DNT NOTES PENCIL LEVITATION
1. Magnet: -A magnet is a rock or a piece of metal that can pull certain types of metal
toward itself.
2. Levitation: - This process allows one to hold an object in a loft without rise and fall.
3. Magnetic Levitation: - It is a levitation process by which an object is loft using a
magnetic field.
Poles of a Magnet:
Magnets have two distinct ends known as poles - the North Pole and the South Pole.
Magnetic Field:
Each magnet creates an invisible force field around itself, known as a magnetic field. This
field is responsible for the magnet's ability to attract or repel objects within its range.
Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion:
Magnets can attract certain materials, such as iron and steel, towards them. They can
attract and repel other magnets if the poles are the same or opposite. This behavior
is due to the magnetic field surrounding the magnet.
Attraction: Opposite poles of magnets attract to each other, North pole and South pole of
magnets attract each other.
Repulsion: Like poles repel each other, north and north poles or south and south poles of
magnets repel each other.
Types of Magnets
1. Permanent Magnets:
Description: Permanent magnets are magnets that maintain their magnetic
properties consistently. These are the magnets we often encounter in everyday items
like fridge magnets or the magnetic strip on a credit card.
Characteristics: They have a fixed and enduring magnetic field. Common materials for
permanent magnets include iron, cobalt, and nickel.
2. Electromagnets:
Description: Electromagnets are magnets created using electricity. When an electric
current flows through a coil of wire wrapped around a metal core, it induces a
magnetic field, turning the metal into a magnet.
Characteristics: The strength of an electromagnet can be controlled by adjusting the
electric current. This type of magnet is often used in devices like electric bells and
scrapyard cranes.
3. Temporary Magnets:
Description: Temporary magnets are materials that become magnetized for a short
duration when exposed to a strong external magnetic field. Common examples
include iron and steel.
Characteristics: They can lose their magnetism over time or when the external
magnetic field is removed.
Applications of Magnet
1. Automobile
2. Speakers
3. Medical Equipment
4. Maglev Train
Which property of the magnet was used in the pencil levitation activity?
Ans. Repulsion
DNT NOTES IMPOSSIBLE TABLE (TENSEGRITY TABLE)
"Tensegrity" is a term combining "tension" and "integrity." In tensegrity structures, elements
are arranged in a way that tension and compression work together, creating stability without
the need for continuous solid connections.
1. Tension:
Description: Tension is like a gentle pull or stretch in a material. It happens when
forces try to elongate or extend an object.
Everyday Example: Think of a rubber band. When you pull its ends, you're creating
tension. The rubber band wants to return to its original shape, but you're holding it
stretched.
2. Compression:
Description: Compression is like a cozy squeeze or push in a material. It happens
when forces try to shorten or squash an object.
Everyday Example: Imagine holding a spring between your hands and pushing them
together. You're creating compression. The spring wants to expand, but you're
keeping it squished.
Basic Components:
Compression Elements: These are the solid components (rods or struts) that push outward,
creating a framework.
Tension Elements: These are the flexible elements (cables or strings) that pull inward,
maintaining tension within the structure.
3. Tension and Balance:
Tension Forces: The tensioned cables create a delicate balance of forces. They pull
the compression elements inward, and this tensioned network keeps the table
stable.
Visual Illusion: The tabletop appears to hover in mid-air, defying gravity. This visual
illusion results from the careful balance between tension and compression.
DNT NOTES WOODEN GOGGLES
What are Goggles?
Goggles are a set of glasses in a frame that fits snugly against the face. Used to protect our
eyes from harmful substances (protective goggles) or correct the defects of our eyes
(eyeglasses/specs).
Defects of Eyes
The most common defects in the human eye are briefly explained below:
Myopia or Short Sightedness: Short-sightedness (myopia) is a common vision
condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry.
Hypermetropia or far-sightedness: Far-sightedness (hypermetropia) is a common
vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but objects nearby may
be blurry.
Presbyopia: It is caused as the part of natural aging process of the eye and thus close
objects appear blurred.
Lenses: A lens is a transparent curved piece of glass or other material. It interacts with light
by bending it, and this bending helps us see things in a more detailed way. Lenses are used
in eyeglasses/specs for correcting these eye defects.
Types of lenses
Convex Lens (converging lens):
Shape: Thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges.
Effect on Light: Gathers and focuses light.
Applications: Used in magnifying glasses, cameras, and telescopes.
Concave Lens (diverging lens):
Shape: Thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.
Effect on Light: Spreads out and diverges light.
Applications: Used in eyeglasses for specific vision corrections.
DNT NOTES JET ENGINE
Definition: A jet engine is like the heart of an airplane. It's a powerful machine that sucks in
air, mixes it with fuel, and then spits out a fast and strong stream of air behind it, propelling
the airplane forward.
2. How Jet Engines Work:
Air Intake: The jet engine starts by sucking in a massive amount of air. It's like taking
a big breath but on a giant scale.
Mixing with Fuel: Once the air is inside, the jet engine adds fuel to it. It's like adding
a special potion to the air to make it super powerful.
Combustion: The fuel and air mix together and then, They explode. This explosion
creates a super-hot and fast stream of air shooting out of the back of the engine.
Newton's Law: This fast stream of air follows Newton's third law of motion – for
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. So, when the hot air shoots out
backward, the airplane gets pushed forward.
3. Parts of a Jet Engine:
Intake: This is the mouth of the jet engine, where it swallows the air.
Compressor: The compressor squeezes the air, making it ready for the next steps.
Combustion Chamber: This is where the air and fuel mix and explode.
Turbine: The turbine is like a windmill turned by the explosion. It powers the
compressor and other parts of the engine.
Nozzle: The nozzle is the engine's exhaust pipe. It's where the super-fast air shoots
out.
4. Types of Jet Engines:
Jet Propulsion
Turbofan Engines
DNT NOTES WEATHER STATION
1. Definition: A weather station is a specialized facility equipped with various instruments
designed to measure and observe atmospheric conditions, providing valuable data for
understanding and predicting weather patterns.
2. Instruments in a Weather Station:
Thermometer: Measures air temperature, indicating how hot or cold the
atmosphere is.
Barometer: Records atmospheric pressure, helping meteorologists understand the
air pressure at a specific location. High pressure is associated with fair weather, while
low pressure often precedes storms.
Anemometer: Measures wind speed, providing information about how fast the air is
moving.
Hygrometer: Gauges humidity, indicating the amount of moisture in the air. High
humidity can make the air feel muggy, while low humidity can lead to dry conditions.
Rain Gauge: Collects and measures the amount of precipitation (rainfall). This helps
track water levels in the atmosphere.
3. Data Collection and Observation:
Continuous Monitoring: Weather stations continuously collect data from these
instruments, creating a detailed picture of the atmosphere's current state.
Observational Balloons: Some weather stations use weather balloons equipped with
sensors to gather information at different altitudes. These balloons ascend into the
atmosphere, transmitting data back to the station.
4. Weather Predictions:
Analysis: Meteorologists analyze the collected data to understand current weather
conditions, trends, and changes.
Computer Models: Sophisticated computer models process the data to make
predictions about future weather patterns. These models simulate the behavior of
the atmosphere based on current observations.
Forecasting: The information gathered from weather stations contributes to daily
weather forecasts, helping people plan their activities and stay prepared for different
weather conditions.
5. Importance of Weather Stations:
Agricultural Planning: Farmers use weather predictions to plan when to plant and
harvest crops based on expected weather conditions.
Emergency Preparedness: Understanding weather patterns is crucial for preparing
and responding to natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods.
Scientific Research: Weather stations contribute to scientific research on climate,
helping scientists study long-term weather patterns and changes.
