0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 41 views13 pagesProblems On The Design of Machine Elements
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Problem 7.6 The breckel shown is made of cold drawn see!
wits S400 pa snd Sun480 Mpa, and te fastened 12 beam ade,
of the same materia! py tive vee that are medo of 8 soe! with
Sy-300 Me and SusG65.Npa. The thickness ofthe bracket and the
beam ero 12 mm and 16 mm eeepectivaly. Camere ofthe vets
376:20 mim. What eaje load F (eteady) can be supported by ‘he
Fiveog Join ter a flor of selety of 2. Use distortion energy
‘hoor tt
“ey
—jp-6- O44
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kerwloneal
‘cHaPTER
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DESIGN
OF
WELDED JOINTS
Mechanica! slomerts may be joined by the welding processes,
These Joins are permanant joints and the parte cen not be
‘seperatea mthout destuctng them
Welded joints may bo clasited into two main groupe, They
79 namely; but wold and filet weide. Butt welda genarly fre
‘eplcatons in pressure vaseels, although for genera! mactine
lements most walde are ot fel typos. ‘but Joins, the pers must be arranged so thet thee ie
suleent lesrance for the welding operation. This cleatanoe is
epandent on the type of butt welds and on the thickness ofthe
ars to be joined. Incoroct clearance may resuk @ poor design,
therelow the designer must give earetul consideration on the vale
| |
2 ypical butt wel
os
1 typical tet wold
In the design of welded joint, strese calculations ate bused
on the wold oat ares. The height of riforement in but ents
8 usualy neglected in the calculations. Design of but jolts ie
simple, therfore the simphasis wil be gia fo the file! welds
'N weldes joint Is generally made up of filet welds with
iferonttengths st lferont places of the pats. ‘Thet is, two
Pas ace oie with & gcup of wads
[oxen wee be ape eat ws me ve
letisns wo soar nn bong tet conan oe
[shown in the folowing Figure
| lta sas toad i acing on one'cf the pats, primary hose
Ir2sses ate developed in tha wee. The area in the shear sos
pression wll be tla throat areas of all welds, hence hae the
He value at evry pon wel,
sesso! nao.cim 188
1) SHEAR LOADING
Primary shear ses en
Primary + Secondary sheer stess
a
C)BENDING AND SHEAR LOADING
Bending + primary shear siees
Primary + Secondary shear
+ Bonding sacs 4 mous ov SEHSNOF MOE ELOINTS
ning to the moment of heat load wih raspact to the
itoid ofthe weld or the weld grovp, secondary shear stresses
developed inthe same manner ae i he ease of rived Fonts.
This stess Is ‘shecty properional to the mament and the
ance from tho canvold tothe point te weld of ieredt tis
Ivertoly proportional to the polar moment of inerla of the- weld
ov
‘The enplest way of eveluating the por manent of inti i
to teat filet welds) as a ine. The cesuing polar moment of
inorta te then equiatent te a unit polar moment of inert,
Matipying i with the threat widtt of & fet wed, we oblain
Pr moment of ine of the weld group.
iter the aloulaton ot primary and secondary shear
stresses, they aro combinad at the selected points ot the welds
‘The point at which the shear stees is maximum le considered to be
srtical and the design calculations ‘re to be based on this
‘maximum valve. Tha. sn appropriate failure thery le appiog to
aterm ‘ho thetngod of fale or eley
1 wold group Ie subjected 1 « bending lon, primary shear
sess, due to shearing action of tho load and bending ates, duo to
‘ending moment sre devoloped. Primary shear eres is caleulatd
by eviang the tree by the total vos! area ofall wots.
Calculation of bending stoee ruiz the determination kgeceaossr
5-05 4s0}=215 MP
Syehafo ke S705 (0.8) (0.667)(205)=60 Ma
Sq 0577 S.=88.62 Wa
Force F le found fom the relationship between iterating
‘irass component and endurance it in shear
Se aspartate 282 rersais n
Example 6.3.
1A10-mm plate fs welded with an £6010
ectode by 6 mi
‘weld a shown alow. Ths fading door
Ro! twist the ple and the for varies irom O2F to F For a
froectaney of 100000 cyces, dolarmine & safe force F.
f
| Solution + The contod of the weld stoup is at point G. By
ring the folowing gue, radial datsooes of pots A, 8, C.end D
(aston 160" 4508 0188.11 mim
tatoo 2287280? 290.49 mm
‘ar Cay erent of ineria ot each weld group wilh reepeet to 707 ni® oor ie) 25
a2 12
"Using the pari is thearem, we find the polar moment of
ia ofthe weld group to be
onan As tea tet =2 a +A)
AyeRys 0707 hL=0.707 6)(128)=580.28 ma™
yong SEE tar
ote BE oars om
| ays 2y=2(620.25)= 1000.5 mnt
Jon? 1980490 + 590.25 (187-57) =38684065 mnt
Primary shear slress ie found in @ sinilar mann
previous problems.
E. Ext0? Loci rma: (Pin
Pa (Fle aN
In order to ease the esicuaton of net ehosr stress at
selected points, we lind socondary shoar stress components
paral to and y- coordinates
1 points A and D
Me 20 (0)107 9950 gm
este , 205 O59000! o776 F wa
736694085)
|The tess compenants ate combined to obtain the nat stess
a ea Foose FP se FF.
tot
‘At ponits B and © : the stiosses aro chia
ln © simian
manner as above
ata 200 (50)10) ogy g
J" gapeaoes “028° F Mem
cate Mts 2006 (225) (007 6 ga
v7 3654069
sev (ats F 0250 FF (Ie FP =1.96 F
S908 (1.49 M)=0.958 F Me
Properties of electrode material are
S240 MPa | 89350 Mea
Endurance lit for welds i& cetemined 0.59 (asloged eurtace)
Ky=27 hy=35=0.87
‘S.=05 490)=215 MPa
Sih ieSh=0.59 (0.97) (215)=402 NP
Se
0.577 5,926.35 MPa
Equtingallernating srose component te the endrance limit
In shear Fe obtained a
wee 8u 0572 Feeds
F429 WN
Example 84. THe load on the plate shown, varies trom 22
4 44 RN and the ansngerent fe suoh that the tne of acon of F
Pafsoe tough the conoid G of the weld Group, tersby avoiding
fofentiefosdng. Determine
1) the lengths Lt and 2 of 10 mm filet wolds mad with
|
|
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| 2) te rato of Lina
{ Eo010 slacvode for infinite te.
|
!
Soluton: a) Since Fie passing Yroush the exo, Xe.
jolted Ae te 9 LineTLsh
Aa Gyhelgh
kuz
BUy- Tigao HZ
73
“0
) External fea is varying from 22 to 46 AN,
‘Aerating and mean compenent ofthe foes
yeti fine 46-20 |
y i
yafimeFnin_ 44 022
inn Fe Fain_$4-222 35 yy
‘Shear sess components are
sacfia 8900
can = 38000
na Ne
AW0.707 (10)(Ls #49) =29.67 Le men
Properiss of he eiachade materia!
Sy=490 MP Sy 0950 a
Endurance nit of the weld gtoup i determined ta similar
Imonner asin previous probleme 58 (estorge surtace)
Seka S) 9.59 (0.87) (215)=422 MPa
Sun 0S77 8,526.35 MPa
‘Ths longths of the welds can now bo calculated by equating
the aternating component of the shear ates fo the encutence
| to in shear. That.
i
O00 e435 4 Andsa23 mnt
Lan gAg=t929 mm and y= 2 ty 946.97 min
we considpr stale teiura, lengths are determined by
ystng maimum ghoar sect to yield stength in anear. ‘That Is
nar Sy#0.577 54=202 Wa
sip Bib -2imm: tel o2n
asm
| Le103 m0
Determine the the factor of staly for a tife ilo of sooa00
‘psles and 80 parcent rai.
Solution 2 This #2 & problem on the combination of primary
shear and bending stress in a welded joint. Applied Ions creatog
Drimy shear sess and bending siess
Fnte tle ts specited and terete, fatigue strength ie to
‘be sea inthe detorminaton ofthe actor of stay, That e
nod
‘Tho trea . y coranate ot he cantoid end moment ot ineta
of the wold are eseuated a folows Aea707 h(oe2ay
‘40.707 ()(200 + 400 31088. mn?
#2500
bead" G00 “P88 ma
utd tyrerzot
Wn 2S -atyetertoye
‘= 2802 wokesy4200 2.838 =82800 mn?
40,707 hi, =0:707 (8 (62500)=359500 mat
Primary shear svesa ie caleuisted from,
10000
A" 10988
95.80 MPa
Bending stoss is calculated term the wellknown formats
gx 1 202018001.8.59) 357 hy
"353500
| eV rade
|
| oan 70.77 +8 (6 65)" =71.40 Wea
| augue strong is eacuated ater ovat
frjuance. tint
ng tho va
Kear > kag eo.ar
5,20 700)
Se hake Sie 0.46 (6.887) (0.57) (950)~5340 MPa
950 Pa
(88-00
51=10°N8- 107 (600000) 67.8 Wa
Factor of stety then is eaiolate.
nn St. 87.88.
SBS e007 cuneate thy 210 rsonzuear ne cesNor woe ELOIETS
SELECTED PROBLEMS
Problem 8.1. The pate shown mado of cold crawn steel wih
‘Sut+850 MPa and Sy=460 MPa is held in place by the welds as
Shown In the figure. The tikness of Me pate 1 10. mm. Ths wel
fre rade wit 60x eleckods (Syt>420 MPa and 8y-240 MP). The
| Toads ae of reversed type and F=1-2F2, Whel sate oad Fy and Fo
fan be supported fof 90 parent rollaby and a fetor of safety of
Problem 82 The bracket le hell in place by the welds 26
incu inthe Surg Below. The load is of repeated type end is
ng tom 0-40 10 KN, The welds ere mado with ESOTS welding
(Determine tho size of was for fate of salty f 3
tt.
Problem 8.3 The beam shown in the tiguralis Ilded to the
fined suppor wih E7Onx eectedo. Compute the sffe revarsés toad
F based on 8 factor of safety of 2 tor a rafebaty of 90 porcent ana
intinte it.
|
Problem 0.4 The plate of a bracket is welded to a member ia
‘he manner as shown Inthe gue, Gm welde re made wh Eybee
lectods, Compute the sao load F based on a factor of ealoy 2
2) for state losing
for eepeate loading and infinite
Problem 8.5 Ths brackat show je welded! 1o the tome as
‘shown in the figure. © mm fot Weide srw vied. Welds are made 1a promos ovTiccesmucrwome neues
rth E700 electrode wth Sy MPs and Sy=400 MPa, Catermine
‘he tepesied load F thatthe wolde ean support fr inne He
ote made wth EB0%0 electrode having Sutse20 MPa and S340
fia. The lozdF fe of owrsed ype. What se load F can be applied
‘90 percent rotebly and inne Ms. Uso factor of safety 95
i
ttm ha mui rd a etd in ny 0
Problem 8.7 The brackat shown is welded tp te tame
shown in the Agu. & mm filot weiss are used. Weldt ave made
its £80%x elocrode with Sye420 MPa and Sy-340 Pat Ostormine
‘peated load F thatthe welds can support fe
eycl,
Problem 6.8 Tho sacl shalt (S/=350 Ms and Suts400 MPa)
|e wolded to the fame ae shown In ie fice het mmctenson ncesen or mone nner
1m filet Wolds are used, Wolds are made with E60%0
llectode with Syj=t20 MPa and Sy=S40 MPa. A steady tore of
000 Nn ans rovarsed aval oad of 10 KN is appli atthe end of
lta shalt. Determine fater of saloty of the sytem for inte Me
jae rolabaty of 9%,
Probie 88 The stool plato shown is wolded to the fame
les shown i the fou 6 mm fit welds er use, Welds ar made
it Eroxx electrode wih Sytas90 Pa and Sy=A00 MPa. Determine
|e repeated load F hat the weds can suppor fr Infita Bla and
ja factor of ealty of 2
‘DESIGN
OF
MECHANICAL SPRINGS
Mechanics springs are used in a wide range of ypos and
‘208 and in a varity of applestins in machinery,
1 Spring may be used fo cone! vibrations and frees due to
Impsct Tossing. Examples ere: spdnge for railway cate and
‘utomobies,
2. Springs re used to contol motions and te apply forces to
the members. Examples are: valve springs im intinel conmction
