MODULE NO.

AR 3151/D

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 3
RSW # 05

“STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION”

DATE ISSUED: _______

DATE DUE: 12/21/2023

CARANTES, Jay Vee

CARPIO, Rocky Geb

GAYAP, Ralph Luise

PADILAN, Govanni Paul

RAMILO, Chris Danielle

BS ARCHITECTURE 03

(3:30-5:30/5:30-8:30 W) HD201

AR. RAFAEL DULAGAN

INSTRUCTOR
 INTRODUCTION TO STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION

Steel frame construction stands as a

testament to the synergy between
engineering precision and
architectural innovation, embodying
the strength, versatility, and efficiency
of steel as a primary building material.
In the realm of modern architecture
and construction, steel structures have
become iconic symbols of progress
and sophistication.

Advantages of Steel Construction

Steel has a unique combination of properties that make it an ideal construction material.

1. Speed of construction

The majority of structural steelwork is prefabricated, with very little sitework required other
than assembly via bolted connections. This leads to fast construction times and, with
attention to staged delivery, decongested construction sites, which makes it ideal for
congested CBD building projects on small sites.

Unlike concrete, steel frames are full strength as soon as they are completed, allowing
immediate access for following trades. Steel decking provides a safe platform immediately
for work to proceed. Innovation in construction is continually improving speed and safety
outcomes.

2. Safety

Prefabrication
and dedicated
lifting points on
assemblies make
for defined
well-controlled
erection
processes. Steel
decking and
integrated edge
protection
facilitate safer
working platforms.
 3. Robustness and ductility

Steel is an inherently ductile material, responding to overload in a controlled fashion with

managed load retention. The size and shape of steel members can be configured to provide
a level of structural robustness not easily achievable with other more brittle construction
materials.

4. Prefabrication

Prefabrication brings fabrication shop control over quality and the dimensional accuracy of
computer numerical control (CNC) machinery. Precise control over quantities reduces waste
and workflows incorporating seamless integration back to the 3D design models ensure errors
are minimised and architectural intent preserved.

5. Reduced weight

A steel structure is intrinsically lighter than an equivalent concrete structure due to the higher
strength and stiffness of steel. With lightness comes reduced load on foundations, hence
smaller foundations and an ability to perform better for some ground conditions.

Types of Steel Frame Construction

Steel frame is typically consisting of vertical column and horizontal beams which are riveted,
bolted or welded together in a rectilinear grid. Steel beams are horizontal structural members
that resist loads applied laterally to their axis. Columns are vertical structural members that
transfer compressive loads. It can be used to form the skeleton of a building.

1. Conventional Steel Fabrication

Conventional steel fabrication involves

cutting steel members to the correct
length and welding them to build the
final structure. This construction process
may be executed on site entirely
which require massive manpower.
Alternatively, for best results it can be
done in a workshop partially to provide
better working conditions and reduce
work-time.
 2. Bolted Steel Construction

In this technique, all structural

steel members are fabricated
and painted off-site, then
delivered to the construction
site, and finally bolted in place.
The size of the steel structural
members is controlled by the size
of the truck or trailer used to
deliver steel elements.It is
considered to be the most
preferred construction
approach because the most of
the fabrication can be done in
workshops, with the right machinery, lighting, and work conditions.

3. Light Gauge Steel Construction

Light gauge steel is a thin sheet (commonly range between 1-3mm) of steel which has been
bent into shape to form C-sections or Z-sections. It is broadly common and used for the
construction of residential and small buildings. Benefits that light gauge steel construction
provide include design flexibility, high construction speed, strong, lightweight, easy to
remodel, Recyclable, good Quality
Types of Structural Steel Framing Systems for Buildings

1. Skeleton Steel Framing System

Skeleton steel frame is composed of steel beams and columns which are connected using
proper connection. Steel beams around perimeter of the structure is termed as spandrel
beams on which masonry walls are placed. Typical plane views of skeleton framing and
constructed skeleton steel frame are shown in the images below.

Plan View of Skeleton Framing

Constructed Skeleton Steel Framing

There are different types and configurations of steel connections which are used to connect
steel beams to columns in skeleton frame structure, for example, bolt connection and
welded connections.the image below illustrates various types of bolted connection including
flexible end plate, rigid connection and a semi-rigid connection.
 2. Wall Bearing Steel Framing System

In a wall bearing steel framing structure, a building wall whether it is interior or exterior is used
to carry the end of structural members that support floor or roof loads. Wall bearing should
be adequately strong to not only be able to carry vertical reactions but also to resist any
imposed horizontal loads. Wall bearing framing is suitable for the construction of low rise
structure. This is because the size of the bearing wall must be increased significantly to
withstand considerably loads exerted in the case of multistory buildings. This problem might
be solved to certain extent if the reinforced concrete walls are applied. There are several
cases in which wall bearing frame system is suitable to be used. For example, single story
house in which steel beams are used to carry wall and floor loads and the end of the steel
beams are placed on foundation walls, as shown in the example below.

The end of steel beam,

which support floor loads, is
installed on walls,
intermediary support
(cylindrical steel column)
applied to support the beam
because the span is large
 In this illustration it shows the using of Steel Beam to Support Masonry Lintels

In this illustration it shows the using of Steel Beam to Support Masonry Lintels

3. Long Span Steel Framing

Long span steel framing is considered when large clearance is required and such long
spanning cannot be realized using steel beams and columns. Long span steel framing
options can be categorized into different types, for instance, girders, trusses, rigid frames,
arches and cantilever suspension spans.

Different types of trusses used in steel fram construction

 STEEL BEAMS AND CONNECTIONS

STEEL BEAMS

Steel beams can be rolled in the letter I shape (I-beams), channel beams, or angles.
T-shaped beams were previously employed but are now relegated to small applications. The
optimum steel beam is the I- beam. The web is the horizontal section. Channels are this
shape's portions, ranging in depth from 3" to 15" and weight from 4.1lb. per ft. up to 55 lbs. per
ft. Girders can be made of angles and plates riveted together for long spans and very strong
loads.

Types of Girders

1. Plate Girders

A plate girder is a beam made up of a large plate known as a web, with riveted angles and
plates at the top and bottom. The most basic sort of plate girder is made up of a web and
four flange angles. If this does not provide enough flange space, cover plates can be
added. Angles riveted to the web's sides, known as stiffener angles, are routinely used to
reinforce it against buckling.

The deep central vertical plate is called as a web in plate girder. It separates the two flange
plates by a required distance. Web is responsible to resist shear developed in the plate
girder.

Flanges or flange plates are horizontal elements of plate girder which are provided at the
top and bottom and they are separated by the web. The main purpose of flange plates is to
resist the bending moment acting on the girder.
Vertical stiffeners are provided at right angles to the flanges and they are also called as
transverse stiffeners. These are again classified into two types namely end stiffeners and
intermediate stiffeners based on their position in the plate girder.

End stiffeners are provided at both the ends of the girder. They receive the load from the
beam and transfer it to the support. In plate girder, some part of the end portion of the web
is subjected to compressive loads. Due to these loads, the web of the section may get
crushed. Here, the end stiffeners play an important role by keeping the web safe from
crushing. End stiffeners are also called as bearing stiffeners.

2. Box Girders

This is a built-up beam with more than one web plate. Beams and girders can be attached
to columns using seated or framed connections. The lower flange of the beam rests on and is
field-riveted to an angled hop-riveted to the flange or web of the column in a seated
connection. Another angle is field-riveted to the column and the beam's top flange. In a
framed connection, the web of the beam or girder is attached to the column by angles or
gusset-plates. Angle seats in framed connections are typically shop-riveted to the columns to
retain the beam or girder during erection.

In the Illustration below the bridge being constructed is utilizing box girders
Steel Beam Types Based on Support

1. Simply Supported Beams

These beams find support at both ends, allowing them to rotate freely. The simplicity of their
support structure makes them a common choice in various construction applications.

2. Fixed Beams

Supported at both ends, fixed beams differ from simply supported beams in that they are not
able to rotate. This provides greater stability and rigidity, making them suitable for specific
structural requirements.

3. Overhanging Beams

This beam type extends beyond its support on one side, offering design flexibility for structures
requiring asymmetrical load distribution.

4. Double Overhanging Beams

Extending beyond both ends of their supports, double overhanging beams provide
enhanced flexibility in load-bearing capabilities and architectural design.

5. Continuous Beams

A continuous beam spans across two or more supports, creating a unified structural element.
This design is often employed in larger structures where the distribution of loads is critical.

6. Cantilever

A cantilever is characterized by one end fixed and the other extending outward. This
configuration is frequently used in architectural designs where an overhanging structure is
desired.

7. Trussed Beam

A trussed beam is reinforced by rods or cables, enhancing its load-bearing capacity and
structural integrity. This type of beam is employed in situations where additional support is
needed.

Beam Types Based on Geometry

1. Straight Beam

As the name suggests, a straight beam has a linear configuration and is commonly used in
various construction applications.

2. Curved Beam

The form of a curved beam deviates from a straight line, providing unique architectural
possibilities and accommodating specific design requirements.
 3. Tapered Beam

A tapered beam features a cross-section that gradually narrows or widens along its length.
This design is often employed for aesthetic or functional purposes.

Beam Types Classified by Cross Sections

1. I-Beam (Junior Beam or Standard American Beam)

Identified by its distinctive I-shaped cross-section, I-beams are widely used for their efficient
load-bearing capabilities and structural versatility.

2. T-Beam

Characterized by a T-shaped cross-section, T-beams offer enhanced load distribution,

making them suitable for specific engineering applications.

3. Channels (C Beams)

Channels, also known as C beams, feature a C-shaped cross-section, providing strength and
versatility for various structural configurations.

4. H Beams and W Beams (Wide Flange Beams)

H beams and W beams have non-tapered flanges that are wider than typical I beams. These
beams offer increased stability and load-bearing capacity, making them suitable for diverse
construction projects.

The Illustration below shows the different types of Beam Types Classified by Cross Sections
STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS

Moment Connections, also known as AISC Type 1 or Rigid Frame connections, exhibit the
capability to maintain their original angle even when subjected to external loads. This is
achieved by generating a specified resisting moment, typically through the utilization of
plates that are either welded or bolted to both the beam flanges and the supporting
column. The purpose of this design is to ensure structural stability and prevent any significant
rotation during loading.

On the other hand, Shear Connections, identified as AISC Type 2 or Simple Frame
connections, are specifically engineered to withstand shear forces. Unlike Moment
Connections, these connections are designed to freely rotate under the influence of gravity
loads. To enhance the lateral stability of the structure, additional structural elements such as
shear walls or diagonal bracing become essential.

Semi-Rigid Connections, categorized as AISC Type 3, operate on the assumption that beam
and girder connections possess a limited but ascertainable moment-resisting capacity. In
these connections, there exists a partial ability to resist moments, falling between the rigid
behavior of Moment Connections and the free rotation allowed in Shear Connections. This
intermediate level of resistance is integral to the structural design, contributing to the overall
performance and stability of the frame connections.

OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS

Open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel

truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel
chords and a triangulated web system,
proportioned to span between bearing points.
The main use of an OWSJ is to provide support for
roof or floor deck and to transfer the load
imposed on the deck to the structural frames
(beam and column). Using a steel joist and steel
deck system for floor and roof construction has
proven to be an effective solution resulting in substantial savings.

METAL DECKING

Metal decking is a type of corrugated steel panel that is used as a working platform during
construction and then as formwork for a sitecast concrete slab. Puddle welds or shear welds
are used to fasten the decking panels to the supporting steel joists or beams. The panels are
joined along the sides by screws, welds, or button punching standing seams. The deck's
whole perimeter is welded to steel supports if it is to serve as a structural diaphragm and
transfer lateral loads to shear walls. Furthermore, more strict support and side lap fastening
requirements may apply.
Three major types of metal decking

1. Form Decking

Steel Form deck is

designed to serve as a
permanent steel form for
concrete floor slabs.
Temporary wood forming
is eliminated, making steel
form decks fast, easy and
efficient.

Steel form decking or

non-composite deck acts
as a steel form for
concrete until it cures. Proper design can determine which form deck types will eliminate the
need for any shoring of the slab during the construction phase. These steel pans provide
lateral stability but do not engage with the slab. Therefore when selecting a steel form deck
pan, the uniform load normally is not a factor since the slab is not designed to provide
positive reinforcement.

This deck type can be used in such a variety of ways and is used primarily in floor seen in
stairways, foundations or shallow mezzanine designs.

2. Composite Decking

Composite metal floor

decking is metal floor deck
with an embossment pattern
manufactured into the sides
(flutes) at regular intervals. The
embossments allow the
concrete to bond with the
metal decking panel as the
concrete cures. The main
difference between a floor
deck and a roof deck is that
roof deck does not have the
embossments.

Once the concrete curing process is completed the metal decking and concrete become
one item bonded together. They become a composite metal floor deck. The strength of this
new composite product is greater than the strength of the sum of the two individual parts.

3. Cellular Decking
is made by welding a corrugated steel sheet to a flat steel sheet

Creating a series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communication cables;

Floor outlet cuts are provided. When the decking is installed, it can function as an acoustic
ceiling. Glass fiber is used to fill the perforated cells.

JOINTS IN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

In steel structures, various types of joints are used to connect structural members together.
Here are some common types of joints used in steel construction:

1. Welded Joint

Welding is the most commonly used method for joining steel members in structural
applications. It involves melting the ends of two steel pieces and allowing them to solidify,
creating a permanent joint. Different types of welds, such as fillet welds and groove welds,
can be used depending on the specific requirements of the joint.

2. Bolted Joint

Bolted joints use high-strength bolts to connect steel members together. Holes are drilled
through the members, and bolts are inserted and tightened with nuts to create a secure
connection. Bolted joints offer flexibility for disassembly and modification.

3. Riveted Joint

Riveting was a traditional method of joining steel members before welding and bolting
became more popular. It involves using hot or cold-driven rivets to connect steel plates or
sections. The rivets are inserted into pre-drilled holes and then hammered or compressed to
form a permanent joint.

4. Pinned Joint

Pinned joints provide a hinged connection between steel members. They allow rotation and
limited movement between the connected parts. Pinned joints often use pin connections,
such as clevises or gusset plates, and are commonly found in truss structures and bracing
systems.

5. Moment-Resisting Joint

These joints are designed to resist bending moments and transfer them between steel
members. They provide rigidity and stability to the structure by restricting rotational
movement at the joint. Moment-resisting joints are commonly used in frames and multi-story
buildings to resist lateral loads.

6. Slip-Critical Joint

Slip-critical joints are used in connections that require resistance to slip or movement
between the connected members. These joints typically use high-strength bolts with sufficient
friction between the surfaces to prevent relative movement.

7. Flange Plate Joint

Flange plate joints are often used in the connection of steel beams or columns. They involve
attaching steel plates, known as flange plates, to the flanges of the structural members using
welding or bolting. Flange plate joints provide additional strength and stiffness to the
connection.

8. Splice Joint

Splice joints are used to connect two steel members end-to-end when their lengths are
insufficient. Splice joints can be achieved by welding, bolting, or a combination of both
methods. They are commonly employed in long-span structures, such as bridges and trusses.
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