quantities.
The 'romaka lavana' is taken in a bigger clean khalva Vant.
ra : and
properly triturated. It is added with the dry fine powder of malaki
triturated further to obtain homogenous mixture. and
Now a strong mud pot with narrow mouth is selected. It is
covered
7 layers of mud smeared cloth (mrt-vastra-lepa). with
In this pot, the quarter part of the above
drug mixtureisis taken and
pot is subjected to intense heat of 2 hours. the and the
When the base of the pot starts
looking red hot, all the remainine
powder is also added little by little and
another 6 hours (2 yma). After heating is continued further for
stopping the heat aPplication, let the vessel

A
to cool on its owrn.

ED
Later the drug material
present in the pot is collected and stored in
suitable container as 'vida lavaFa. The
quantity obtained will be only 24
V
sera (1.9 kgs).
R
Since the water content of 'romaka
lavana' is lost and the
'malaki
ckrna
U

burns oft
completely because ot intense heat, the
quantity of end
product will be less.
Y

This 'vida lavana'

A

may be readily used in all the

preparations. pharmaceutical
A

Vida lavana- 2nd method of

preparation:
R

3Avftfaratrafud
PA

TUTHT4Thl z9TRTTriftr
THA-AfaTHfam
A

(R. T. 14/450-152)
1.
Romaka lavana- 80 toia (960
gms); 2. Dry maiaki ckrna- 10 tola 20
gms); both these drugs are taken in specified
The 'romaka lavana' is taken quantities. and
in a bigger clean khalva
properly triturated. It is added with the dry fine powder of yaand
triturated further to obtain amale
Now a
homogenous mixture. | with

7
strong mud pot with narrow mouth is selected. It is coV
layers of mud-smeared cloth
In this pot, the (mrt-vastra-lepa). h e a to f b

drug mixture is taken and subjected the

hours (2 yma). Later, when
cool on its own, the ug m a t e r i a l oresent
present
in
in

pot is collected and stored in suitable container drug matelavana'.

as 'vida
n e pharmaceutical
This 'vida
lavana' may be readily used in al meth
for

preparations. This is the most easy and

practically
followed

vida lavana' preparation.

Lavana Kalpan 179

Souvarcala lavana- method of preparation:

aftaTaT aguraftr

(R. T. 14/455-159)

is taken in a clean mud pot and

Four pala (200 gms) of "sarja k_ra' n o w added
with
of clean water. This mixture is
added with 8 pala (400 ml)
szturation point is reached.
little 'saindhava lavana' until the
little by and boiled to evaporate
all
is placed o v e r intense heat
Later the vessel the vessel is left on fire
After complete evaporation of water,
the liquid part. to ascertain the complete
water loss.
time (kiñcitk la) and
for some m o r e salt inside is
collected
out from fire and the

A
vessel is taken
Later the
container as 'souvarcala lavana'.

ED
suitable
stored in V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 23
Ayaskrti Kalpan
(Classical Method of Metal Administration)
The term 'ayas' means 'iron' (Fe) and 'krti' 'to cut'
means
Ayaskrti is the
or 'to hack
procedure in which the metals like
iron, gold silver etr
are cut into smaller
pieces, subjected for
procedure, and rendered therapeutically fit for sPpecialized
consumption.
pharmaceutical

A
Ayas here is loha dhtu'. The term loha' was used in
ED
times, but later the loha'general
metallic group of drugs in ancient for
restricted only to one metal i.e. iron (Fe) and the term was
'loha varga'
as 'dhtu varga'. was renamed
V
Since these metallic
R

drugs cannot be administered internally in their

original form, our
cryas came out with a
U

procedure' make these metals consumable. The

to 'special
pharmaceutical
procedure adopted by
Y

them for this purpose was called

'ayaskrti'.
A

Hence, ayaskrti is the first step by our ancient

metal to the form in which it is cryas in bringinga
rendered fit for internal administration.
A

This procedure of
'ayaskrti' has been explained in detail in 'brhattray
R

of Ayurveda.
PA

Ayaskrti is found in classics as:

A

1. Lauhädi ras yana

Caraka Sarmhitä, Cikits Sthâna 1:3/15-23;

2. Au_adha ayaskrti &

Rasäyandhvya 3"pda
Susruta Samhit , Cikitsä Sthna 10/11; tor
Mahä-au_adha ayskrti Mahakusthacikitsã
3. Ayaskrti
Astänga Hrdaya, Cikitsã Sthäna 12/28-
for Prameha-cikits
1. Lauhädi ras yana:

(Caraka Sarmhit, Cikits Sthäna 1: 3/15-23; Rasyan. 3°

pauo
atanau TAfT afigauifa ATerdTI garanu
 Ayaskrti Kalpan
181

faT TTTR 3T:

(Ca. Ci. 1:3/15-23)
Tiksna lauha is chiseled to get it in the form of thin foils of four angula in
length and thickness of sesame seed. (3d and 4h line)
These metal foils are heated red-hot and dipped several times into
"triphal kw tha, gomütra', 'alkaline water of lavana', "ingudi k_ära' and
kimsuka (pal[a) k_ra' respectively.
When the metal foils turn deep red color like 'añjana', its fine powder
of th
(sük_ma ckrna) is prepared in khalva yantra. (1*, 2"d and 5th line

A
mentioned above)
This powder is mixed with 'honey' and 'malaki rasa' in enough

quantity to get in lehyavat' (confection)

form. ED 'earthen pot smeared
This mixture is poured into a clean, fumigated
V
7th line)
with 'ghee' from inside. (5th, 6h and
R

and placed upright inside the heap of yava'

pot is sealed properly
U

This month the

the neck of the pot) and left for one year. Every
Y

(yava upto
sealed again. (8th and 9th line)
mixture is mixed thoroughly and
A

is opened and the product inside is

At the end of the year, the pot of "honey' and
with required quantity
A

administered in the morning

time
of the person.
ghee' depending on the agnibala
R

250 to
half to 2 rattï' (62.5 mg
'tiksna lauha' is
Usually the dosage of medicine person is
PA

asked to take normal

food.
After digestion of this
ng).
(10 11th and 12th line)
A

live longer with no fear of

medicine, makes the person
Troper use of this
diseases. Old age arnd death are delayed. his s e n s e organs
like that of elephant's;
Man's prna becomes strong v k-siddhi and becomes
valorous, attains
He turns
ain sharp for long.
quick learner and rich. (13th to 16" Iine) other metals can
also be
'silver' and
With the same method, 'gold', lite and r e s c u e the person
healthy
pro Use of these give prolonged
from all discases. (17th and 18th line)
Mah-au_adha ayskrti:
Augadha ayaskrti and for
Mah kusthacikits )
Cikits Sth na 10/11;
t a Samhit, RureriufarYT i4TfiAuaa fAuTTATNTUTÀUT

yugta,
auftefeeA,
 182
Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñana
TAToTAIHTAUH3TET pdfa, gY uEuZ:TY.
TUSTTTATQTTETRA 6 ,
(Su. Ci. 10/11)
The thin sheets of 'tiksna lauha' are smeared with solution of 'pañca
lavana' and heated red-hot in the heat produced by dry cow dung cakes.
Red-hot foils are dipped in 'triphal kwätha and "slasärdi gana
ana
dravya kasya for 16 times in each.
These foils are further heated in fire produced by "khadira kstha' and
left there until the fire is lit off on its own. Later they are collected and finelv
powdered in khalva yantra.
This powder is administered along with ghee and "honey in required

administration pathya hra has to be advised to

quantity. During drug

A
the person.
The dosage has to be started from 5 guñj to i m_a (625 mg to 750 mg
according to commentators.
ED
As per author if the drug is administered in this fashion up to quantity
V
of one 'tul' (4.8 kgs) it cures 'ku_tha', 'prameha', 'medoroga', '[wayathu',
R

pandu', 'unm da', 'apasm ra' and lives a healthy life for 100 years.
U

He also mentions that with another course of this drug administration in

Y

the same quantity increases the life span of the person for another 100 years.
A

Note: The above explanation is only intended to speak about the significance
of the preparation. With its proper administration the person may have a
A

healthy and long life span.

R

This preparation may be performed with all the other metals.

PA

3. Ayaskrti:
(Astänga Hrdaya, Cikits Sthna 12/28-32; for Prameha-cikits)
A

(A. Hr. Cikitsä 12/28-3

Requirements:
1. Asandi gaFa dravya each 20 pala
2. Jala (water) : 2 väha (drona)
Reduced to :1/4h
3. Guda (jaggery) : 200 pala
4. Madhu (honey)
:half ãdhaka
5. Vatsakãdi gana dravya each 1 pala
 Ayaskrti Kalpan
183
Method of preparation:
The coarse powder of asandi
nrescribed quantity gana dravya is
of water. The prepared. It is added with
mixture is boiled over
reduced to 1/4th mild fire and
The liquid
later filtered. Before the
is
filtrate turns fully cool, it is added
with the mentioned quantity of
'jaggery' and dissolved by continuous
stirring
After dissolution of jaggery the mixture
may be filtered once andis
poured into a mud pot which is 'dhkpita' (fumigated) and smeared inside
with ghee, honey and pippal+ ckrna.
The remaining drugs, 'madhu' and 'vatsakdi gana dravya ckrna' are
added to the pot and stirred carefully without damaging the pot.
Now the pot is applied with a thick coat of jatu (lac) from outside and

A
placed upright firmly in the 'heap of yava'.

ED
The thin sheets f 't+k_na lauha' (magnetic iron) are made red hot with
agni of khadira wood and dipped into the liquid inside the pot.
V
This process is repeated several times until whole of the iron gets
R

depleted in the liquid media. The mouth of the pot is now sealed and placed
U

undisturbed for a fortnight.

Author says that if this
Y

This formulation is known as ayaskrti.

formulation is consumed daily, it serves better than the formulation
A

explained earlier to this (rodhrsava explained earlier to ayaskrti).

A

Comments:
R

of mineral drug administration seems

Though 'ayaskrti procedure'
PA

about better administration of

outdated now, it has initiated the thought
metallic products.
A

procedure' to many of the

metallic drugs,
With the evolution of 'mrana
less practiced.
the older'ayaskrti' method was
incineration methods for
all the metals fully
Currently we have elements are processed and made
developed wherein the metallic
absorbable by living body tissue. the older
of drug incineration ayaskrti
to the new method
Compared Moreover, the absorbability of the 'ayaskrti
method is long and tiresome. available now.
on parameters
dhatu ckrna' cannot be substantiated
the aspects of 'ayaskrti' as
further research in
Nevertheless, scope for
well as 'm raFa' cannot be denied.
 24
Mas+ Kalpan
(Carbonization of Drugs)

Masi kalpan explains the special kind of preparations available in

Ayurveda pharmaceutics.
The process of 'agni-sarmskarana' is carried out on the selerted

A
'medicinal drugs' to the extent of getting them in carbonized form.
ED
These 'carbonized drugs' are rendered therapeutically fit with this
are meant mainly for external use.
process. These preparations
V
The drugs selected for 'mas+ preparation' can be of plant, animal, or
R

mineral origin.
The first classical references for 'masi kalpan' are 'Hastidanta mas
U

'Su[ruta Samhit, Cikits Sthäna 1/

and 'Krsnasarpa mas+' obtained from
Y

101 and 9/17 respectively.

A

Mas+ kalpan- general methods of preparation:

A

methods are employed here for the preparation

of masi kalpan:
Two
R

Reference
PA

Method
1. Closed method Susruta, Cikitsä Sthäna;
method 9/17 and 1/101;
orSarva sampua
A

2. Open method Rasendra Sära

or Open pan method Sangraha,Upadarmsa-cikitsã;
less harder drugs
Note: Open method is useful in case of
and the closed one for harder drugs.

Closed method:
n d
selected here should be finely powdered and placed
Sarava'. drug
The
Sandhi-bandhana with another [ar va of same size has to be

to prepare [ar va sampu a. nd

It is dried and subjected to puta. Puta is chosen as per the hardness
nature of the drug. refully
After self-cool, the inner material from 'sar va sampu a is ca
and

collected, taken in khalva yantra, triturated to homogenous m

preserved.
 Masi Kalpan
185
Example: Hastidanta mas+ (mas+ prepared from the teeth of
is done with this method. elephant)
Open method:

The drugs of any

origin selected for mas+ preparation are finely
nowdered. They are roasted in an open pan with frequent stirring until it
turns to be black soot like powder.
This black soot like powder is, again taken in clean khalva yantra and
triturated further to obtain 'fine homogenous powder'. It is later preserved
in suitable airtight containers.
Example: Triphal mas+ is done with this method.

Mas+ kalpan- shelf life and preservation:

Mas+ kalpan has infinite shelf life but it has to be stored in airtight

A
containers preventing its exposure to the atmospheric conditions.

Examples:
1. Triphal mas+ ED
V
2. Hastidanta mas+
R

3. Krsnasarpa masí
U

1. Triphal mas+:
Y
A

(Z. U. Kha. 11/106)

A

Method of preparation:
R

pounded in khalva yantra to get

Haritak+, bibh+tak+ and amalak+
are
PA

them in fine powder form.

in an open pan and
fried until whole of the
The powder is later taken
material.
A

drug is burnt to black soot like filtrate is stored in airtight

o n c e and the
It is later collected, filtered
containers as 'triphal masï.

utility:
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic It is applied along with
external application.
Triphal mas+ is used for
any suitable adjuvant. in conditions of
beneficial
Its external application is proved
with honey.
upadamsaja vrana' when applied with little
It is used for 'danta-dh vana' (brushing the teeth) along
it.
amount of 'common salt' added to
2. Hastidanta mas+:

(Su.Ci. 1/101)
 DrutLgJy" Inutpurna
nä Viynana
186

Method of preparation: [ar va

tooth' is taken in and
a
sam is
'elephants
The powder of over it.
another [ar va
by covering
prepared
Sandhi-bandhana of 'Sar va sampu a' is done mud
using wet mud and cloth,
subjected for one to two "laghu puta'.
later dried and "[ar va
the product inside samputa' is col.
Later when self-cool, media as 'hastidanta mas
lected
with appropriate liquid
triturated and used
and therapeutic utility:
Dosage, adjuvant
for external application along with 'rasäñian:
Hastidanta mas+ is used
conditions of "khlitya, phälitya','indralunt
proved beneficial in
It is
and 'romak_ata'. of hair over
term 'pajnitale_vapi' in the verse indicates the growth
Note: The
is not possible as that area lacks
However, the growth of hair over palm
palm.

A
term is used only to signify
the potency of the
hair follicles. Therefore, this

ED
preparation.
has to be applied with
According to different authors, this preparation
V
specific media as below;
R
Susruta Sarmhit Rsänjana and aj-k_ira (Su.Ci. 1/101 tika)
U

Aj-dugda and rasñjana

Bhavaprak[a_
Y

Yogaratnkara Aj-mütra
A

Navan+ta
HäritaSamhitä
Masi alone
A

Cakradatta
found better
adjuvant the cryas
R

Note: With whichever

with other media's also the
results those are specified by them,
PA

to compare its efficacy.

preparation may be applied
A

3. Krsnasarpa masï:

(Su. Ci 9/17)

Ku_tharog dhikára 54/

(6. R.

Method of preparation: e s are

The dead black cobra is collected. Its head, tail and nhle size s u i t a b l e

removed and the remaining part is enclosed in a mud pot or o

khalva
This pot is subjected for one 'varäha pua'. taken
in
When cool on its own, the bhasma (ash) inside the pots ist therap

yantra, triturated and stored in airtight container for furtne

use.
Masi Kalyan 187

Therapeutic utility:
This bhasma is taken in required quantity, added with same quantity of
bibhitaka taila' or bäkuci taila' and the paste obtained is daily applied over
affected parts in all types of '[witra roga' (vitiligo) and 'ku_tha roga' (galita
ku_tha).
Note: This preparation should not be tried, as black cobras' are the
endangered species. For the matter of fact, world's largest habitat for king
and around a
cobras' is the westerm ghats of Karnataka state (especially in
place named Agumbe).

A
ED
V
R
U
Y
A
A
R
PA
A
 25
K_ra Kalpan
(Preparation of Plant Cauterizes)

Introduction:
is "the substance which is
The literal meaning of the word "k_ra'
saline and acrid in its properties'. (V.S. Apte;

A
corrosive, caustic, pungent,

ED
Sanskrit Dictionary)
consummation of a substance by
Corrosion here m e a n s "the gradual
chemical reaction. Best example of
V
biochemical or
another, especially by
is the 'rust of iron'.
R
Corrosion
U

K_âra- definition:
(Sabdakalpadruma)
Y

(Su. Sü. 11/4)

A

here is
the k_arana property'. K_arana
A

Ksra is the one, which possess

the deformed body tissues.
R

to mobilize and remove asn the

substance' of the plants
obtained by processing
PA

It is the 'alkaline
of drugs.
its chedana-bhedana guna.
'anu[astra' by virtue of
A

It is also called as rapialy

a clever physician
According to Su[ruta, 'k_ra' administrated by
cures all severe ailments.

K_ära- significance:
following points;
k_ra' can be established
on
Significance of se

'Sastra-anusastra' since it is useful in c

K_ära is significant among
surgical contraindications.
are afraid of surgery.
children or for those who
I t suits better for women, ofdisease
'anu[astra' controls bleeding and reduces the chances o
It use as

recurrence.

Chances of wound infection are very rare

with the use ot k_ad

K_ära- types:
0) Two Types: Depending on their

1. Pän+ya k_ära Internal use (k_ärodaka)

 Ksara Kalpan 189

2. Pratisaran+ya k_ära External use (mrdu, madhyama and

tiksna k_ra)
(I) Three types: Depending on their source of origin:

1. Khanija k_ära: i. Naisargika : Sarja k_ra, skrya

(Mineral source) k_ra, tankaFa
ii. Krttrima : Sodium borate
2. Pranija k_ra Sankha, sukti, pravla, kapardik
(Animal source)
3. Vänaspatika k_ra Ciñc k_ra, arka k_ra, pal[a k_ra
(Plant source)
their strength:
(II) Three types: Depending
on

1. Mrdu k_ra With mild 'k_arana property

2. Madhyama k_ra With moderate 'k_araFa property

A
3. Tik_na k_ra With high 'k_arana property

ED
in groups as below:
are identified
(V) K_ära's
Sarjak_ ra and yavak_ ra
V
Dviks ra
Sarjak_ra, yavak_ra and aDkana
R
Trik_ara Sarjak_ra, yavak_ra, apmrga
K_ rapañcaka
U

k_ra
k_ra, tila k_ra and palsa
Sarjak_ra, yavak_ra, apmrga
Y

K_är _taka k_ra, ciñc

k_ra, tilak_ ra, pal[a
A

and sudh
k_ra, arka k_ra
found in
A

are
for method of 'k_ra preparation'
The classical references
R

different texts as given here;

PA

1. Caraka, Sktrasth na 27/306;

2. Susruta, Sktrasth na 11/16;
A

Sïtrasthãna 30/8-19;
3. A_tänga Hrdaya, 2/100; 6/25-26;
Madhyama khanda
4 Sarngadhara Samhit ,
5. Rasatarangin+ 14/59-61. the correct
description about
owever, many texts give only partial in this regard.
m o r e detailed
found to be
nethod of preparation. Su[ruta is covered here
preparation' is elaborately
he whole method of 'ks ra above.
bel the references quoted
taking into consideration all
K_ära- general method of preparation:

fau vafdyaariKTETHAT

(Paribha_ Prad+pa))
 190 Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñäna
The selected plant for the preparation of k_ ra is collected in
appropriate season including all the 'pañc ngas' (root, stem, leaves, flower
and fruit).
The plant is entirely dried under hot sun until it is completely dry. This

dry plant is cut into smaller pieces and taken in a wide mouthed big iron
vessel (kadhh+) and ignited in an opern place.
with the "k_ra plaDt'. This
Note: Some authors advise to burn 'tilan la' along
is perhaps for the rapid and complete burning
of the drug a s the dry 'tilanla'
catches fire soon and burns for long.
is allowed to cool down on its
Atter the drug is completely burnt, the ash
filtered through a sieve to get rid of unburnt woody
own. This'plant ash'is
part.
dissolved in 6 parts of 'water', 'cow's
The obtained ash filtrate is now
to Y. R. and R.T. 4 parts).

A
urine' or the 'mixture of the both' (according
undisturbed over night. Next
The mixture is stirred well and kept
morning the 'supernatant clear liquid' is carefully
clean stainless steel vessel.
ED
decanted into a separate
V
It is now filtered through a clean cotton cloth for 21 times. Specification
R

of 21 times filtration is perhaps to obtain the purest form of 'k_ra'.

U

and boiled with

The final filtrate is taken in an open large iron vessel
Y

'clear' and
constant stirring. When the boiling liquid turns 'brown', 'slimy',
allowed to settle.
A

pungent smelling, it is removed from the fire and

Now, the clear liquid is carefully decanted again; and this
supernatant
A

decanted liquid is called the 'k_ rodaka'. It can beused for both
R

pharmaceutical as well as therapeutic purposes

PA

From here on if the obtained 'k_ rodaka' alone is subjected for further
boiling to get it in paste' or 'dry powder' form, it will be called as 'mrdu
A

k_ra'.
If the obtained 'k_rodaka' is subjected for further boiling by adding the
drugs such as; limestone', "burnt limestone', 'Sankha' and 'sukti', to get it in
paste' or 'dry powder' form, it will be called as 'madhyama k_ra'.
If the obtained k_ rodaka' is subjected for further boiling by adding al
the drugs used for 'madhyama k_ra', along with the fine powders of the
herbal drugs like 'dantï', 'dravantï', 'citraka', längali, 'pktik and 'hingu;
and the mineral drugs like 'prav la', 'vida lavana' and 'sauvarca lavaFa; to

called as
get the 'ksrodaka' in 'paste' or 'dry powder' form, it will be
t+k_na k_ra'.
Note:
All these additional drugs are added in the ratio of 1/10 part to the total
'drug ash'used for 'k_ra' preparation.
 Ksãra Kalpan
191
The limestones (sudh på_äFa) can be burnt
while the drug is burnt initially. by throwing them into

How the additional drugs are to be added:

One-third part of "k_ärodaka' is taken separately in a vessel. The
specified mineral drugs are heated red-hot and dipped repeatedly until
they
erumble into powder form by loosening their hardness; whereas the herbal
drugs are added in fine powder form.
This mixture is later ground to a fine 'kalka' and put into the
larger 'dry
of the 'ksärodaka' on fire and heated until it gets thickened to 'paste' or part
powder' form.
These additional drugs are expected to put in, more potency to make the
ksra 'madhyama'and'tiksna'.

A
K_ära- properties:

ED
According to Susruta:
TaftatT T G: T : THTISa fufoa:|
V
(Su. Sk.11/16)
R
As per the opinion of Susruta, 'k_ra' are not too t+k_na, not too mild.
U

They are white in color, smooth, slimy and non-spreading in nature. They
Y

are wholesome and quick acting.

A

According to Caraka:
A

(Ca. Sü.27/306)
R

According Caraka, all k_ra' are tik_na, u_na, laghu, rük_a, kled+,
to
PA

In total 'k_ra
Vrana-pcaka, vrana-vidraka, d hak raka and agni-dipaka.
will have properties as that of 'agni'.
A

According to Rasa Tarangini

2TTiT T827T: 4TUEuiteiis3qgrytteT:
TUTT faHfuur:I YAT
(R.T. 14/62-63)
of as-tik_na', 'u_na' and
dsa larangin+ mentions the properties k_ra
dahakäraka'.
Tho in 'gulma', 'grahani"', plihä',
'mütra-krcchra' and
a C y are indicated
inari. They eradicates bähya and äbhyantara krnmi,
They nnance digestion capacity. They
Sodha
are 'vraFa vidraka', 'vraFa
sodhaka', 'vraFaropaka' and 'inütrala'.
K_ra- dosage and
shelf life:
ksära 8
guñj (250-1000 mgs) is the general dosage for all types of
ksära
 192 Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñang

will have 'shelf life' of 5 yea

The 'k_ra' obtained in powder form ears,
suitable conditions.
provided they are preserved in

Examples:
1. Apamrga k_ära
2. Snuhi k_ära
3. Kadali ksära
4. Väs ksära
Samhit ,
Sktrasth na 11)
1. Apamärga k_ära: (Su[ruta

Ingredients:
Ap märga bhasma : 1 part
6 part
Water

Method of preparation:

A
General method of preparation. ED
utility:
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic with water. It is
k_ra' is administered along
V
One to 2 ratti of 'apmrga
'udara-[kla', 'grahani, 'viskcik ,
'alasaka', 'ajirna',
indicated in 'gulma',
R

'aruci', 'nha', 'ar[a' and'krimi roga.

U

2. Snuhi k_ra: (Su[ruta Samhit, Sktrasth na 11)

Y

Ingredients:
A

Snuhi bhasma :1 part

A

Water 6 part
R

Method of preparation:
PA

General method of preparation.

Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:
A

It is
One to 2 ratti of 'apmrga k_âra' is administered along with water.
'rakta[odhaka', '[othahara', and 'twakdo_ahara'.
3. Kadali k_ära: (Su[ruta Samhit, Sütrasthäna 11)

Ingredients:
Kadali bhasma 1 part
Water 6 parts
Method of preparation:
General method of preparation.
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:
is
er. It
One to 2 ratti of
'apämärga k_ära' is administered along
indicated
witn wk, icik ',

in 'gulma', 'pl+ha roga', "jirna-jwara', 'garavi_a',V

smarï' and '[opha'.
 K_ãra Kalpan
193
4.Vãsã k_ra: (Su[rut Samhit, Sktrasthna 11)
Ingredients:
Vãsã bhasma
:1 part
Water : 6 parts
Method of preparation:
General method of preparation.
Dosage, adjuvant and therapeutic utility:
One to 2 ratt+ of 'vs k_ra' is administered
indicated in "ksa', '$wsa', along
'grahan+", 'ar[a', 'ajirna',
with water. It is
'aruci', 'a[mari' and
Sarkar '.

K_ärasktra-nirmäFa (preparation of k_rasïtr):

Requirements:

A
1.Thread Preferably 20 numbered 'surgical linen thread';
2. K_arasktra cabin
3. Snuhi k_ïra ED
With 'hangers' and 'hot air blowers;
Euphorbia nerifolia' plant latex used within an
V
hour of collection;
R
4. Apäm rga k_ra K_ãra of 'Achyranthus aspera' prepared as per
reference;
U

Curcuma longa' powdered from its tubers

5. Haridr powder
Y
A

Method of preparation:
thread is tied to
The above mentioned requirements are kept ready. The
A

to it with soaked gauze piece as said

the hangers and 21 coats are given
R

below:
1. First 11 coats with 'snuhï k_+ra' (latex of Euphorbia nerifolia);
PA

. Next seven coats are given with the mixture of 'snkhi k_+ra + ap m rga
A

k_ra' taken in equal quantity; haridr

mixture of 'snuhi k_ira +
. Next 3 coats are given from the
powder; (Cakradatta, Ar[acikits 148)

of the thread gets

uniform coating. After each
NOte: Take care that all the parts to the cabinet
and hot air is blown to dry
thehangers are placed back
at,
them evenly.
and potency period:
Asarasütra-packing, preservation
in desired
even (15 to 20 cm) and packed in
length
threads are cut further sealed inside a
bag), which are

Pla ne bags (around ten in one inside.

moisture
u b e with a silica bag to check the
the cabinet to expose them to the
lass tubes' are placed back into
Uy r
UV
radiation
e
for proper 'sterilization'.
sealing is broken at the time of use and once broken the threads are
 Bhaisajya Kalpan Vijñäna
194
unbroken seal, the threade
months. With
used within a period of around six
or more.
stay potent for as long as five years'
K_ärasütra- indications: (Cakradatta, Ar[acikits 148)
of arsas' and
the treatment purposes
Ksärasütraare used for fistula-in-ano' when tied
masses' and
bhagandara'. They cut 'hemorrhoid
as per the procedure.

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