Connections to Masonry

Stair Shaft
8" Masonry
Walls

Elevator Shaft
12" Masonry Walls
 about your instructor….
Sam Rubenzer, PE, SE, MBA
Founder of FORSE Consulting
email: [email protected]
phone: (715) 563-5390
Experience / Background
• Licensed Structural Engineer (SE) in the State of IL
• Structural Engineering: University of Minnesota
• MBA: Marquette University
FORSE Consulting
• team of engineers with extensive masonry design experience
• consultant for IMI since February 2010
• specialize in structural masonry design
 Available Presentations
1. What Non-Engineers need to know about 8. Movement Joints, Structural Edition
Structural Masonry 9. Masonry Shear Wall Design
2. Intro to Structural Masonry Design 10.Lintels for Masonry Walls
3. Structural Concrete Masonry Design 11.Connection to Masonry walls
4. Structural Clay Masonry Design 12.Storm Shelter design with Masonry
5. Masonry Notes, Details, and Prototypes 13.Cutting Edge Masonry Codes & Standards
6. Software Review for Structural Masonry 14.Masonry Case Studies
Design 15.Building System Selection
7. Masonry Analysis and Design with (featuring Masonry)
Finite Element Software 16.Hybrid Masonry with PT Concrete
 Agenda
• General Notes Overview
• Material notes EXTEND WALL REINF. TO
TOP OF WALL
VERTICAL WALL REINFORCEMENT
• What to specify and what NOT to specify SPACING, SEE SCHEDULE

2" CLR
TOP OF WALL BOND BEAM, SEE

MAX.
• Connections to masonry walls WALL SCHEDULE FOR
REINFORCING LOCATION AT
ROOF ELEVATION / BEARING
• Dowels and laps in masonry walls MID-HEIGHT OR INTERMEDIATE
WALL PARAPET
• Bearing plates CONTROL JOINT
BOND BEAM, SEE WALL
SCHEDULE FOR REINFORCING
AND LOCATION
• Tension and shear connections to walls TYP WALL REINF
ON EACH SIDE 7A
• Embedded fasteners into masonry OF JOINT SEE WALL SCHEDULE AND
REINFORCING DIAGRAM
• Connections from lintels 1E 1D
(DETAIL 1D) FOR SPLICES IN
VERTICAL REINFORCING

• Connections for veneers TYPICAL WALL REINFORCING IN

FULLY GROUTED CELLS, SEE
TOP OF GRADE
• Details of connections to masonry walls OR FLOOR
WALL SCHEDULE

SOLID OR PARTIALLY GROUTED

• Roof and Floor framing details 1B
CELLS BELOW GRADE

• Foundation details 1A TYPICAL MASONRY WALL REINFORCING ELEVATION

• Partition Wall details SCALE : 1/4" = 1'-0"

• Storm Shelter details

MASONRY DETAILING SERIES
www.imiweb.org
Sketchup 3D Warehouse loaded
with free IMI Masonry detail
content.
 CONNECTIONS TO
MASONRY GONE WRONG…

“could” have been PL 1”x11”x0-11”

but was PL 2.5”x11”x2-0”
 M PL E
OT SI
not simpleN
MASONRY GENERAL NOTES
Specification
Section 04200
STARTS WITH A GOOD SPEC SECTION - 04200
PART 1 GENERAL

DELETE

1.03 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A. Performance Requirements:
1. Provide unit masonry that develops the following installed compressive strengths (f’m) at 28
days:
a. For Concrete Unit Masonry: Based on net area: f’m = 1900 PSI (13.1 MPa).
b. For Brick Unit Masonry: Based on gross area: f’m = 2500 PSI (17.3 MPa).

REPLACE WITH…

1.03 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A. Performance Requirements:
1. Provide unit masonry that develops the following installed compressive strengths (f’m) at 28
days:
a. For Concrete Unit Masonry: Based on net area: f’m = 2500 PSI
i. f’CMU, individual concrete masonry unit compression strength, shall be 3250 PSI or
greater
ii. f’G, grout compressive strength, shall be 2500 psi or greater
iii. Mortar shall be Type S
b. For Brick Unit Masonry: Based on gross area: f’m = 2500 PSI
i. f’BRICK, individual concrete masonry unit compression strength, shall be 8250 PSI or
greater
ii. Mortar shall be Type N
 masonry design notes
material notes
• don’t just say “f’m = _______”
• call out each part of the assembly: CMU, grout, and mortar
• for example:

Masonry assembly strength shall be 2,500 psi

• f’CMU shall be 3250 psi or greater
• f’G shall be 3000 psi
• mortar shall be Type S
• don’t need to call out strength of mortar
• also, it is possible to use two different masonry strengths on the same
project!
 COMMENTS ON MASONRY
NOTES
when specifying
these values mortar, you are
are too low not required to
indicate strength

these values
are too low

horizontal reinf.
should be ladder
type
GETTING THE NOTES RIGHT!

EXCELLENT!!
 design strength of masonry
individual CMU
NET AREA psi + mortar type
(Type S, N) = f’m
OLD CODE

+ =
MINIMUM…
1900 psi Type S 1500 psi NOT STANDARD

3,250 psi + Type S = 2,500 psi

COMMON - AVAILABLE
ALMOST EVERYWHERE

4,500psi + Type S = 3,000 psi

ALSO AVAILABLE
(not as common)

ACHIEVED WITH PRISM TESTING 4,000 psi +

 why is f’m so important?
more efficient design w/ higher f’m
• wall
• bearing wall
• non-bearing wall
• shear wall
• lintel
• column/pilaster
• lap lengths
• much shorter
• connections to masonry
• will be much more efficient
• embed plates
• anchors
 masonry design notes
general notes Top of Wall Bond
don’t make general catch all statements Beam not needed if
its not a Shear Wall
• don’t define “maximum reinforcing spacing”…
• eliminates unreinforced walls which are still
very reasonable options
• too often when engineers define “maximum
reinf spacing”, it is far less than code defined
maximum (120 inches on center)
• don’t add a top of wall bond beam to all walls
• arbitrarily adds unnecessary element that
adds a lot of costs, difficult
 masonry design notes
general notes
don’t define control joint spacing via notes
• brick veneer and concrete masonry have different movement
requirements
• one expands, one contracts
• one does not have reinf, one does have reinforcement
• designers are required by code to locate movement joints
• make specific locations on plans and elevations
• don’t try to define with words
 Who is responsible for
locating movement joints?
MSJC 2013, Section
12.1.6.3
“Design and detail the veneer to
accommodate differential
movement.”

MSJC 2013 - Mandatory

Requirements Checklist –
“Notes to Architect /
Engineer”, Part 3, 3.3 D.6,
page S-81
“Indicate type and location of
movement joints on the project
drawings.”
 CAN NOT LOCATE CJ
VIA NOTES

this note is
dangerous -
it might result in
CJ locations that
adversely affect
structural
capacity
 masonry - control joints

• two options for controlling cracking

1. min. horiz. reinf. and control joints for masonry (unreinforced and
reinforced)
– does NOT need bar reinforcement like concrete
– needs gauge reinforcement
– CJ based on max 25 ft or 1.5 x wall height, or at:

Figure from NCMA TEK 10-2C

 masonry -
control joints
UNREINFORCED

• two options for controlling

cracking
1. min. horiz. reinf. and control
joints for masonry
– CJ in unreinforced wall
– CJ in reinforced wall
– (AWAY FROM OPENINGS!!)

REINFORCED
Figures from NCMA TEK 10-2C
 masonry - no control joints

• two options for controlling cracking

2. additional horiz. reinf. and NO
control joints
– use horiz. reinf. of 0.002 A
– similar to concrete, but less area

Figure from NCMA TEK 10-3

tips for control joints

MINIMAL AREA AT PIER TO PLACE CONTROL JOINTS

tips for control joints

CJ
 tips for control
joints
CONTINUOUS:
• LINTELS
• TOP AND BOTTOM REINF
• JOIST BEARING
• TOP OF WALL

Final design likely grouted solid in

this case
 control joints affect
structural performance

CJ CJ
 control joints affect
structural performance
 control joints affect
structural performance
 masonry design notes
EXTEND WALL REINF. TO

lap splices
TOP OF WALL
VERTICAL WALL REINFORCEMENT
SPACING, SEE SCHEDULE

2" CLR
TOP OF WALL BOND BEAM, SEE

MAX.
WALL SCHEDULE FOR
REINFORCING LOCATION AT
ROOF ELEVATION / BEARING
• lap splices are different for
WALL PARAPET
a variety of reasons MID-HEIGHT OR INTERMEDIATE
BOND BEAM, SEE WALL
• all of the following change lap lengths
CONTROL JOINT SCHEDULE FOR REINFORCING
AND LOCATION
• bar sizes TYP WALL REINF
ON EACH SIDE 7A
OF JOINT
• reinforcement in center, or at each face SEE WALL SCHEDULE AND
REINFORCING DIAGRAM
(DETAIL 1D) FOR SPLICES IN
• spacing 1E 1D
VERTICAL REINFORCING

• masonry wall strength TYPICAL WALL REINFORCING IN

FULLY GROUTED CELLS, SEE
TOP OF GRADE
• include in masonry wall schedules
OR FLOOR
WALL SCHEDULE

SOLID OR PARTIALLY GROUTED

CELLS BELOW GRADE
1B

1A TYPICAL MASONRY WALL REINFORCING ELEVATION

SCALE : 1/4" = 1'-0"
 masonry design notes
masonry wall schedules
MASONRY WALL SCHEDULE
THICKNES VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
MARK NOTES
S BAR(S)@SPACING LAP DISTANCE
• material notes
W1 8” le
1-#4 @ 64”uO.C. 12 inches
• lap splice notes h e d
W2 8” 1-#6 c@ 32” O.C. 33 inches
masonry wall le S
p
•
W3 8” 2-#4 @ 24” O.C. 20 inches
schedules
x a m
W4 E
8” 1-#7 @ 8” O.C. 46 inches
W5 12” 1-#6 @ 32” O.C. 21 inches
f’m = 2500 psi
EXTEND WALL REINF. TO
TOP OF WALL
VERTICAL WALL REINFORCEMENT
SPACING, SEE SCHEDULE

2" CLR
TOP OF WALL BOND BEAM, SEE

MAX.
WALL SCHEDULE FOR
REINFORCING LOCATION AT
ROOF ELEVATION / BEARING

WALL PARAPET MID-HEIGHT OR INTERMEDIATE

BOND BEAM, SEE WALL
CONTROL JOINT SCHEDULE FOR REINFORCING
AND LOCATION
TYP WALL REINF
ON EACH SIDE 7A
OF JOINT SEE WALL SCHEDULE AND
REINFORCING DIAGRAM
(DETAIL 1D) FOR SPLICES IN
1E 1D
VERTICAL REINFORCING

TYPICAL WALL REINFORCING IN

FULLY GROUTED CELLS, SEE
TOP OF GRADE
WALL SCHEDULE
OR FLOOR
SOLID OR PARTIALLY GROUTED
CELLS BELOW GRADE
1B

1A TYPICAL MASONRY WALL REINFORCING ELEVATION

SCALE : 1/4" = 1'-0"
 TOP OF WALL BOND BEAM (MIN.
(1) #4 REBAR)

SEE ARCH. FOR OTHER MASONRY DETAILS, BUILD WALL IN 4'-8" (MAX.) LIFTS
DIMENSIONS AND FINISHES UNLESS CLEANOUTS ARE PROVIDED,
THEN 12'-8" LIFTS CAN BE USED.
SEE MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS FOR MORE INFORMATION
REPEAT REINF. PATTERN TO
TOP OF WALL
1D

PLACE GROUT TO 4" BELOW TOP

* VERTICAL REBAR MUST RUN

CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH ALL
ALL MASONRY WALLS MUST BE ADEQUATELY BOND BEAMS
BRACED DURING CONSTRUCTION. BRACING
SHALL REMAIN IN PLACE UNTIL STRUCTURAL REBAR SIZE PER PLAN OR
ROOF DECK IS COMPLETED. MASONRY WALL REINFORCING
SCHEDULE

1D

PLACE GROUT TO 4" BELOW TOP

*
*LAY WALLNOTE:
TO THIS HEIGHT; PLACE NEXT
ALL CELLS WITH REINF. SHALL
BE FULLY GROUTED.
REINF. BAR OR BARS TO SPECIFIED
TOLERANCES; PLACE GROUT TO 4"
BELOW TOP. SPACES TO BE GROUTED CMU (CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT),
SHALL BE FREE OF MORTAR DROPPINGS, SEE PLAN AND SCHEDULE FOR
DEBRIS LOOSE AGGREGATES AND ANY THICKNESS (SEE ARCH. SHEETS
MATERIAL DELETERIOUS TO MASONRY FOR COLOR AND TEXTURE)
GROUT.
CONSOLIDATE GROUT AT TIME OF
PLACEMENT USING MECHANICAL 1D SEE ARCH. PLANS FOR GRADE
VIBRATION. AFTER INITIAL SETTLEMENT AND FLOOR REQUIREMENTS
AND WATER LOSS HAS OCCURRED.
FULL MORTAR BEDDING AT
FIRST COURSE

PROVIDE MATCHING DOWELS WITH

STANDARD 90° HOOK INTO
FOUNDATION FOR ALL REINFORCED
WALLS LAP AS INDICATED IN SCHD

1B TYPICAL MASONRY WALL REINFORCING SECTION

SCALE : 1/2" = 1'-0"
n/a

n/a

n/a
masonry partition walls
And their connections
IMI MASONRY PARTITION SOFTWARE – V2
imiweb.org/structural-solutions/masonry-
partition-wall-software/
 Masonry shear walls for seismic loads
IBC – seismic wall characteristics
• Ordinary Reinforced Section - 1.17.3.2.4 (summary)
• at least #4 vertical reinforcement within:
• 16” of edge of opening and within last 8” of wall ends
• 2-W1.7 horizontal joint reinforcement at 16” o.c.
• reinforcement top and bottom of openings ≥ 16”
• extend 24” past opening, nor less than 40db
• reinforcement within 16” of top of walls
• based on ASD or SD

• Intermediate Reinforced - Section 1.17.3.2.4 (summary)

• all requirements of Ordinary Reinforced
• and vertical reinforcement no further apart than 48” o.c.

• Special Reinforced - Section 1.17.3.2.4 (summary)

• all requirements of Ordinary Reinforced
• and reinforcement no further than 48” o.c. vertically and horizontally and much, much more
partition wall

MSJC 2013
an interior wall without
structural function
based on MSJC 2013, new
chapter 7, need to ensure no
in-plane forces enter wall
which are not accounted for
f’m=2500psi, mortar cement
IBC min load - 5 psf service, 8 psf factored/ultimate loading
SDC A, B

10 ft 12 ft 14 ft 16 ft 18 ft 20 ft 24 ft 30 ft

6 inch none none none #4 @ 96 #4 @ 96 #4 @ 72 #4 @ 40 #5 @ 24

8 inch none none none none none #4 @ 96 #5 @ 96 #5 @ 48

10 inch none none none none none none none #4 @ 96

12 inch none none none none none none none #4 @ 96

16 inch none none none none none none none none

f’m=2500psi, mortar cement
IBC min load - 5 psf service, 8 psf factored/ultimate loading
SDC C

10 ft 12 ft 14 ft 16 ft 18 ft 20 ft 24 ft 30 ft

6 inch #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4 @ 96 #4 @ 96 #4 @ 72 #4 @ 40 #5 @ 24

8 inch #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4 @ 96 #5 @ 96 #5 @ 48

10 inch #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4 @ 96

12 inch #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4 @ 96

16 inch #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120 #4@120

interior partition walls
interior partition walls
option: connect @ reinforced cells
Partition Top Anchors (PTA)
source: www.h-b.com
interior partition walls
another option: light-gauge continuous angle
 1 ACE I .,
AS REQUIRED

TOP OF WALL TO
ACCOMMODATE FLOOR/
ROOF DEFLECTION

CONTINUOUS OR
INTERMITTENT ANGLE
@ EACH SIDE OF WALL

VERTICAL
REINFORCEMENT
AS REQUIRED

HORIZONTAL JOINT
REINFORCEMENT
AS REQUIRED

2D VIEW

NOTES:
DOWEL LENGTH REINFORCED WALL SHOWN;
AS REQUIRED UNREINFORCED WALL SIMILAR.
TOP & BOTTOM DETAILING MAY VARY.

VERTICAL SPAN CMU PARTITION

DETAIL 02.020.0202 REV. 06/12/13
These details are intended for the use of industry professionals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the information provided herein. This publication © 2013 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
should not be used as the sole guide for masonry design and construction, and IMI disclaims any and all legal responsibility for the consequences of applying the information.
 STRUCTURAL FLOOR OR ROOF
SYSTEM

1"
L5x3x1 4"x1'-3"LLV @ 4'-0" OC
ANCHOR FASTENED TO PLACED SNUG AGAINST WALL
STRUCTURAL FLOOR SYSTEM EACH SIDE
T
MUST HAVE 1" MIN. CLEARANCE
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF (OR AS REQUIRED TO
@ 16" OC IF REQ'D ACCOMMODATE DEFLECTION)
BETWEEN TOP OF NON-BEARING
WALL & BOTTOM OF FLOOR OR
ROOF
MASONRY WALL

LATERAL SUPPORT OF
5F NON-LOAD BEARING MASONRY PARTITION
SCALE : NTS
 VERTICAL WALL REINF, PER
DOWELS TO MATCH MASONRY
WALL SCHEDULE
WALL REINFORCING SIZE &
SPACING
36"
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF
PER WALL SCHEDULE 12"
MINIMUM:
#5 @ 4'-0" OC w/ ALT HOOKS IN
1
2" ISOLATION BOARD SOLID GROUTED CELLS.

SLAB ON GRADE, SEE PLAN

TOP OF SLAB EL
SEE PLAN

TOP OF FTG EL
SEE PLAN
3" CLR
WALL FOOTING, SEE
FOUNDATION PLAN

EQ EQ

3" CLR.
T"

5C INTERIOR MASONRY WALL

SCALE : NTS NON-LOAD BEARING MASONRY
PARTITION (SEE ARCH DWG)

HORIZONTAL JOINT
REINF @ 16" OC T

VERTICAL WALL REINFORCEMENT

DOWEL INTO FOOTING TO WHERE NOTED ON PLAN
MATCH VERTICAL REBAR.

T/2

1'-0"
Preferred, unless the X X X X X X X X X X X X X

8"
wall is cantilevered

T
1
1

CONTINUOUS REBAR,
SEE PLAN

INTERIOR MASONRY WALL

5E THICKENED SLAB SECTION
SCALE : NTS
 TOP OF WALL TO
ACCOMMODATE FLOOR/
ROOF DEFLECTION

VERTICAL
REINFORCEMENT
AS REQUIRED

HORIZONTAL JOINT
REINFORCEMENT
AS REQUIRED

2D VIEW

NOTES:
DOWEL LENGTH REINFORCED WALL SHOWN;
AS REQUIRED UNREINFORCED WALL SIMILAR.
TOP & BOTTOM DETAILING MAY VARY.

VERTICAL CANTILEVER WALL CMU PARTITION

DETAIL 02.020.0201 REV. 06/10/13
These details are intended for the use of industry professionals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the information provided herein. This publication © 2013 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
should not be used as the sole guide for masonry design and construction, and IMI disclaims any and all legal responsibility for the consequences of applying the information.
 Masons prefer to connect
top of partition walls by…
1. Direct connection at reinforced/grouted cells
• preferred
• simplest, cheapest option, no top of wall bond beam required

2. Continuous angle at top of wall

• small angle size, small connector, no bond beam

3. intermittent heavy angle, non-coordinated top of wall connection

• not preferred
• heavy angle, heavy connector, hard to place bond beam
CONNECTIONS TO MASONRY AND
WITHIN MASONRY
 MSJC and IBC bar
development, lap length

2
0.13 d b f yγ
ld = ≤ 72 d b
K f m"
 SPLICE LENGTHS
MSJC Equations & IBC SD requirements

Lap length INCREASES as:

•Bar size increases,
•Cover or distance between bars decreases

Lap length DECREASES as:

•Bar size decreases,
•Cover or distance between bars increases,
•Masonry compressive strength increases

▪ options to avoid long lap lengths:

▪ Use smaller diameter bars at closer spacing.
▪ Cover distance is key – maximize cover for minimum lap lengths.
▪ Minimize laps by permitting higher grout lifts
▪ Use specified f’m, not just minimum value…
 reduce splice length when appropriate
▪ use specified f’m, not just minimum value…
Example:
8” CMU, single bar centered, grade 60 steel
IBC 2009 Strength Design provisions

f’m =1500psi f’m =2000 psi f’m =2500 psi f’m =3000 psi

#4 12" 12" 12" 12"

#5 22" 19" 17" 16"

#6 43" 37” 33” 30”

ASTM C90 minimum unit

compressive strength,
Using actual f’m for project
Type S mortar
 reduce splice length when appropriate
▪ use specified f’m, not just minimum value…
Example:
8” CMU, single bar centered, grade 60 steel
IBC 2009 Strength Design provisions

f’m =1500psi f’m =2000 psi f’m =2500 psi f’m =3000 psi

#4 2 courses 2 courses 2 courses 2 courses

#5 3 courses 3 courses 3 courses 2 courses

#6 6 courses 5 courses 5 courses 4 courses

 spreadsheet for determining
lap lengths
thickness: 8+inches reinf+spacing: 16+inches
f'm: 2250+psi position: centered

Bar db ld fy γ K f'm
#3 0.375 12+inches 60000+psi 1 3.375 2250+psi
#4 0.5 12+inches 60000+psi 1 3.5625 2250+psi
#5 0.625 18+inches 60000+psi 1 3.5 2250+psi
#6 0.75 35+inches 60000+psi 1.3 3.4375 2250+psi
#7 0.875 48+inches 60000+psi 1.3 3.375 2250+psi
#8 1 74+inches 60000+psi 1.5 3.3125 2250+psi
#9 1.125 96+inches 60000+psi 1.5 3.25 2250+psi
 REMEMBER THE
SCHEDULE
MASONRY WALL SCHEDULE
THICKNES VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
MARK NOTES
S BAR(S)@SPACING LAP DISTANCE
W1 8” 1-#4 @ 64” O.C. 12 inches
W2 8” 1-#6 @ 32” O.C. 33 inches
W3 8” 2-#4 @ 24” O.C. 20 inches
W4 8” 1-#7 @ 8” O.C. 46 inches
W5 12” 1-#6 @ 32” O.C. 21 inches
f’m = 2500 psi
WHEN TO CONSIDER
SPLICES INSTEAD?
 MSJC/IBC additional
requirements for splices

• ASTM A706 steel is required for

welded lap splices
• if used, mechanical splices must
comply with ACI 318 Type 1 or 2
mechanical splices
• couplers (threaded) or welded
splices must develop develop
1.25 fy

couplers w/ threaded 5'-0" rebar

FOUNDATION LAPS AND ALIGNMENT

VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AS REQ’D

HORIZONTAL JOINT
REINFORCEMENT

GROUT AS REQ’D

DOWELS MAY BE BENT UP TO 1”

LATERALLY PER 6” VERTICALLY

CMU SHOWN IN
LONGITUDINAL SECTION

FOUNDATION
 include splice lengths in
project documents
Question: Why should the splice lengths and locations be included on the
project drawings?
Answer: The design professional has the information necessary to calculate
lap lengths, the contractor does not. Contractors cannot be expected to
know which lap length equation is applicable nor the variables that are
included in some lap splice equations.

Consider that laps may vary based on:

Bar diameter
Design method (ASD or SD)
Locally adopted building code
Specified cover
Specified f’m
and more…
PROVIDE VERTICAL REINF. IN FIRST VERT. GROUT, AND REINF. BARS SHALL BE
CELL EACH SIDE OF CONTROL JOINT CONTINUOUS AT CONTROL JOINTS, FROM BOND
MATCH TYPICAL WALL REINF. BAR SIZE BEAM AT ROOF, DOWN TO TOP OF FOOTING.
AND NUMBER WITH IN CELL
TERMINATE ALL HORIZONTAL
REINFORCEMENT AT CONTROL
JOINT, EXCEPT AT ROOF
ELEVATION AND TOP OF WALL.

BL

BUILDING PAPER GROUT FILL

CONTROL JOINT PER ARCH. SHEETS

1E TYPICAL CONTROL JOINT

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"

TOLERANCES FOR PLACING OF REINF. BARS AT EACH FACE

 GROUT & REINFORCING
WHERE REQUIRED
TERMINATE HORIZONTAL
JOINT REINFORCEMENT AT
CONTROL JOINT

BUILDING PAPER

GROUT FILL

CAULK & BACKER ROD

NOTE: STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

MAY VARY, AND ARE SHOWN FOR
ILLUSTRATION ONLY

CONTROL JOINT GROUT FILL

DETAIL 02.010.1302 REV. 03/14/11
© 2011 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
 TERMINATE HORIZONTAL
JOINT REINFORCEMENT AT
CONTROL JOINT

GROUT & REINFORCING

WHERE REQUIRED

SASH BLOCK

PREFORMED GASKET

CAULK & BACKER ROD

NOTE: STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

MAY VARY, AND ARE SHOWN FOR
ILLUSTRATION ONLY

CONTROL JOINT PREFORMED GASKET

DETAIL 02.010.1301 REV. 03/14/11
© 2011 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
 FIRE RATING AT CJ
• Masonry Control Joints

NCMA TEK 7-1C

 FIRE RATING AT CJ
• Masonry Control Joints

NCMA TEK 7-1C

embed plates

• simple solution

• does not require masonry wall

to be grouted, but it usually
needs to be

• fastener can be:

– headed stud
– mechanical anchor

• good solution for retrofit /

adding a beam to existing
building
masonry corbel

• Not common

• slightly more complicated

• requires reinforcement for

corbel

• bearing plate usually needed,

but not required
beam pocket

• very simple

• bearing plate usually needed,

but not required

• more complicated when wall

has a required fire rating
– fire stopping material may be
required
– requires approx 2in for 2-hour fire
rating (face shell is 1 ¼“)
 connecting to masonry wall

• embed plate or bearing plate?

• depends on the situation

• embed plate
• may be better tension connection
• adequate for light loads

• bearing plate
• much more capacity for vertical shear loads
 anchor bolts

• tensile capacity governed by

• yield of anchor in tension
• tensile breakout
• tensile pullout (bent – bar anchor bolts only)
• shear capacity governed by
• yield of anchor in shear
• shear breakout
• for combined tension and shear, use linear interaction
Embedded Fasteners to masonry

Source: Masonry Contractors article

 AN INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED
FASTENERS IN MASONRY

https://www.masoncontractors.org/2016/08/15/an-introduction-to-embedded-
fasteners-in-masonry/#newsletter
Cast-in anchors TO MASONRY
 NCMA TEK 12-3C: DESIGN OF ANCHOR
BOLTS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE MASONRY
anchoring to masonry
anchoring to masonry
 code 3.1.6.3.1 - nominal tensile capacities for
anchor bolts

• tensile yield of anchor

Bans = Ab f y
• tensile breakout of anchor
'
Banb = 4 Apt f m

• tensile pullout of anchor

'
Ban = 1.5 f eb d b + [300 π (lb + eb + d b ) d b ]
m
 code 3.1.6.3.2 - nominal shear capacities for anchor
bolts

• shear breakout of anchor

'
Bvn = 4 Apv f m
• shear crushing of masonry
'
Bvnc = 1050 f Ab
4
m
• shear pryout of anchor
'
Bvnpry = 2.0 Banb = 8 Apt f m
• shear yield of anchor
Bvn = 0.6 Ab f y
combined tension and shear
on anchor bolts

baf bvf
+ ≤1
φ Ban φ Bvn
anchoring to masonry
spreadsheet
from NCMA
 Embedded Plate Design (NCMA TEK 12-3B) Loading: Resultant loads on anchors
shear: 2.0 k shear: 2.0 k ( bv f )
Bolt Group: 4 bolts axial: 1.5 k axial: 5.5 k ( baf )
Embedment: 4.0 in moment: 2.0 ft-k

load # of spaces = 1 Moment, MU

direction y, spacing = 6.0 in Shear, VU
edge dis = 48.0 in
free
edge Shear Shear

# of spaces = 1
lb
x, spacing = 8.0 in moment arm
l be
=2*
lb
Masonry Headed Studs
f'M = 2250 psi Stud db = 3/4
FY = 60000 psi Compressive Force Tensile Force
= 4.0 in
lb
= 48.0 in
lbe
eff. Ab = 0.334 in
Tensile Design Shear Design
nominal axial tensile strength governed by anchor yielding nominal shear strength governed by anchor yielding
ΦBans = Φ * Ab * FY (Eqn 12) ΦBv ns = Φ * 0.6 * Ab * FY (Eqn 17)

anchoring to masonry Φ=
ΦBans =
0.90
18.0
# of bolts in tension =
ΦBans = ( 2 bolts)=
k
2
36.1 k
Φ=
ΦBv ns =
0.90
10.8
# of bolts in shear =
ΦBv ns = ( 4 bolts)=
k
4
43.3 k

spreadsheet nominal axial tensile strength governed by masonry breakout

ΦBanb = Φ * 4 *π * b2 * sqrt ( f'M )
Φ= 0.5
l
(Eqn 11)
nominal shear strength governed by masonry breakout
ΦBv nb = Φ * 4 *π * be2 / 2 * sqrt ( f'M )
Φ= 0.5
l
(Eqn 14)

from FORSE
ΦBanb = 4.8 k ΦBv nb = 686.7 k
# of bolts in tension = 2 # of bolts in shear = 2
ΦBanb = ( 2 bolts)= 9.5 k ΦBv nb = ( 2 bolts)= 1373.4 k

nominal shear strength governed by crushing of masonry

ΦBv npry = Φ * 1050 * sqrt4 (Ab * f'M) (Eqn 15)
Φ= 0.50
ΦBv npry = 1.2 k
# of bolts in shear = 4
ΦBv npry = ( 4 bolts)= 4.8 k

nominal shear strength governed by masonry pryout

ΦBv ns = Φ * 8 *π * b2 * sqrt ( f'M ) (Eqn 16)
l
Combined Shear and Tension Φ= 0.5
baf = bv f = ΦBv ns = 9.5 k
ΦBan =
+
ΦB v n =
= 0.993
# of bolts in shear = 4
bearing plates – what to know

Graphic Only
 bearing plates – what to
know
• bearing capacity
• un-restrained
• restrained
• calculation for determining bearing capacity
• helps to move bearing plates away from face of masonry

• bearing plates vs beam flanges

• are bearing plates required?
• not in every situation
code 3.1.7 - nominal
bearing strength
top view

Area A1

Area A2

side view
tale of the unhappy mason
nte ls
mason (not happy) over 600 li

(that's over 1,200 bearing plates!)

block bearing plate, both ends of all lintels

(7 5/8" thick) (actual 7" x 7" sq.)
 the rest of the story
• 7x7 bearing plate at edge 5x7 bearing plate, inset 1¼”
• A1= 49 in2 • A1= 35.0 in2
• A2= 49 in2 • A2= 71.3 in2
A
• br= 49 in 2 A
• br= 49.9 in 2

Guess
Who wants
whichtoplate
tell the
has
moremason??
capacity?
Bearing plate calculations
Fy #= 36.0#ksi DL#factor 1.2 f'm#= 2250#psi
LL#factor 1.6 0.8#*#f'm#= 1800#psi
Location P1
plate,#treq#= 0.625#in Capacity 78.9#k
DL#= 5.0#k OK#>#17.2
2
LL#= 7.0#k Abr#(in ) 43.8
2
Pu#= 17.2#k A1#(in ) 32.0
2
beam,#tw#= 0.40#in A2#(in ) 60.0
beam,#tf#=
beam,#bf#=
0.50#in
7.00#in
block#width
actual#width
8#in
7#5/8#in
bearing
ZSplate#=# in
φ bMn#(plate)=#
3
0.391
12.7#inSk
plate#width
plate#length
8#in
4#in
plate
ZSbeam#flange#=
in
φ bMn#(flange)=#
3
0.250
8.1#inSk
plate#setSback 1.0#in spreadsheet
φ bMn#(total)=# 20.8#inSk
Mu#= 17.2#inSk
OK#<#20.8 plan
Mu#(overhang)= 0.3#inSk view
OK#<#12.7

1.0#in 4#in 2#5/8#in

Pu

section
 SUMMARY - EMBED OR
BEARING?
• embed plate or bearing plate?
• depends on the situation

• embed plate
• may be better tension connection
• adequate for light loads

• bearing plate
• much more capacity for vertical
shear loads
 hybrid frame connection tools?

• main benefits:
• reduces time and effort for masonry structural
design.
• combines the unique structural properties of
masonry and combines them with other
materials such as steel and concrete to
produce a total force resistant building system.
• reduces overall cost of building construction by
reducing tonnage of structural steel.
 type l hybrid wall
BEAM OR
GIRDER GAP 3

COLUMN

SHEAR (IN-PLANE)

GAP 1 GAP 2

TYPE I COLUMN
SHEAR WALL

GAPS 1, 2: NO IN-PLANE LOAD TRANSFER

GAP 3: TRANSFERS IN-PLANE SHEAR LOAD; NO AXIAL LOAD
 type ll hybrid wall
NO GAP AXIAL LOAD
BEAM OR
GIRDER

COLUMN

SHEAR (IN-PLANE)

GAP 1 GAP 2

TYPE II COLUMN
SHEAR WALL

GAPS 1, 2: NO IN-PLANE LOAD TRANSFER (SOFT JOINTS)

BEAM/GIRDER TRANSFERS IN-PLANE SHEAR LOAD
 OPTION 1A OPTION 1B

SIZE GAP FOR DRIFT & DEFLECTION OF BEAM FOR TYPE I

HYBRID; OR
FILL GAP W/ DRYPACK FOR TYPE II OR TYPE III HYBRID

OPTION 1A: A-SHAPED BLOCK AT TOP COURSE; OR

OPTION 1B: CUT OUT FACE SHELL AND REPLACE AFTER
GROUTING; HEIGHT VARIES

1/4” THK x 6” WIDE PLATES FOR SHEAR

TRANSFER; WELD TO BEAM AFTER CMU
PLACEMENT

THROUGH-BOLT OR LAG BOLT AS REQ’D FOR SHEAR

TRANSFER

BOND BEAM AT SECOND COURSE FROM TOP

GROUT & REINFORCING AS REQ’D

UNDERSIDE OF BEAM OPTION 1

DETAIL 02.120.1201 REV. 03/02/09
 HYBRID CONNECTION
ASD$reaction out.of.plane$bending
factored$uniform$load$=$ 2.2$k/ft C&C$wind$pressure
weld plate$spacing$= 4.0$ft$o.c. 42.0$psf
connection$req$capacity$= 8.9$k story$height
17.0$ft
Concrete length,$l
f'M = 2250 psi
FY = 60000 psi gap$= 2.00 in
Stud db = 1/2 in
eff. Ab = 0.142 in
anchor e BOLT$= 14.00 in
spacing = 4.00 in
wall = 8.00 in
s= 4.00 in l e$= 2.00 in
Connection Materials
Members FY $= 50.0 ksi FU $= 65.0 ksi
Connection$Plates FY $= 36.0 ksi FU $= 58.0 ksi
Members$and$plates E$= 29000 ksi
Weld$Electrodes E70XX FEXX$= 70.0$ksi

Shear Connection Out$of$plane,check

Plate$bending
1428$lbs load$at$plate
2856$in.lb bending

hybrid frame nominal shear strength governed by anchor yielding

ΦBv ns = Φ * 0.6 * Ab * FY
Φ=
ΦBv ns =
0.90
4.6 k
8100$in.lb bending$
capacity
16200$in.lb capacity$
for$two$

connection
# of bolts in shear = 2 plates
ΦBv ns = ( 2 bolts)= 9.2 k

nominal shear strength governed by bearing of masonry Beam$bottom$flange$bracing

ΦBBEARING = Φ * 2 * db * twall f'M) bracing$at$every$other$

spreadsheet Φ=
ΦBBEARING =
0.33

# of bolts in shear =
ΦBBEARING (=2 bolts)=
5.9
2
k

11.9 k
connection$between$wall$
and$beam
1428 lbs
8.0 ft span$between$
"every$other"$cxn
nominal shear strength governed by masonry pryout 5712 ft-lb bending
ΦBv ns = Φ * 2.5 *ΑΒΡ ΕΑΚ * sqrt ( f'M ) 30205$ft.lb (out.of.
Φ= 0.5 plane)$
ΦBv ns = 18.0 k bending$
capacity

Shear capacity of the plate Single$angle$compression$member

φRN $= φ$*$AP$*$FY $= 0.6$*$0.375$*$8$*$36$=$ 64.8$k >8.9 k - OK Load
φ$= 0.6 1428$lbs x2$= 2856
thickness, t = 3/8 in Capacity
length, l = 8.0 in Table$4.12,$kl<9ft$= 4140.0

Design angle or bent plate welded to the beam bottom flange Welds [ Capacity per AISC-ASD 13th
Ed, Section J2.4 & Table J2.5 ]
Angle to beam RN /Ω $=$min$
Welds [ Capacity per AISC-ASD 13th Ed, Section J2.4 & Table J2.5 ] 2$welds weld 7.4$k
Ω $= 2
RN /Ω $=$min$ 2*$($0.6$*$FEXX$*$t$/$√(2)$*$l$)$/$Ω $= 29.7$k = 29.7$k base 9.0$k
Ω $= 2 >8.9 k - OK Ω $= 2
2*$($FY $*$t$*$l$)$/$Ω $= 36.0$k weld thickness, t = 1/8
Ω $= 2 length, l = 2.0 in
weld thickness, t = 1/8 in
masonry - concrete hybrid design
 PT Concrete & masonry “hybrid”
structure
(masonry in plane with concrete frame)

masonry walls between

concrete columns
 Discuss how masonry -
concrete hybrid design works
main benefits:
• reduces time and effort for masonry
structural design.
• combines the unique structural
properties of masonry and combines
them with other materials such as
steel and concrete to produce a total
force resistant building system.
• reduces overall cost of building
construction by reducing tonnage of
structural steel.
 Review examples of a PT slab with a
hybrid concrete frames and masonry infill

• Concrete walls and PT slabs either lead to

over restrained slab (and less effective PT)
or complicated detail to “release” the wall
restraint
• Masonry - concrete hybrid design allows for
conventional construction of concrete, PT
slab, and masonry
• Normal sequencing of construction allows for
slab to move prior to masonry wall
construction
connection details
completing the design process
 connection details at
masonry piers for point loads

• how to detail?
• where is load applied, concentric or eccentric?
• control joints and masonry piers
 8" MASONRY WALL

GROUT SOLID AFTER BEAM

PLACEMENT

STEEL BEAM

3 " 3"
8

STEEL BEAM BEARING PLATE

5 "x5"x0'-10"
8
NON-SHIRNK GROUT

(2) 1 2"Øx4" LONG HEADED

STUDS
PILASTER REINFORCEMENT

6D STEEL BEAM BEARING

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 MASONRY WALL

GROUT SOLID AFTER JOIST

PLACEMENT
1 " 4"
4

STEEL JOIST GIRDER

6"

JOIST BEARING PLATE

1 "x41 "x0'-8"
2 2

(2) 5 8"Øx6" LONG HEADED STUDS

PILASTER REINFORCEMENT, SEE

PLAN AND WALL SCHEDULE

6C JOIST GIRDER BEARING

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 PILASTER WIDTH *

CLR.
* MASONRY CONTROL JOINTS NOT TO BE

2"
LOCATED WITHIN THIS DISTANCE

BL
CLR.
2"

NUMBER AND SIZE OF BARS

PER MASONRY PILASTER
SEE PLAN OR SCHED.

GROUT ALL REINFORCED CELLS SOLID

AND CONTINUE REINFORCEMENT TO
FULL HEIGHT OF WALL (TYPICAL)

4D TYPICAL MASONRY PILASTER

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 connections & lintels

• how to detail?
• wide flange steel with bottom plate
• HSS with bottom plate
• double angle with bottom plate
• architectural considerations for adding steel
CJ HERE
OR TO
THE
RIGHT
masonry lintels are integral with masonry
wall, creates a robust efficient design
Complicated to do it right
CJ HERE??

OR CJ HERE??
+ better for thermal
performance

- but worse, because it

requires slip under the
bearing of steel

ABSOLUTELY REQUIRES
HORIZONTAL
REINFORCING AT
BEARING!
??
 WHAT PREVENTS TORSION?
W-FLANGE WILL FOLD

BEARING PLATE
TOO BIG!
WILL NOT SLIDE LONG TERM
CEMENTICIOUS MATERIAL CREATES FRICTION
H2O+DAMP + STEEL = RUST!!

EXPECT A
CRACK HERE

JAMB REINF SHOULD GO FULL

HEIGHT, OTHERWISE WALL HINGE
thats a lot of steel at the bearing
Steel Lintels leading to more
steel???
ALL Steel or ALL
Masonry???
LINTEL NOTES:
1. MASONRY LINTEL END BEARING, MIN.
OF 8". SEE LINTEL SCHEDULE
2. MIN. LINTELS JAMB (SUPPORT),
SOLID GROUTED CELL WITH (1) #4
REBAR. SEE LINTEL SCHEDULE
(THIS IS IN ADDITION TO ANY TYP. CONTINUOUS VERTICAL REINFORCING
WALL REINFORCEMENT.) (UNLESS OVER OPENING ANCHOR VERTICAL
OTHERWISE NOTED) REINFORCING INTO LINTEL BEAM WITH
STD ACI HOOK.

H
3" CLR.
GROUT SOLID
REBAR, SEE LINTEL SCHEDULE
* THE ACTUAL ROUGH OPENING WILL
USE LINTEL BLOCK ONLY FOR BOTTOM
TYPICAL BE 3 8" LARGER THEN LISTED.
COURSE OF LINTEL BEAM

OPENING
ROUGH
* 3 8"
T

2C MASONRY LINTEL DETAIL

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
What does FEA tell us about steel
lintels?

temperature load, slip occurs

 What does FEA tell us about steel
lintels? - if lintel bearing doesn't slip

massive force, 30k, 40 degree temp change

What does FEA tell us about steel
lintels? - dead load stressful…

dead load causes stress concentration too

What does FEA tell us about
masonry/integrated lintels?

temperature load
What does FEA tell us about steel
lintels? - dead load stressful…

dead load force flows around opening

Foundations
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF DOWEL INTO FND WALL
PER WALL SCHEDULE MATCH VERTICAL WALL
REBAR
EXTERIOR MASONRY WALL
VENEER, SEE ARCH

TOP OF SLAB EL. TOP OF WALL EL

SEE PLAN SEE PLAN

SLAB ON GRADE, SEE PLAN

8" HIGH BOND BEAM WITH
1
2" ISOLATION BOARD (2) #5 CONT

FOUNDATION REINF & GROUT

TO MATCH WALL ABOVE MASONRY WALL WITH
REINFORCING, SEE
PLAN AND SCHEDULE
DOWEL INTO FOOTING TO
MATCH VERTICAL REBAR.

ALTERNATE DIRECTIONS
ON STD. 90° HOOKS
TOP OF FOOTING EL
SEE PLAN
WALL FOOTING, SEE
FOUNDATION PLAN
3" CLR

5A EXTERIOR FOUNDATION WALL SECTION

SCALE : 3/4" = 1'-0"
 EXTERIOR MASONRY WALL
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF DOWEL INTO FND WALL MATCH
PER WALL SCHEDULE VERTICAL WALL REBAR
FINISH, SEE ARCH

TOP OF SLAB EL. TOP OF WALL EL

SEE PLAN SEE PLAN

SLAB ON GRADE, SEE PLAN

8" HIGH BOND BEAM WITH
1
2" ISOLATION BOARD (1) #5 CONT

FOUNDATION REINF & GROUT

TO MATCH WALL ABOVE MASONRY FOUNDATION
WALL, SEE WALL SCHEDULE
FOR SIZE AND REINFORCING
DOWEL INTO FOOTING TO
MATCH VERTICAL REBAR.

ALTERNATE DIRECTIONS
ON STD. 90° HOOKS
TOP OF FOOTING EL
SEE PLAN
DRAINTILE PER ARCH
WALL FOOTING, SEE
FOUNDATION PLAN
3" CLR

5B EXTERIOR FOUNDATION WALL SECTION

SCALE : 3/4" = 1'-0"
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF
PER WALL SCHEDULE
EXTERIOR MASONRY WALL
FOUNDATION REINF & GROUT
TO MATCH WALL ABOVE VENEER, SEE ARCH

TOP OF SLAB EL. TOP OF WALL EL

SEE PLAN SEE PLAN

TOP OF LEDGE EL
SEE PLAN
SLAB ON GRADE, SEE PLAN
8" HIGH BOND BEAM WITH
1
2" ISOLATION BOARD (1) #5 CONT
DOWEL INTO FND WALL MATCH
GROUT SOLID ALL CELLS VERTICAL WALL REBAR
BELOW GRADE
MASONRY WALL WITH
REINFORCING, SEE
DOWEL INTO FOOTING TO PLAN AND SCHEDULE
MATCH VERTICAL REBAR.

ALTERNATE DIRECTIONS
ON STD. 90° HOOKS
TOP OF FOOTING EL
SEE PLAN
WALL FOOTING, SEE
FOUNDATION PLAN
3" CLR

5D EXTERIOR FOUNDATION WALL SECTION

SCALE : 3/4" = 1'-0"
Roof Details
 MASONRY WALL

GROUT SOLID AFTER JOIST

PLACEMENT
5 1/2" 3 " 2"
8

JOIST BRG STEEL JOIST

SEE PLAN

BOND BEAM AT JOIST JOIST BEARING PLATE

BEARING WITH (1) #5 REBAR 3 "x31 "x0'-5"
8 2

(2) 1 2"Øx4" LONG HEADED

STUDS
MASONRY WALL
REINFORCEMENT BEYOND TO TYPICAL WALL
EXTEND THROUGH BOND BEAM REINFORCEMENT

6A JOIST BEARING
SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 MASONRY WALL

GROUT SOLID AFTER JOIST

PLACEMENT
1 " 4"
4

STEEL JOIST GIRDER

6"

JOIST BEARING PLATE

1 "x41 "x0'-8"
2 2

(2) 5 8"Øx6" LONG HEADED STUDS

PILASTER REINFORCEMENT, SEE

PLAN AND WALL SCHEDULE

6C JOIST GIRDER BEARING

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 3x3x1/4" DECK SUPPORT ANGLE
FASTENED TO THE BLOCK WITH
3 " WEDGE ANCHOR @ 4'-0" O.C.
BOND BEAM WITH (1) #5 REBAR 4
AT DECK SUPPORT ANGLE
TYPICAL 11 2" STEEL DECK

DECK BEARING
SEE PLAN

MASONRY WALL
REINFORCEMENT BEYOND TO
EXTEND THROUGH BOND BEAM

TYPICAL STEEL JOIST

TYPICAL WALL REINFORCEMENT

6B STEEL DECK CONNECTION TO MASONRY

SCALE : 1" = 1'-0"
 Veneer Connections when
there are no shelf angles…
 options for forgoing a shelf angle

▪ run an analysis of structure

▪ wood structure shrinks (shortening)
▪ steel substructure shrinks (flexible)
▪ concrete and masonry substructures are much more rigid (very little
vertical movement)
▪ analyze the brick movement
▪ will generally expand vertically/horizontally
▪ expand vertically, doesn't obey gravity!!
▪ account for the differential movement
 to eliminate horizontal joint:
calculate differential movement

veneer expanding
To estimate the differential deflections, compare:

structure shrinking
▪ brick movement
▪ add Δbrick moisture
▪ add Δbrick temperature
▪ minus Δbrick compression
▪ structure
▪ Δstructure shortening
▪ brick vs structure —> Δdifferential
▪ anchor needs to accommodate movement
 Flexible Anchors from H-B
• Examples of flexible anchors:
▪ http://www.h-b.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=93_76_9
 masonry design
storm shelter connections
RECORDED TORNADOES
 ICC 500 & IBC 2015

V = 115 mph V = 250 mph!

Dark Blue = Areas required to comply with ICC 500 storm shelter requirements
CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH
CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH
 CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH

• Roof weight helps:

• reduces net uplift

• if heavy enough, compression on wall

• Wall weight helps

• Connections key:

• roof connections to wall system

• wall system to foundation

• full bar lap lengths used

• bars hooked into foundation

Masonry Wall/
Roof Deck
Connection
 Continuous Load Path -
Connections
• It’s all about Load Path & Connections
• Foundation to wall
• Full development not just dowels
• Masonry foundation walls – continuity and better connection options over concrete stem
walls.
• Wall to roof
• Bond beams and anchorage
• Doors and windows to walls
• Critical so no breach of the envelope
• Veneer to structural wythe
• If both used for impact resistance
 New masonry ideas (prefab)
lead to more special connections
 Conclusions
Masonry Connections
• know block strength
• determine laps and document
on drawings
• embed plates and bearing
plates
Consider details and how to
connect to masonry:
• point loads and piers
• lintels with steel are complex
• masonry lintels require internal
connections
• connecting to masonry
foundations
• roof connections and internal
connections at bond beams
 ?
Questions

Sam Rubenzer, PE, SE

[email protected]
16" wide masonry element
between openings, with
bearing plates, is now a
hinge in the wall
 Long lintel with
thermal break
With torsional capacity, masonry
lintels allow us to use thermal
"friendly" lintels
Storm shelter connections