THE
PAPAL MONARCHY
The Western Church from 1050 to 1250
COLIN MORRIS
CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD
1989
CONTENTS
Abbreviations xv
References to Canon Law xvii
Introduction i
PART I. THE PAPAL REFORM MOVEMENT AND THE CONFLICT WITH
THE EMPIRE (r.iojrt-i 122)
T. Christian Society in the Middle of the Eleventh Century 11
i. Introduction u
ii. The Pattern of Divine Government 14
iii. The Church and the Lay Powers 21
iv. The Beginnings of a Reform Ideology 28
2. T h e Pattern of Social Change 34
i. The Extension of Economic Activity: the Countryside 34
ii. The Extension of Economic Activity: the Cities 39
iii. The Expansion of Education 45
iv. The Aristocracy 50
v. The Dissemination of Ideas 53
3. Monastic G r o w t h and Change 57
i. The Expansion of the Monasteries 57
ii. The Golden Age of Cluny 64
iii. Hermits 68
iv. Canons 74
4. The Papal Reform (1046-1073) 79
i. Introduction 79
ii. The Beginnings of Papal Reform (1046-1057) 82
iii. The Reformers Come of Age (1057-1073) 89
iv. The Principles of Papal Reform 98
v. The Reform of the Clergy 101
5. The Discord of Empire and Papacy (1073-1099) 109
i. Gregory VII 109
xii Contents
ii. The Breach with the Empire 113
iii. The Revival of the Gregorian Papacy (108 5-1099) 121
iv. The War of Ideas (1076-1099) 126
6. Greeks and Saracens 134
i. The Situation in the Mediterranean World 134
ii. The Conquest of Sicily and Apulia 139
iii. The Rise of Christian Militarism 143
iv. The First Crusade 147
7. The Conflict Renewed: the Question of Investiture
(1099-1122) 154
i. Paschal II (1099-1118) 154
ii. The Concordat of Worms 162
iii. Papal Administration 164
iv. The Achievement of the Papal Reform Movement 169
PART II. THE GROWTH OF CHRISTENDOM (T I 2 2 - I I98)
8. The Roman Church and the Empire in the Twelfth
Century 182
i. After the Concordat of Worms (1122-1153) 182
ii. Frederick I and the Renewal of the Empire 188
iii. The Alexandrine Schism (1159-1177) 192
iv. The Papacy under Pressure (1177-1198) 197
9. The Government of the Church in the Twelfth Century 205
i. Concepts of Papal Authority 205
ii. The Exercise of Papal Power 210
iii. The Pastorate of the Bishops 219
iv. Churches and Kingdoms 226
10. The New Monastic Orders 237
i. From Hermitage to Monastery 237
ii. The New Orders • 240
iii. Controversy and Criticism 250
iv. The New Orders in Twelfth-century Society 258
11. The Christian Frontier 263
i. The Theory of Mission 263
ii. Scandinavia 268
iii. Eastern Europe 271
iv. The Defence of the Holy Sepulchre 277
Contents xiii
12. T h e Message of the Churches 287
i. Towards a Christian Society 287
ii. The Great Churches 290
iii. The Local Churches 294
iv. Learning through Worship 297
v. Preaching 305
vi. Ceremonial and Society 310
13. Christianity and Social Ideas 316
i. The Basis of Christian Social Action 316
ii. Provision for the Poor 320
iii. Marriage 327
iv. Commercial Morality: the Question of Interest and Usury 332
v. Chivalry 335
14. Dissent 339
i. The Beginnings of Heresy (1050-1140) 339
ii. Cathars and Waldensians (1140-1200) 3 44
iii. Sorcery 350
iv. The Jews 354
15. T h e Formulation of the Faith 358
i. The Growth of Theology 358
ii. The Science of Theology 360
iii. The Theology of Humanism 366
iv. Sin and Redemption 371
v. The World to Come 378
16. Property, Privilege, and Law 387
i. Ownership and Distribution 388
ii. Tithes 389
iii. The Structure of Ecclesiastical Property 392
iv. Clerical Privilege 397
v. The Growth of Canon Law 400
vi. The Critics 404
PART III. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
17. The Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) 417
i. The New Pope 418
ii. The Papal State, Sicily, and the Empire 420
iii. Innocent and the Lay Power 426
iv. Reform 433
xiv Contents
v. The Christian East 438
vi. The Struggle with Heresy 442
vii. The Fourth Lateran Council 447
18. ^Friars, Beguines, and the Action against Heresy 452
i. The Growth of the Friars 452
ii. Religion for Women: the Rise of the Beguines 462
iii. The Repression of Heresy 470
19. Proclaiming the Faith 478
i. Crusade and Mission 478
ii. The Pastoral Revolution 489
iii. Popular Religion 496
20. Reason and Hope in a Changing World 505
i. A New Pattern of Learning: the Universities 505
ii. Theology: from Pastoral Care to Speculation 511
iii. Joachim of Fiore: a New Eschatology 518
iv. The Influence ofJoachim 522
21. The Structure of Government 527
i. The Bishops 527
ii. Parishes 536
iii. Monasteries and Cathedrals 541
22. The Roman Church and the Lay Power in the Thirteenth
Century 550
i. Papacy, Kingdoms, and City States 550
ii. Frederick II 559
iii. The Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century 568
Conclusions 579
Bibliography 583
Index 657
