NAME OF SCHOOL: DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

WEBSITE: www.dlhschools.org ; www.dlhschools.com

E-MAIL: [email protected]
SECOND TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CLASS: SS TWO
SCHEME OF WORK

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

CLASS: SS2

SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPICS
1. 1. REVISION OF FIRST TERM WORK

2. 2. PASTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT:

Meaning and types of pasture
Fodder and forage crops
Importance of pastures
Qualities of a good pasture
3.

3. 4. Grasses and legumes commonly found in natural pastures in West Africa

4. TYPES OF PASTURES AND FORAGE CROPS:

Natural and artificial pastures
Characteristics of natural and
5. 5. Established pastures
Characteristics of established pasture
6. Methods of establishment of pasture and forage crops;

6. Factors affecting the distribution and productivity of pasture in West Africa;

7. Common management practices in pasture;
8. Preservation of pasture crops
9. Preservation of silage.

7. MIDTERM BREAK
8. 10. RANGELAND IMPROVEMENT
11. Meaning and Characteristics of rangeland
12. Methods of rangeland improvement
13. Importance of range land
9. 14. PASTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT:
15. Different types of grazing
16. determination of plant population.
10. 17. ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT:
18. Meaning/definition of animal improvement
19. Aims/importance of animal improvement

20.
11. 21. REVISION
12. 22. EXAMINATION

WEEK 1: Revision of last term work.

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

WEEK 2

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TOPIC: PASTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT

SUB TOPIC: MEANING OF PASTURE, FODDER AND FORAGE CROPS

Pasture is a piece of land on which grasses and/or legume crops are naturally found or
deliberately grown for feeding livestock. Another definition, pasture refers to an area of land covered
with forage crops which are usually grasses and legumes that are grazed or fed on by livestock such as
goat ,sheep and cattle .FORAGE CROPS are plants cultivated for their vegetative portions and used in
fresh or preserved forms for feeding livestock. Forage may therefore be growing grass, legumes , shrubs
, hay or silage. FODDER is any coarsely chopped grass or legume in dry or fresh form that is cut , carried
and fed to farm animals usually cattle sheep goats pigs camels donkeys, horses etc.

Importance of pastures

1. Source of feed for ruminant animals

2. Conservation of soil moisture

 3. Legumes serves as cover crops to prevent erosion

4. Serves as green manure

5. Serves as bedding materials.

6. Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

7. Roofing materials e. g Spear grass.

8. Some pasture crop are used in control of nematode.

9. Some pasture crop have medicinal value.

Qualities of a good pasture

1. Ability to regeneration

2. Ability to withstand trampling effects of the grazing animals

3. High nutritive value.

4. Moderate moisture and high dry matter.

5. High ability to compete adequately well with weeds for soil nutrients, moisture and air.

6. High leaf to stem ratio.

7. High seed viability and profuseness and propagation by vegetative means.

8. High persistency i. e .regularly available and regenerate, ability to regrow after defoliation, resistance
to trampling, drought, pest and diseases.

EVALUATION

1. DEFINE PASTURE
2. STATE FIVE IMPORTANCE OF PASTURE
3. MENTION FOUR QUALITIES OF GOOD PASTURE

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers
WEEK 3

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TOPIC: Grasses commonly found in natural pastures in West Africa

SUB TOPIC: Common pasture and scientific name

Common Name Botanical/Scientific name

1. Elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum
2. Guinea grass Panicum maximum
3. Giant star grass Cynodon plectostachus
4. Carpet grass Axonopus compressus
5. Bahama grass Cynodon dactylon
6. Northern Gamba Andropogon gayannus
7. Southern gamba Andropogon tectorum
8. Rhode grass Chloris gayana
9. Stubborn grass Elusine indica
10. Spear grass Imperata cylindrical
Waterleaf Talinum triangulare
Tridax Tridax procumbens
Wire grass Aspilia Africana
Cynodon dactylon (Bahama grass) Andropogon gayanus(Northern gamba)

Axonopus compressus(carpet grass) Bermuda grass

Elephant grass Panicum maximum (Guinea grass)

Legumes commonly found in natural pastures in West Africa

Common Name Botanical/Scientific Name

1. Calapo Alopogonium mucunoides
2. Stylosanthes gracilis
3. Stylo
4. Kudzu/Puero Pueraria phaseoloides
5. Mucuna Mucuna utilis
6. Crotalaria Crotalaria juncea.
 7. Centro Centrosema pubescens

Calapogonium mcunoides
Centrosema pubescence

WEEK 4

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TYPES OF PASTURES

1. Natural pasture
2. Established pasture

Natural Pasture/Natural Grassland: This is a pasture where grasses and legumes grow naturally on their
own and are fed upon by farm animals.
Characteristics of natural pasture

1. Grasses growing cannot be easily eradicated.

2. Grasses are usually resistant to trampling by animals.

3. They have good regenerative ability.

4. New growth are usually stimulated by burning.

5. They have abundant grasses and legumes.

6. Treees and shrubs are usually sparsely distributed

7They contain soil type that are low in fertility.

8. They can withstand drought.

EVALUATION:

1. Any coarsely chopped grass or legume in dry or fresh form that is cut , carried and fed to farm
animals is known as A. fodder B. pasture C. Forage D Straw

2. Another name for Puero. as forage legume is A. Centro B. Kudzu C. Calapo D. Stylo.

3. The following are the qualities of a good pasture except A. Ability to regeneration B. Ability to
withstand trampling effects of the grazing animals C. High nutritive value. D. Low seed viability.

4. The following are the importance of pasture except A. Source of feed for ruminant animals B.
Conservation of soil moisture C. Legumes serves as cover crops to prevent erosion. D. Good for
human consumption.

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan
vine Investment Publishers
 WEEK 5

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TOPIC: Established/artificial/ sown or improved pasture

SUB TOPIC: established/artificial/ sown or improved

Established/artificial/sown or improved pasture: This is pasture in which grasses and legumes are
deliberately planted and managed by man to be fed on by livestock.

Characteristics of established pasture

1. It contains high quality grasses and legumes.

2. They are very nutritive and palatable to animals.
3. Selected grasses and legumes are grown in adequate proportion.
4. It can withstand trampling by farm animals.
5. It is properly managed for high production of the forage crops
6. It contains no weed except some shade trees.
Methods of establishment of pasture and forage crops.
Factors to be considered before the establishment of pasture
1. Adaptability of species
2. Palatability.
3. Compatibility.
4. Time of maturity.
5. Life cycle of species.

Steps in establishing pasture

1. Site selection.

2. Clearing of land.

3. Removal of debris.

4. Cultivation of site by ploughing and harrowing

5. Planting of pasture crops (grasses and legumes)

6. Supplying missing stands

7. Planting of legumes.

8. Cut back grass to promote tillering.

9. Weeding: It should be done at regular interval,especially at early stages of the pasture.

 10. Application of manure or fertilizer by broadcasting at recommended rate.

11. Irrigate the land in area with low rainfall.

12. Paddocking: Divide the pasture into paddocks for good management.

EVALUATION

1. STATE THREE TYPES OF PASTURE

2. LIST FIVE FACTORS OF ESTABLISHING PASTURES
3. ENUMERATE SEVEN STEPS IN ESTABLISHING PASTURE

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers
WEEK 6

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

SUB-TOPIC 1

Factors affecting the distribution of pasture

Climatic factors: Elements of climate which can directly influence the distribution of pasture are rainfall,
wind ,temperature, relative humidity, day length, sunlight etc.

Soil or Edaphic pasture: This refers to the level of fertility of the soil. Fertile soil tends to support
pasture growth while poor soil does not. Soil factor s which influence the distribution of pasture are soil
pH, soil texture, soil structure as well as the slope of the land(topography).

Biotic factors: Biotic factors such as diseases pests, parasites ,predators generally affect or influence the
distribution of pasture. Human activities such as bush burning, and over grazing generally have adverse
effects on the distribution of pasture.

Factor affecting the productivity of pasture

1. Persistence.
2. Resistance to trampling
3. Aggressiveness.
4. Seed viability
5. Resistance to drought
6. Pests and diseases control
7. Accurate stocking
8. Good management
9. Drought resistance
10. Management

Factors affecting pasture establishment in West Africa.

1. Quality of Pasture Seed

2. Pests and diseass.
3. Prevalence of weeds
4. Climate e.g temperature, light, rainfall.
5. Poor knowledge of optimum grass-legume combination.
6. Competition for soil nutrients.
7. Poor knowledge of appropriate time of interplanting legumes with grasses.
8. Poor adaptability of exotic species.
9. Inadequate supply of water and equipment.

EVALUATION

1. STATE FIVE FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT IN AFRICA

2. ENUMERATE SIX FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PASTURES

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-Obosi
O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers
 SUB-TOPIC 2

Common management practices in pasture

1. Burning
2. Fencing
3. Application of fertilizer.
4. Weed control.
5. Pests and diseases
6. Irrigation.
7. Adequate stocking.

SUB-TOPIC 3

Preservation of pasture crops

HAY: Hay refers to the aerial part of a young and succulent grass or herbage cut and dried for
feeding animals. Hay is grass, legumes ,or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored
for use as animal fodder. The material should be cut at early stage of maturity. Add carotene as vitamin
A might be lost in sun drying.

STRAW: This is the remains of harvested crops ,harvested and kept for feeding ruminants in dry season
and for bedding materials for farm animals .Straw is high in fibre ,is not easily digestible but fed to
animals to keep them alive

SOILAGE :This refers to the process of cutting fresh or succulent grasses and legumes from the field and
taking them to the animals in their pens. They have high moisture content and high nutrients. Soilage is
refers to as zero grazing because animals are not allowed to go out to feed on the grass, but the grasses
are cut and sent to the animals in their pens.
SILAGE: This refers to the preservation of green and succulent forage crops under anaerobic conditions.

c
1. c
2. Finally compress the heap.
3. Spread polythene sheet or banana leaves over the heap to ward off water.
4. Pack a heap of soil on top of the leaves or/ polythene sheet.
5. Provide shade over the heap.

EVALUATION:

OBJECTIVES:

1. The preservation of green and succulent forage crops under anaerobic conditions is known as A. Hay
B.silage C. Soilage D. Straw.
2. The following are management practices involve in pasture except A. Fencing B. Application of
fertilizer. C. Weed control D. heap
3. The following are factors affecting the productivity of pasture except A. Seed viability B. Resistance to
drought C. Pests and diseases control D. erosion
4. These elements of climate can directly influence the distribution of pasture except A. rainfall, B. wind C.
temperature D. soil texture.
 ESSAY

1. EXPLAIN THE PREPARATION OF SILAGE

2. DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING
A. HAY
B. STRAW
C. SOILAGE

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive
press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by
Kenneth-Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan
vine Investment Publishers

WEEK 8

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: RANGELAND IMPROVEMENT

SUB TOPIC 1 MEANING OF RANGELAND IMPROVEMENT

 v

Rangeland is a piece of land ,usually large,on which the local or native vegetation mainly grass ,or
shrubs grow.Range is an extensive area of land which contains forage grasses and legumes and other
herbage plants where animalslike sheep ,goats, cattle can graze.

Characteristics of rangeland.

1. It contains high quality grasses and legumes.

2. It has a high regenerative ability after being fed on by animals
3. Selected grasses and legumes are grown in adequate proportion.
4. It can withstand trampling by farm animals.
5. It is properly managed for high production of the forage crops
6. It contains no weed except some plants for shade.
7. Burning actively stimulates growth
8. It contains plant shades and dew needs
9. Vegetation is usually uncultivated

SUB-TOPIC 2

Methods of rangeland /pasture improvement.

1. Reseeding: This is planting of grasses and legumes in a depleted rangeland. It is a way of improving the
quality of pasture with improved seeds of legumes and grasses.
2. Controlled stocking: The number of animals in the range should be controlled .Rangeland should be
stocked to its maximum capacity. Over-stocking leads to rapid spread of pests ,diseases and parasites
infestation in flocks; degradation of soil leading to soil erosaion. Under-stocking will reduce the optimal
use of rangeland
3. Paddocking: Rangeland is divided into units called paddocks. Animals are then grazed on each paddock
by rotation to prevent selective grazing of grasses and legumes.I prevents build-up of pests and
diseases.
4. Avoidance of overgrazing/undergrazing
5. Fertilizer application: Appropriate fertilizers should be applied to improve productivity of rangeland.
Application can be done by pre-planting or during planting when reseeding is done.
6. Legumes and grass mixture.
7. Pest control: Pests can be controlled chemically by using chemicals or biologically.
8. Controlled burning :Although it has the effect of bringing about the regrowth. In grasses, it can totally
destroy forage that cannot withstand burning especially legumes. Burning causes stunted growth of
trees that could otherwise provide shade or forage.
9. Fencing: It keeps off rodents,hunter/poachers thus preventing them from setting rangelands on fire.
10. Weed control:It is important to remove unwanted or obnoxious weeds. Some weeds are poisonous or
are capable of causing physiological disorder to the grazing animals, such weeds should be removed.
Weeds can be controlled manually or by use of chemicals.
11. Irrigation

Importance of rangeland.

1. It provides food for livestock especially,ruminants.

2. Rangeland allows the animals to exercise their body.
3. It prevent soil erosion.
4. Rangeland reduces the cost of feeding animals.
5. The animals have access to varieties of forage, thus, eating balanced feed.
6. Dead plant materials from rangeland build up the fertility of the soil.
7. Rangeland affords the animals the opportunity for mating without the supervision of the livestock
attendant.
8. Rangeland increases infiltration and percolation of water ,thereby reducing runoff and soil erosion.

EVALUATION

1. what is rangeland
2. list and explain four methods of managing rangeland
3. state four importance of rangeland

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
 3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers

WEEK 9

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TOPIC: PASTURE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT:

SUB-TOPIC 1

Types of grazing

1. Rotational grazing: This is a system whereby the pasture land is divided into small plots called paddock
2. Continuous grazing: This is the system whereby livestock are allowed to graze a pasture land
throughout the season without restriction.
3. Zero grazing: Zero grazing or Stall feeding means cutting of fresh forage and feeding either in the fresh
or processed form to the animal in the house or in a pen
4. Strip grazing:
5. Controlled grazing:

6.
 EVALUATION:

1. Define rangeland.
2. List five importance of rangeland.
3. Explain the following: I Zero grazing ii paddocking iii stocking rate.

Objectives :
1. Which of the following is not a method of improving rangeland? A Practicing continuous grazing B
Routine and regular weeding C. Routine reseeding D. Regular application of fertilizers.
2. The following are forage legumes except A. Centrosema pubescens B. Stylosanthes gracilis C .Panicum
maximum D. Pueraria phaseoloides.
3. Pasture can be processed to the following except A. hay B. silage C. straw D. vegetables.
4. Which of the following is not classified as forage grass? A. Giant star grass B. Guinea grass C.
Elephant grass D. Stylo
5. The following are grazing methods except A. zero grazing B. Continuous grazing C. Rotational grazing
D. Parallel grazing
REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
 3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers

SUB-TOPIC 2

DETERMINATION OF PLANT POPULATION.

In the establishment of pasture, it is very important to know the quality of pasture or forage crop to plant in a
specified area of land. It is very important also to understand the calculation of area of farmland and
population.

In order to be able to calculate an adequate plant population, the area of farmland has to be known by using
the formula for calculating different shapes.

The calculation of area of farmland and plant population .

The shape and size of any farmland can be measured or determined by farm surveying. The area of farmland
varies.

The formula used in the calculation of farmland and plant population includes:

(a) Area of farmland: This refers to the product of the length and width of the farmland measured in
metres. Mathematically

Area of farmland=Length x width(m)2

i.e(L x W)m2

(b) Number of plant stand/plant population: This refers to the number of plants in an area of farmland and
mathematically

Plant population =Area of farmland(m2)

Spacing(m2)

(c) Spacing: This is the distance between one crop plant and the next plant which is usually between and
within the rows. E.g 60cmx30cm and 100cmx75cm.
(d) Note: One hectare=10,000m2.
This figure is always used when the area of farmland is given in hectares.
(e) Measuring area of farmland: The shape and size of any farmland can be measured or determined by
farm surveying.The formula for calculating the area of farmland are shown below.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS.
EXAMPLE

1:If the Length and width of a farm land are 60mx30m respectively, and the spacing of a tomato crop plant is
30cmx30cm,calculate

a) The area of the farmland

 b) The plant population(tomato) in the given area.

c) The total population, if there are two plants per stand.

2 A piece of land to be used to establish a pasture of Centrosema pubescens was surveyed to be circular:

i) If the radius of the land is 100m and the spacing of the pasture legume is 80cmx40cm,what is the
population of the legume at one seed per stand?

ii) If the germination percentage is 60%, calculate the expected plant population.

iii) A piece of land to be used to establish a pasture of Stylosanthes gracilis was surveyed to be circular

i) If the radius of the land is 200m and the spacing of the pasture legume is 1mx50cm, what is the population of
the legume at one seed per stand?

ii) If the germination percentage is 75 ,calculate the expected plant population.

WEEK 10: ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT:

CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT
CONTENT: Meaning, Aims and Methods of Animal Improvement
SUB TOPIC: Meaning, Aims and Methods of Animal Improvement

FARM ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

Animal improvement: animal improvement refers to the techniques used in developing and breeding
animals of better characters or traits over the existing animals. Animal improvement also refers to as the
ways of developing and breeding only those animals that show the greatest merit under consideration
such as good feed conversion, growth rate, resistance , egg size etc.
Aims of animal improvement
1. To produce animal with high yielding quality
2. To produce animal with high feed conversion rate
3. To produce animal with high growth rate and early maturity
4. To produce animal that can adapt to varied climatic conditions
5. To produce animal that is resistant to disease and parasites.
6. To produce difference breeds of animals.
7. To produce animal that meets a particular purpose.
8. For aesthetics.
9. To produce docile animals i. e .animals of stable temperament for easy handling.
10. To produce animals of high fecundity and high litter size.

METHODS/PROCESS OF ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

A.INTRODUCTION: This is bringing animals which are not native of a place but are known to have
certain desirable characters into a new place from the place of origin. Such animals are called
exotic. Introduction can be by physical importation either of the animals themselves or their
semen.

ADVANTAGES
1. It enhances greater productivity
2. It leads to absence of pests and diseases
3. Breeds may perform better and able to adapt to local conditions

DISADVANTAGES
1. It may introduce new diseases and pests to the area
2. There may be problem of adaptation
3. The animals may not perform as expected
4. Animals may be susceptible to local diseases and pests

EVALUATION
Explain the term animal improvement
2. Why is animal improvement important to livestock breeders?
3. Write short notes on the following system of animal breeding
i. Mass selection
ii. Pedigree selection
iii. Cross breeding

THEORY
1. (a)List five aims of animal improvement
(b).Define the term introduction in animal improvement.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read Agric Science for SSS by B.O Ashimolowo, et al; pages 12-18
WEEKEND ACTIVITY
Enumerate four pathogenic organisms of livestock diseases and mention two diseases each
REFERENCES
1. Evans Agricultural Science for SSS by M.O Adeniji, et al; Evans Brothers Nigeria Limited.
2. Agricultural Science for SSS by B.O Ashimolowo, et al; Melrose Books and Publishers. 3.
Comprehensive Certificate Agricultural Science for SSS by L.A Are, et al; University Press Ibadan.

WEEK 11: REVISION

WEEK 12: EXAMINATION