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ScienceDirect

Design and operation of hybrid renewable energy

systems: current status and future perspectives
Lanyu Li and Xiaonan Wang

Hybrid renewable energy systems, as the combination of governments, the challenges of renewable utilization,
different energy systems, provide a promising way to harvest given the drawback of uncertain fluctuation, intermit-
maximum renewable energy. In the past decade, it has been a tency, and low energy density of a single source of
popular and rising topic in the research field. In this paper, the renewable energy, need to be addressed. Systems inte-
emerging application as well as the recent development in the grating various renewable energy sources with or without
design and operation of hybrid renewable energy systems are fossil fuels, known as hybrid renewable energy systems
reviewed. The remaining challenges and future perspectives in (HRES), have been proposed to overcome these pro-
the field are also discussed. blems. Compared with single source-based systems,
HRES takes advantage of the complementary feature
Address of different renewable energy sources and could poten-
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National tially maximize resource utilization and system efficiency,
University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
reduce the need for energy storage, and increase the
Corresponding author: Wang, Xiaonan ([email protected]) system reliability.

Though the earliest articles on HRES dated back to the

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2021, 31:100669
1980s, not much research attention was drawn to this field
This review comes from a themed issue on Process systems until 2005. In the past decade, a booming growth of
engineering research and development of HRES has taken place
Edited by Mahmoud M El-Halwagi and Ka Ming Ng and this area is still emerging and vast in scope as shown
For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial in Figure 1. Hybrid solar photovoltaics (PV), performance
Available online 13th February 2021 analysis, empirical study, hybrid renewable energy sys-
tem, hydro storage, hybrid system, smart grid application,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100669
and hybrid energy storage system appear to be the main
2211-3398/ã 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. categories of research in this field based on a co-citation
clustering analysis of the publication from 2010 to
2020 using Citespace. Interested readers can refer to
the highlighted articles (Ref. [87–121]) to get more infor-
mation about this track of research. Here, we provide a
concise but comprehensive review of HRES with the
main emphasis on the research work published in the past
Introduction
two years to refine the essence and capture the state-of-
Being a naturally replenished source of energy, renewable
the-art research development of this field. To do this, this
energy, which broadly includes solar, wind, biomass,
mini-review examines the recent research from three
hydro, tidal, wave, and geothermal energy, is recognized
perspectives: 1) system configurations and applications
as a critical part of the future energy system that is
of HRES; 2) recent advancements in the design method;
evolving to be more electrified, distributed, and sustain-
and 3) recent advancements in the management and
able. Since the United Nations Climate Change Confer-
operation of HRES. The remaining content of this article
ence (COP21) in 2015, most of the countries (at least 164)
is organized based on these three subtopics, with a
have committed to increasing the use of renewable
summary and the future perspectives of the research
energy [1]. For example, the European Union targets
on HRES provided in the conclusion.
to achieve at least a 32% share for renewable energy by
2030 [2]. China has committed to producing more than
20% of its electricity from renewables by 2030 [3]. Emerging system configurations and
Despite the lack of official target announced by the applications of HRES
government, the installed capacity of renewable energy The energy value chain can be divided into three sec-
is also steadily expanding in the US, which would make tions: generation, transmission and distribution, and end-
renewable energy a dominating component in the US user application. With the challenges of increasing elec-
power mix by 2050. tricity demand and the urgent need for decarbonization,
resilience, and electricity accessibility, a transition in the
While renewable energy is becoming increasingly impor- energy value chain is taking place: 1) at the generation
tant for utility companies, end users, and the side, distributed hybrid renewable energy system is

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2 Process systems engineering

Figure 1

2010 2013 2016 2019

Kaabeche A (2011) Sinha S (2014)

Nehrir MH (2011)

Hybrid Solar PV
Erdinc O (2012) Olatomiwa L (2016) Jamshidi M
Zhou W (2010)
Dursun E (2012) Sharafi M (2014) Halabi LM (2017) (2019)
Connolly D (2010) Performance
Bajpai P (2012) Chauhan A (2014)
analysis
Olatomiwa L Bahramara S (2016) Hossain Mandal S Fodhil F
Li C (2013) (2015) Singh S (2016) M (2017) (2018) (2019)
Siddaiah R (2016)
Empirical study
Lau KY (2010) Rajbongshi R Ahmad J
Ngan MS (2012) Sen R (2014) (2017) (2018) Hybrid renewable
Hafez O (2012)
energy system
Maleki A Sawle Y (2018)
Belfkira R (2011) (2014) Zhao B (2014) Luo X Khan FA (2018)
(2015) Hydro storage

Ma T
Bekele G (2012) Ma T (2014) Ma T (2015) (2019)

Hybrid system

Maleki A (2014) Maleki A (2018)

Ekren O (2010)
Smart grid
application
Wang X (2015)

Yang Y (2018) Hybrid energy

storage system

Zakeri B (2015) Jacob AS (2018)

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

The timeline of major research evolvement in the field of hybrid renewable energy systems in the last decade generated using Citespace based on
the search result of ‘hybrid renewable energy system’ in Scopus. Based on the mining of relevant publications, main clusters of research in the
field of HRES are identified and titled at the right-hand side of the timeline. Each horizontal timeline shows the key research publications denoted
in the form of ‘author (year)’ for the individual cluster of research. The publications are interlinked to indicate the citation relationship and the ring
for a publication grows when it is cited (the year of citation is denoted by a color code ranging from a dark purple (early) to bright yellow (latest)).

increasingly deployed to maximize the utilization of management tool to cope with the uncertainty of renew-
dispersed and locally distributed renewable resources; able energies, improve energy efficiency, and ensure
2) a paradigm shift from a highly centralized architecture power quality [4]. In the case of a stand-alone hybrid
to a decentralized, distributed model of the energy net- system, diesel generator is often considered as the back-
work is witnessed and reflected in the development of up to reduce the loss of load possibility [5]. The wide
microgrids which incorporate decentralized energy integration of solar and wind attributes to the worldwide
resources, battery storage, loads, and control capabilities; accessibility of these resources and naturally complemen-
and 3) the scope of Power-to-X (PtX) applications is also tary feature of solar and wind energy. The complemen-
vastly expanding alongside the traditional end users in tary effect of various renewable energy sources has been
residential, commercial, and industrial side. investigated in recent publications [6,7]. Moreover, in
place of the diesel generator which requires fuel with
A concise overview of the system configurations and fluctuating price and maintenance, biomass [5,8,9],
applications of HRES discussed in the recent studies is hydro [10,11], geothermal [12], and tidal [13] energy
depicted in Figure 2. According to the typical HRES have also been integrated along with solar and wind
configurations for each renewable source at the genera- sources [14] in recent studies.
tion side, the traditional hybrid system configuration —
the hybrid solar/wind energy system — is still the most As for the transmission and distribution, rising research
widely studied configuration of HRES. Although the attention is seen in direct current (DC) microgrids as they
hybridized system increases the overall reliability, an could be more advantageous than the alternating current
energy storage component, such as batteries, supercapa- (AC) system due to their better compatibility with renew-
citors, and fuel cells, is usually a necessary energy able energy sources [15]. Along with the diverse mix of

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 A review of hybrid renewable energy systems Li and Wang 3

Figure 2

Generation Transmission and distribution End-user application

PV/wind/battery w/wo diesel are

PV/wind/fuel common configurations for the remote
cell [48] Energy storage
rural communities , PV/wind/biomass
[8][9] and hydro [10] are also
PV/wind/fuel recommended in some studies.
cell/battery
[5][47] PV/solar therthermal collector/ battery
for high-rise office buildings [76]
PV/wind/bio
mass [8][9]
PV/wind/diesel/battery for standalone
Geothermal and agricultural and irrigation applications [122]
solar collector [12] Wind/battery for carbon intensive ammonia
and nitric acid production process [123]
Large-scale
hydro/PV/wind and PV/wind/battery/hydrogen/reverse
cascade reservoir osmosis desalination (ROD) [19]
storage [11] PV/wind/diesel/battery-ROD [20]

Grid connection PV/wind/battery for standalone

Solar/diesel/tidal [13] PtX completely autonomous charging
station for plug-in EVs [17]
PV/wind/biomass/waste for co-
PV/wind/diesel production of electricity, gasoline, and
[17] diesel [21]

Renewable Resources Fossil fuels Power Management

Conversion and
control

Solar Wind Biomass/ Geothermal Hydro Wave Tidal Diesel Energy storage
Biogas
Applications Transmission lines
Generation side
PtX
Conventional end-
users
Residential Commercial Industrial Power Transport/ Desalination Power to gas/
to X EV Power to chemicals Power to X

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

System configurations and applications of HRES. At the ‘Generation’ side, each small icon indicates one power generation technology. References
of typical hybrid system configurations where the single technologies are integrated into are listed as examples. At the ‘End-user application’ side,
a list of recent examples of the application scenarios of HRES is also provided. Legend is given at the bottom.

renewable energies, HRES has been applied to more use the utilization of local resources, improve the stability of
cases rather than the conventional remote standalone the energy supply, and decarbonize various sectors drives
electricity supply. In the past, the hybrid systems were the requirement of proper optimization in the design and
preferably used off-grid in remote areas, especially at operation of the energy system.
radio telecommunication, satellite earth stations, or sites
far away from a conventional power system [16]. Recent Major challenges and research trend
research indicates a trend for grid-connected applications Determining and sizing the components in the HRES is
and Power-to-X applications such as direct utilization in the main challenge in the design of an HRES. Several
desalination [19,20], electric vehicle (EV) charging review papers on the modeling and sizing methodologies
[17], hydrogen production [18], chemical production provide comprehensive information about this topic. Lian
[122], and multi-generation [21]. et al. conducted a review of the recent sizing methodolo-
gies [22]. Khan et al. [23] reviewed the modeling, sizing,
Design and operation of HRES reliability analysis, cost analysis, and optimization tech-
The increasing complexity of system configurations and niques for PV/wind-based HRES. Twaha and Ramli
application scenarios and the need for HRES to maximize [24] reviewed the optimization approaches for both

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4 Process systems engineering

Figure 3

LCC [31][47][48][50][51][56]
NPC [35][39][41][43]
Economic LCOE [32][42]

Forecasting and data generation [48] CO 2 emissions/Greenhouse gas

Environmental emissions [32][38][54]
Decision criteria
Social HDI, Job created, Social acceptance [55]
Uncertainty [50]
LPSP [33][37][40][42][48][50][51]
Technical
Unmet load [54]

Gradient-based (e.g. GAMS or Matlab) [31][32]

Combinatorial/Graphical [33][34]
Design of HRES Multi-criteria decision making including AHP
Classical and TOPSIS [35]

Single
GA [37], PSO [38], FPA [39], Crow search
algorithm [40], Water cycle algorithm [41], FA
Modern [42], HS [43]

SA+CS+HS [47], ANN+SA+CS+HS [48], HS+GIS [51],

Method hybrid grey wolf optimizer-sine cosine algorithm [45]
Hybrid Markov- switching au to-regressive model + PSO [49]

Specialized HOMER + TOPSIS [55]

software tools HOMER
HOMER + Matlab Simulink [56]
HOMER + Load Following/Load
Cycle Control [54]

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

Decision criteria and method categories of reviewed articles for the design of HRES.

stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid distributed energy and operation of HRES [4]. Similar to the hybridization
generation systems, with solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, of renewable energy technologies, in the research of
and diesel generators considered. energy storage, the hybrid energy storage system (HESS),
which is an integration of different energy storage tech-
When it comes to the operation of HRES, the challenges nologies, especially the ones with complementary fre-
lie in the forecasting of renewable resources and demand, quency, rated power, and storage duration, is also becom-
uncertainty, power quality, and control strategy in real- ing a rising research hotspot. A comprehensive review of
time power management. Ciupageanu et al. [25] hybrid energy storage systems can be found in Ref. [26].
reviewed the stochastic algorithms for power manage-
ment. They found that the algorithms that had the high- For further interest, design and operation related to
est potential for the implementation of real-time power energy forecasting, data management and processing in
management strategies and multi-objective optimization smart grids, and EV implementation are also emerging
were gradient-based optimization algorithms, particularly subtopics in the field. Several state-of-the-art reviews on
the Lyapunov technique (that used a Lyapunov function these topics are suggested as follows: machine learning
to optimally control an autonomous dynamical system) models in energy systems modeling [27], deep learning
and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approxima- for renewable energy forecasting [28], and cloud-based
tion (SPSA) approach (that was efficient in high-dimen- data processing, monitoring, automated control, and load
sional problems and accommodates noisy measurements management [29].
of the objective function). However, it was also recog-
nized that further improvement of the uncertainty models
could be a difficult task. Under this context, improving Decision criteria
gradient-based algorithms and developing hybrid The decision criteria and solving method/algorithm
approaches and online learning methods are alternative together formulate the basic approach for system design
solutions to reduce the need for uncertainty modeling. and operation. Representative recent publications on the
Energy storage also plays a key role in the management design and operation of HRES are summarized in

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 A review of hybrid renewable energy systems Li and Wang 5

Figure 4

Modified grey model with a

Kalman filter [68], hybrid
CNN [66], memetic cuckoo search-
SVM [67] DRNN ap proach [69]

Forecasting and Data Renewable resources Load Daily electricity cost [58][62], Operation cost
generation [60][63][64][57], COE or LCOE [61][65][73][74][75],
Economic Emission cost [64]

Decision criteria CO 2 emissions/Greenh ouse gas emissions [75]

Environmental

Technical LPSP [57], Peak power [76]

LP/MILP optimization considering uncertainty [60][61][62]

[64], Mode l predictive control or residing horizon
Classical optimization [58][59]
Single
Operation of
MOPSO [65], Deep reinforcement learning control [13]
HRES Modern

Three-layer hierarchical direct search + cuckoo search

Hierarchical algorithm + dynamic programming [70], Two-stage hierarchical
control-bas ed hybrid con trol + rolling horizon optimization [63]

MPC-bas ed Game theory + receding horizon optimization + block chain [73]

Method
Hybrid
Fuzzy logic- Fuzzy log ic - grey wolf optimization (FL-GWO) [74],
bas ed MILP+DSM+GAMS+fuzzy logic [75]
Probab ilistic modeling/Monte
Carlo simulation [60][61][64],
Uncertainty Stochastic optimization [62], Advanced AI SVR/ANN + rule-based/predictive/iterative feedback hybrid
modeling Robust optimization [63] integration controllers [76], Clustering + MILP DSM optimization [77]

Specialized software tools

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering

Decision criteria and method categories of reviewed articles for the operation of HRES.

Figures 3 and 4, sorted based on their decision criteria and HRES is of important practical meaning. But this direc-
methods. tion is still under exploited, which can be reflected by the
rare incorporation in the mainstream software tools in the
Decision-making in the design of HRES mainly considers field reported by [30]. More consideration of the social
four criteria, namely, economic, environmental, social, indicators, such as the human development index (HDI),
and technical aspects. Among them, the techno-economic job creation, and social acceptance, can be considered in
criteria are the most featured ones that are either used as the modeling and optimization of HRES projects.
the objective functions or the constraints in the decision-
making process. The economic performance of HRES is Similar to the design of HRES, techno-economic criteria
usually quantified by the life cycle cost (LCC), net such as daily electricity cost, operation cost, cost of energy
present cost (NPC), and levelized cost of electricity (COE), LCOE, emission cost, LPSP, and peak power are the
(LCOE), while the technical performance is often repre- key performance indicators (KPIs) considered in the major-
sented by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and ity of studies on the operation of HRES, while the environ-
the unmet load. In some articles, the environmental mental indicator, in most cases CO2e and GHGe, are con-
criteria, often quantified in the form of CO2 emissions sidered from time to time. However, compared with system
(CO2e) or greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), are also design, evaluating the decision criteria for system operation
considered as the second objective function besides the requires higher resolution real-time data processing as well
economic one or as a constraint. By doing this, the as optimization and quantification on a more dynamic short-
sustainability of the HRES can be monitored and term basis. Additionally, the importance of the social factor is
ensured. The understanding of the social aspects of not as highlighted in comparison with the design phase.

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6 Process systems engineering

Methods and algorithm algorithm named hybrid grey wolf optimizer-sine cosine
The methods and algorithms that optimize the design and algorithm (HGWOSCA) which had high accuracy and low
operation of hybrid systems have been continuously computational cost in achieving the global solution when
proposed, reviewed, and improved for decades. All these optimizing the design of a PV/wind/full cell (FC) HRES.
publications show a growing trend in the development of The proposed hybrid algorithm also outperformed sine
novel, more hybridized, and versatile optimization algo- cosine algorithm (SCA), grey wolf optimization (GWO),
rithms and decision-support frameworks. The methods and PSO. Lim et al. [46] comprehensively integrated the
and algorithms used in HRES can be broadly categorized design and operation of the PV/battery system using a
into single methods (including both classical and modern multi-level optimization model which contained a convex
techniques), hybrid methods, and specialized software optimization for the household consumption optimiza-
tools. Although the typical methods and algorithm used tion, a game theory approach for the grid consumption
for HRES design (Figure 3) and operation (Figure 4) optimization, and the genetic algorithm for the allocation
largely share the same sorting categories, differences exist of energy storage and PV optimization. The proposed
when examined in detail. multi-level method showed the potential to find the
optimal design of the system that could achieve reduced
Methods and algorithm for HRES design total costs and flattened the load profile simultaneously.
For the design of HRES, many studies develop their own Zhang et al. [47] proposed a hybrid simulated annealing
user-defined system models and evaluation metrics, and (SA) algorithm-based chaotic search (CS) and harmony
solve the problem using general engineering and optimi- search (HS) algorithm for the design of a PV/wind/bat-
zation software such as Matlab [31], GAMS [32], or tery/hydrogen storage HRES and found a better perfor-
CPLEX. Classical methods usually used in the design mance of the proposed hybrid method over SA alone and
of HRES include gradient-based optimization [31], com- the hybrid of HS and SA. The better performance attrib-
binatorial or graphical method [33,34], and multi-criteria uted to the excellent exploitation of HS and the effective
decision making including analytic hierarchy process exploration to escape local optima achieved by SA and
(AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Simi- CS, particularly in the beginning and the execution.
larity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) [32,35].
Based on these findings, researchers also further integrate
Novel algorithms are also being developed and tested for weather forecasting (including ambient temperature, wind
lower computational cost in optimizing more and more speed, and solar radiation) based on an artificial neural
complex HRES configurations. It has been reported that network (ANN) [48] and Markov-Switching Auto-
with improving capabilities in solving complex optimiza- Regressive (MSAR) models [49] into the design optimiza-
tion problems, single Artificial Intelligence (AI) algo- tion frameworks, demonstrating the advantages of the
rithm-based modern techniques are becoming more pop- upgraded method over the one without forecasting. The
ular than classical algorithms [36]. This phenomenon is uncertainty modeling incorporated with optimization has
also validated in our literature survey. also been studied in Ref. [50]. Another hybridization, the
integration of geographic information system (GIS) and
Many studies incorporate widely used and novel heuristic optimization has also been examined to provide both the
and AI-based algorithms including genetic algorithm sizing and sitting recommendation for HRES considering
(GA) [37], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [38], flower multiple criteria [51]. This branch of research explicitly
pollination algorithm (FPA) [39], crow search algorithm demonstrates the trend and the need in the field — devel-
[40], water cycle algorithm [41], firefly algorithm (FA) oping hybrid high-performing algorithms for problem-solv-
[42], and harmony search (HS) [43]. GA and PSO are ing, incorporating data-driven forecasting and uncertainty
typical heuristic methods. Several recent studies have modeling for higher robustness, and developing integrated
demonstrated the better performance and solution effi- decision support that addresses the geographical heteroge-
ciency of PSO [38] and GA [44,37] over HOMER (Hybrid neousness and improves the versatility of the design and
Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources, specialized operation methods.
software for evaluating and optimizing designs for power
systems). In terms of algorithm improvement, some arti- In addition to the approach of building models and
cles have proposed novel methods that have a better carrying out optimization from scratch, specialized soft-
performance than the aforementioned conventional mod- ware tools are also a popular choice for the design analysis
ern techniques — PSO [39,42,43] and GA [41]. of hybrid energy systems. These tools can be further
classified into four categories: pre-feasibility (e.g.
As a further development, hybrid algorithms have also RETScreen), sizing (e.g. HOMER), simulation (e.g.
demonstrated their ability to provide more promising HYBRID 2), and open architecture (e.g. TRNSYS)
optimization results, thus receiving increasing popularity research tools [52]. In recent years, the employment of
over single algorithms in recent years [36]. Jahannoosh software tools is more likely to be found in feasibility
et al. [45] developed a novel hybrid meta-heuristic studies especially for emerging application scenarios,

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 A review of hybrid renewable energy systems Li and Wang 7

such as EV integration, or used as the benchmark for four major categories, that is, hierarchical control-based,
novel algorithms. Among the abundant variety of software MPC-based, fuzzy logic-based, and advanced AI-inte-
tools, HOMER is the one most widely used and we take it grated methods.
as a representative example of software tools to be dis-
cussed in this review. For example, Ekren et al. [53] Hierarchical control-based
studied the design and optimization of a wind-solar A hierarchical control system is an organization of con-
hybrid energy EV charging station in Turkey using the trollers in a hierarchical tree with two or more layers,
HOMER software. Not only having sophisticated techno- where the control signal is sent to the lower level control-
economic and environmental evaluation functions to ler and the sensing signal is fed back upstream. Wang et al.
facilitate system design and sizing, HOMER can also [70] proposed a two-stage energy management strategy
be used to test the feasibility of the design with different for microgrids with a hierarchical hybrid control for oper-
control strategies [54], combined with tools such as ation cost minimization at hourly scale and rolling horizon
TOPSIS for multi-criteria holistic evaluation [55], and optimization for the minimization of the imbalance cost
linked with MATLAB/Simulink for more profound tech- between the day-ahead and real-time markets at a 5-
nical performance evaluation [56]. minute scale. A mean-variance Markowitz theory was
used to take into account the uncertainty of renewable
Methods and algorithm for HRES operation energy resources, electricity load, and electricity prices.
For system operation, more categories of hybrid methods Ming et al. [63] focused on the optimal daily generation
can be found in the literature compared with HRES scheduling of large hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power
design. Though Matlab/Simulink is often used as a con- plants and proposed a three-layer hierarchical structure
venient and reliable toolbox for system operation and integrating a direct search algorithm for power output
control [57], there is limited use of specialized software optimization at the outer layer, a cuckoo search algorithm
tools for performance evaluation or optimization for for the optimization of unit status in the middle layer, and
HRES operation. a dynamic programming method to determine the load
dispatch strategies in the inner layer. The proposed
Looking at classical methods, linear programming and strategy could increase the energy production of the
mixed-integer optimization are often seen. Besides, the hybrid system while decreasing the online time of the
model predictive control (MPC), or receding horizon hydro units compared to real-world operation.
optimization (RHO), is also a classical method adopted
in the optimization of system operation [58,59]. In recent
publications, there is a clear trend of incorporating uncer- MPC-based
tainty modeling in system operation problems [60–64]. Model predictive control, also referred to as receding hori-
zon or rolling horizon control, determines the control inputs
Owing to the fact that the operational problem is compli- by optimizing the objective function over a finite time
cated due to the involvement of dynamic and uncertain horizon given the dynamic models of the process, the
features. Modern techniques are also frequently used. In measurement of the current state, and the prediction over
Ref. [65], the authors used a multi-objective PSO the time window. It is a well-established technology for
(MOPSO) to investigate the optimal sizing and operation advanced process control in many industrial applications
of the microgrids under the modes of EV integration either including the operation and management of HRES [71,72].
before or after the sizing stage. Monte Carlo simulation was Recently, Li et al. [73] proposed a framework incorporating
used to model the uncertain behavior of EVs. As an alter- game theory, receding horizon optimization, and block-
native to uncertainty modeling, the application of AI tech- chain for demand-side management (DSM) of a distributed
niques for operational forecasting is also increasingly PV/wind/battery energy system with end users ranging
explored, including convolutional neural network (CNN) from the residential to the commercial and industrial side.
[66], support vector machine SVM [67], modified grey Game theory is a process of modeling the strategic interac-
model with a Kalman filter [68], and hybrid memetic tion among rational decision-makers (agents) under set
cuckoo search-deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) rules and outcomes. This method is widely applied to
approach [69]. Sophisticated deep reinforcement learning DSM, where the energy consumption at the users’ end
control method has also been developed for the operation of is arranged to reduce electricity cost. Integrated with rolling
microgrids and demonstrated advantages in load frequency horizon optimization, the proposed method closely
control improvements over the state-of-the-art methodol- reduced the gap between the consumption and the renew-
ogies [13]. able generation profile and flattened the electricity pro-
cured from the grid.
Further, hybrid methods are becoming more powerful
and diverse. Because of the lack of existing systematic Fuzzy logic-based
categorization of methods for HRES operational optimi- Fuzzy logic, first developed in the 1960s, mimics the
zation and control, the reviewed articles are sorted into natural language which cannot be simply translated to the

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8 Process systems engineering

Boolean logic (either 0 or 1) in the computing environ- also common hybridization between the advanced AI
ment. It still plays an important role in system control techniques with model predictive control and fuzzy logic
nowadays. El-Bidairi [74] proposed a novel multi-objec- for better performance in the control and energy man-
tive expert fuzzy system — grey wolf optimization (FL- agement of HRES [78,79,80].
GWO) based intelligent meta-heuristic method for the
sizing of battery and energy management, where the The digital transformation featured with AI, Internet of
GWO was used to determine the membership functions Things (IoT), big data analytics, blockchain, and 5G
and rules of the fuzzy logic expert system. The proposed technologies is the enabler for the blueprints of smart
integration had better convergence and better results city and industrial 4.0 [81]. A smart city also means the
obtained compared with the single use of GWO or a requirement of modern infrastructure including a smart
rule-based method. Murty et al. [75] proposed a multi- grid. In addition to the research development in HRES,
objective energy management strategy with the integra- the market and industry are also bracing for change. Since
tion of a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) opti- 2017, the Asian Development Bank has been working to
mization formulated for DSM and a fuzzy interference foster universal access to energy by developing small
system which determined the scheduling of the energy HRES in rural Asian areas [82]. The business models
storage system. The result showed the effectiveness of to realize the potential of renewable energy and AI in the
the proposed method compared with a wide range of energy sector have been proposed by the Asian Devel-
algorithms including PSO, GA, differential Evolution opment Bank (ADB) [83] and the International Finance
(DE), tabu search (TS), teaching–learning-based optimi- Corporation (IFC) [84]. In Singapore, a representative
zation (TLBO), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), ‘smart’ city-state, an AI-powered smart multi-energy sys-
biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and artificial bee tem is being test bedded at Jurong Port [85]. The pow-
colony algorithm (ABC). ered network of the port will be managed by computer
servers. The energy use will be monitored, analyzed and
optimized with input from the digital energy IoT plat-
Advanced AI integration form [86]. In Europe, at least seven hybrid wind/solar
Besides the mainstream control techniques, AI methods power plants have been put in operation. These are just a
are also increasingly incorporated in the decision-making few of the examples of the real-world application of
process. Zhou and Zheng [76] formulated a machine HRES and AI/IoT-facilitated energy management. Con-
learning-based hybrid demand-side management method tinuous technology development and fusion will certainty
for grid-integrated high-rise office buildings which also bring HRES and the energy sector to a more efficient,
utilize solar energy. The nonlinear and complex building smarter, and cleaner level.
energy system was simulated using TRNSYS and then
simplified using a variety of surrogate models including Conclusion and future perspectives
linear regression, support vector regression, and back- From the studies discussed here, which are only the tip of
propagation neural network. Short-term prediction gen- the iceberg in the vast literature published on hybrid
erated by the surrogate model was fed to the real-time renewable energy systems, it is clear that this field is
energy management system constituted of advanced rule- developing rapidly and the transitional developments are
based, iterative feedback, predictive, and hybrid control- deeply emerging into more application scenarios in our
lers. The proposed hybrid controller with short-term everyday life. Technology evolution in the technical
prediction was found to be more technically competent design and operational management perspectives is the
than other controllers in terms of the reduction of grid backbone of this energy system transition, which is shift-
importing and the increase of renewable energy utiliza- ing from the centralized fossil fuel-based energy system
tion and building energy flexibility. As a way to improve towards a distributed, flexible, clean, and smart future
the efficiency and accuracy of the demand side manage- energy system that fully utilizes renewable energy from
ment optimization for a stand-alone residential building multiple sources.
integrated with PV/wind/storage HRES and EV, Babaei
et al. [77] made use of a linkage-ward clustering method Specifically, recent research shows the emerging applica-
to generate the probability of occurrence by analyzing the tion of HRES in the microgrid, EV, desalination, and
large volume of consumption profile, temperature, solar power-to-chemicals/fuels scenarios. Most studies focus on
radiation, and wind speed datasets. The proposed inte- performance analysis and the development of better
gration of clustering and MILP DSM optimization was performing hybrid algorithms. All these reviews and
proven to outperform a simple DSM. Besides utilizing AI publications show a growing trend in the development
methods for building the surrogate model or as data pre- of novel, more hybridized, and versatile optimization
processing method for following control or operational algorithms and decision-support frameworks. Besides,
optimization, hybrid methods including neural network there is a trend of the development and application of
predictive control (NNPC), fuzzy neuro systems, and AI-based forecasting methods such as machine learning
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are and reinforcement learning techniques in the design and

Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2021, 31:100669 www.sciencedirect.com

 A review of hybrid renewable energy systems Li and Wang 9

control framework. The research is also moving to a 6. Jurasz J, Canales FA, Kies A, Guezgouz M, Beluco A: A review on
 the complementarity of renewable energy sources: Concept,
mature and practical layer, from focusing on preliminary metrics, application and future research directions. Sol.
sizing in earlier years to the sophisticated consideration of Energy 2020, 195:703-724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
solener.2019.11.087
every aspect from design to operation including uncer- A review paper providing a clear definition of the complementarity con-
tainty, energy and power quality, real-time control, and cept of renewable energy sources and a review of research on
complementarity.
weather, load, and market forecasting, as well as hybrid
energy storage system employment in the recent years. 7. Canales FA, Jurasz J, Beluco A, Kies A: Assessing temporal
complementarity between three variable energy sources
This trend reflects the increasing practical significance of through correlation and compromise programming. Energy
HRES. 2020, 192:116637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
energy.2019.116637 ISSN 0360-5442.

While continuing the development of uncertainty model- 8. Murugaperumal K, Ajay P, Raj D: Feasibility design and techno-
 economic analysis of hybrid renewable energy system for
ing, forecasting, and smart and robust energy management rural electrification. Sol. Energy 2019, 188:1068-1083 http://dx.
and control methods, some aspects can be emphasized to doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.008
Rural electrification using PV/wind/biodiesel generators. Proposed an
make the progress of HRES more effective. For one thing, integrated design framework with an artificial neural network - back-
apart from the commonly studied cost and system reliabil- propagation and levenberg-Marguardt data training optimum technique
for load growth predictions and HOMER for hybrid system evaluation.
ity, many other aspects such as social, environmental, and
political factors at the practical level have not been ade- 9. Li J, Liu P, Li Z: Optimal design and techno-economic analysis
of a solar-wind-biomass off-grid hybrid power system for
quately addressed, which deserve more attention in order remote rural electrification: a case study of west China. Energy
to provide realistic and practically meaningful decision 2020, 208:118387 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
support. For the other, rather than the simple sizing pro- energy.2020.118387.
posed in most system design studies, the many-to-many 10. Ramesh M, Saini RP: Dispatch strategies based performance
and system-of-systems structure of thinking can provide a analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system for a remote
rural area in India. J Clean Prod 2020, 259:120697 http://dx.doi.
more holistic approach for the design of HRES. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120697.
11. Zhang Y, Lian J, Ma C, Yang Y, Pang X, Wang L: Optimal sizing of
Acknowledgements  the grid-connected hybrid system integrating hydropower,
photovoltaic, and wind considering cascade reservoir
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation-Prime connection and photovoltaic-wind complementarity. J. Clean.
Minister’s office, Republic of Singapore under its Campus for Research Prod. Clean Prod 2020, 274:123100 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program (Grant jclepro.2020.123100
Number R-706-000-103-281 and R-706-001-102-281) and the Singapore Optimal sizing of PV/wind/hydropower HRES with cascade reservoir
RIE2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) IAF-PP grant connection. Providing novel insight into this type of large-scale
‘Cyber-physical production system (CPPS) towards contextual and development.
intelligent response’ by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research
under Grant No. A19C1a0018. 12. Alirahmi SM, Rahmani Dabbagh S, Ahmadi P, Wongwises S:
 Multi-objective design optimization of a multi-generation
energy system based on geothermal and solar energy. Energy
Declaration of Competing Interest Convers. Manag. Manage 2020, 205:112426 http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112426
The authors report no declarations of interest. Novel Solar-–geothermal-based multigeneration system producing
power, cooling, heating, freshwater, and hydrogen. Systematic multi-
objective optimization considering exergy efficiency and total unit cost
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